Suchergebnisse

Purpose
Studies which look at disaster affected people's use of communications technologies often fail to take into account people's communication rights in their analyses, particularly their right to freedom of expression. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to this issue by exploring the link between freedom of expression, community participation and disaster risk reduction in the use of digital feedback channels offered by aid and government agencies in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan.


Design/methodology/approach
Ethnographic fieldwork was undertaken in the Philippines between 2014 and 2015 in Tacloban City and Sabay Island, both in the Visayas, which have been affected by Typhoon Haiyan. A total of 101 in-depth interviews were conducted with affected people, local and national officials, community leaders, civil society groups, telecommunications companies and humanitarian agencies.


Findings
The interviews reveal that majority of disaster-affected Filipinos chose not to engage with formal feedback platforms offered by government and aid agencies out of fear of giving critical feedback to those in authority. They were concerned about the possibility of losing their entitlement to aid, of being reprimanded by government officers, and of the threat to their lives and of their loved ones if they expressed criticism to the government's recovery efforts. Nonetheless, 15 per cent used backchannels while 10 per cent availed of the formal means to express their views about the recovery.


Research limitations/implications
The paper sought to draw links between people's lack of engagement with the formal feedback mechanisms offered by government and aid agencies in the wake of Haiyan and the restrictive sociopolitical environment in the Philippines. Further research could be undertaken to examine how freedom of expression plays a role in disaster prevention and mitigation. Research into this area could potentially provide concrete steps to help prevent the occurrence of disasters and mitigate their impacts.


Originality/value
Freedom of expression and its place in disaster risk reduction is rarely explored in disaster studies. The paper addresses this oversight by examining the lack of engagement by communities affected by Haiyan with digital feedback channels provided by aid agencies and government. The findings suggest that despite the provisions for community participation in DRR under the Philippine Disaster Law, people are prevented to express criticism and dissent which puts into question the spirit and purpose of the law.

Resilienz. Ein hochaktuelles und beliebtes "Zauberwort" (Borst), das in vielen Publikationen, Fernsehdiskussionen, etc. über starke Kinder zur Anwendung kommt. Starke Kinder besitzen angeblich die Fähigkeit, trotz einschneidender Lebenssituationen, eine psychisch gesunde Entwicklung in ihrem Leben weiterführen zu können. Andere Kinder jedoch scheitern nach diesen Erlebnissen. Damit schwächere Kinder auch zu starken Kindern und Erwachsen werden können, existieren viele entsprechende Angebote, Workshops, Seminare und Ratgeber, die ihre Resilienz fördern sollen. Fördern wird jedoch rasch zum Fordern, und Fordern schlägt mitunter in Überforderung um. Ohne die konkreten und individuellen Einflussfaktoren von Risiko und Schutz zu kennen, strebt man grundsätzlich Resilienz an. Die (kritischen) Lebensereignisse stellen jedoch oftmals extreme Ausnahmesituationen wie Krieg, Naturkatastrophen dar. Alltägliche Situationen der Kinder finden demgegenüber in der Forschung weniger Aufmerksamkeit. Dabei birgt auch der Alltag der Kinder mehr oder weniger herausfordernde und gefährliche Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen, die manche Kinder gut und andere nicht so gut verarbeiten. Die Arbeit wertet die vorhandene Literatur unter diesem Aspekt aus. Sie fokussiert auf die Bewältigungs- und Ereignisforschung, Bindungs- und Resilienzforschung im Alltag der Kinder. Die alltäglichen Handlungsmuster sind - so kann prinzipiell festgestellt werden - von essentieller Bedeutung für das, was unter Resilienz der Kinder verstanden werden kann. ; Resilience. A highly topical and popular magic word (Borst) that is used in almost all publications, television and so on, in discussions often for "strong kids". Strong children have the reputed ability to lead a mentally healthy development in their lives, regardless of incisive life situations. Other children, arent stong enough and fail after these experienced situations. In order to help the weaker children to grow up well into adulthood, many workshops and seminars are organized as well as an adviser will be published in order to promote their resilience. Promoting will demand, and demand will be overtax. Without knowing what the miracle word resilience means, a promotion like this is immediately added to the rate. The factors influencing risk and protection are barely considered. The drastic life events are mostly extreme situations like war, natural disasters and exceptional situations. However, little consideration is given to the everyday life situations of the children. The everyday life of the children brings many experiences that some children can handle it well and others not so well. Subsequently, literature research is used as a method to examine in depth the research into attachment and resilience in everyday life of children. On the basis of the available research it can be said in principle that these are essential and significant importance for the resilience of the children. ; vorgelegt von Joanna Laßnig, BA ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2827501

[abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian] The rhetoric and the stylistics – the choice of text style, genre, and rhetorical devices – of Soviet badnews discourse is analysed in this paper. This discourse is represented by 193 reports regarding disasters,crimes, and violation of socialistic moral which were published in the daily paper Komjaunimo tiesa (eng.The Truth of the Komsomol) in 1970–1973. It was found that the bad news in the selection of official textsof this period distinguishes by a much lower register of Newspeak – unlike as in the articles of first pages,there is almost no pathos here, the militaristic metaphors are used in the text of the article only, but theycannot be seen in the headings. One of the main rhetorical devices is an irony, which is created by usingphraseology, jargon, famous quotes, dialogues, etc., – everything, which looks like a daily colloquiallanguage. The choice of text form which is more related to fiction than to journalism (essay, satire) maybe treated as one of the pretexts which justify in the eyes of the readers an idea of an author to write ina different language than it was ordinary in the context of ideologized press language of that period. Byusing the corresponding rhetoric, they believed to accomplish the propagandistic aim of these texts moreefficiently – to suggest an image of more safe, democratic, successful, and self-critical country than itreally was. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Straipsnyje tiriama sovietmečio blogųjų naujienų diskurso, kurį tyrime reprezentuoja 1970–1972 m. dienraštyje "Komjaunimo tiesa" paskelbti 193 pranešimai apie nelaimes, nusikaltimus ir socialistinės moralės pražangas, stilistika ir retorika – tekstų stiliaus, žanrų ir retorinių priemonių pasirinkimas. Nustatyta, kad to laikotarpio oficialių tekstų masyve blogosios naujienos išsiskiria kur kas žemesniu naujakalbės registru – skirtingai nei pirmųjų puslapių straipsniuose, čia beveik nėra patoso, militaristinės metaforos vartojamos tik straipsnio tekste, bet jų nematyti antraštėse. Viena pagrindinių retorinių priemonių – ironija, kuri kuriama pasitelkiant frazeologiją, žargoną, žinomas citatas, dialogus ir pan. – visa tai, kas primenakasdienę šnekamąją kalbą. Beletristikai nei publicistikai artimesnės tekstų formos (apybraižos, satyros) pasirinkimą galima traktuoti kaip vieną iš pretekstų, skaitytojo akyse pateisinusių autoriaus sumanymą rašyti kitokia kalba to meto ideologizuotos spaudos kalbos kontekste. Manytina, kad atitinkama retorika tikėtasi efektyviau įgyvendinti propagandinį šių tekstų tikslą – įteigti saugesnės, demokratiškesnės, sėkmingesnės, nei yra, ir savikritiškos šalies įvaizdį.

Lugares de refugio para buques necesitados de asistencia: En busca de la mejor respuesta Resumen: Los vertidos de crudo como consecuencia de accidentes de petroleros junto con las ambigüedades que afectan a este ámbito de Derecho Internacional, han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de adoptar medidas relativas al acceso a lugares de refugio a buques necesitados de asistencia. De hecho, en respuesta a este tipo de catástrofes y a sus consecuencias sobre medio ambiente marino, la Organización Marítima Internacional destacó el acceso a lugares de refugio como un ámbito prioritario de estudio. Este artículo analiza tanto las Directrices de la OMI como la respuesta de la Unión Europea y los países mediterráneos a esta problemática. Palabras clave: lugares de refugio, vertidos de crudo, buques necesitados de asistencia. ; Abstract: The oil spills, as a result of accidents involving tankers combined with the ambiguities that affect this area of international law, have shed light on the need to take steps aimed at providing places of refuge for ships in need of assistance. In response to these disasters and to the consequences of the oil spills for the marine environment, the International Maritime Organization highlighted access to places of refuge as an issue for consideration. This article analyses the IMO Guidelines and the response of the European Union and the Mediterranean States to this issue. Keywords: places of refuge, oil spills, ships in need of assistance. ; Lieux de réfuge pour les navieres ayant besoin d´assistance : à la recherche de la meilleure réponse Résumé : Les déversements d'hydrocarbures résultant d'accidents de pétroliers ainsi que les ambiguïtés qui affectent ce domaine du droit international, ont mis en évidence la nécessité d'adopter des mesures en ce qui concerne l'accès aux lieux de refuge pour les navires ayant besoin d'assistance. En fait, en réponse à ces catastrophes et leurs conséquences sur le milieu marin, l'Organisation Maritime Internationale a mis en évidence l'accès aux lieux de refuge en tant que domaine prioritaire d'études. Cet article analyse autan les Directives de l'OMI comme la réponse de l'Union européenne et les pays Méditerranéens à ce problème. Mots clés : lieux de refuge, déversements d'hydrocarbures, navires ayant besoin d´assistance.

Nepal is one of the poorest developing countries in Asia. Political tension and nature disasters has severely stunted development the last few decades. At the same time, modernization trends from the western world are adopted without realizing the consequences they may bring. This has especially been an issue for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) where water and wastewater has been poorly managed. The current trend is to dump untreated sludge in lakes, rivers, streams or soak pits that contaminate groundwater and lead to eutrophication in lakes and rivers. Traditionally in Nepal, all sludge was put back to agriculture. However, with the modernization of toilet facilities, recycling of human waste has been going out of fashion. One measure to counteract this negative trend is implementation of ecological sanitation (EcoSan). EcoSan recognizes the value of human excreta, where EcoSan toilets are designed to recycle human waste for agricultural purposes. Introduction of EcoSan in schools is a great way of building acceptance for these kind of solutions in the community. With the nutrients recycled from excreta, a school kitchen garden can easily be maintained. This is a great arena for students to learn science and importance of nutrition. A knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey designed to uncover WASH customs, general acceptance of human excreta recycling and health related issues was conducted in two different study areas. The study areas are Jana Jeevan Secondary school in the district of Chitwan and Jana Hit secondary school in the district of Kavre. They are upgrading their sanitation facilities and have expressed a wish to utilize EcoSan systems for nutrient recovery. The KAP surveys showed a positive attitude towards human excreta recycling among the surrounding community. The state of WASH was good in the more developed district of Chitwan and more lacklustre in Kavre. This was particularly visible in hygiene habits among the students of Jana Hit. The new sanitation system of Jana Jeevan will have urine diversion and a biogas reactor with sludge dewatering beds. Urine will be transported with pipelines next to the school kitchen garden. Jana Hit in Kavre have recently built a new sanitation system with septic tanks. Urine diversion is possible to implement, but building a new sludge handling facility was not seen feasible. However, sludge dewatering are possible to implement if they find the space for them. ; NORHED ; submittedVersion ; M-MINA

The West Africa Sub-region has been crisis and disaster ridden in recent times with enormous challenges for disaster mitigation. The crisis/disasters range from conflicts fuelled by political upheaval to epidemics that take their tolls on the population of some countries in the sub-region. The crisis and disaster events have overwhelming magnitudes and are highly dynamic, requiring a well-articulated plan for immediate response in order to mitigate their effects. A study carried out by the Early Warning Directorate (EWD) of the Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS) highlighted the risks and vulnerabilities of the region despite the considerable progress made in development and peace consolidation in some parts of the region. The study identified apparent institutional and infrastructural deficiencies, such as the lack of up-to-date geospatial data and information, and inadequate platforms for data gathering and data sharing among the relevant national agencies, which have made much of the region particularly vulnerable to the emerging threats. It is against the foregoing that the development of a Cartographic Strategy and Geospatial Services for EWD and the ECOWAS is being proposed. In addition to the resolution of the crucial need of reliable geospatial data capacity of member states, this initiative will spearhead the realisation of a Geospatial Data Infrastructure for ECOWAS Commission, through the appropriate policy formulation and implementation. Through the proper implementation of the Cartographic Strategy and Geospatial Services, ECOWAS will have the capacity to provide geospatial analysis and mapping support focusing on areas related to conflict prevention and resolution, regional planning for food security, early warning of viral diseases and epidemics, disaster preparedness, mitigation and response, infrastructural development and refugee resettlement, and a host of other vital projects/programmes for promoting ECOWAS regional integration agenda. This paper discusses the outcome of the preliminary studies and activities carried out by an Expert Group commissioned by the EWD to develop a Cartographic Strategy and propose a framework for its implementation. These include the assessment of the status of mapping and Geographic Information System uptake in member states, the formulation of policy and the realisation of a work plan for its successful implementation in the region.

North Eastern Region (NER) of India comprising of eight states considered to be most unique and one of the most challenging regions to govern due to its unique physiographic condition, rich biodiversity, disaster prone and diverse socio-economic characteristics. Operational Remote Sensing services increased manifolds in the region with the establishment of North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC) in the year 2000. Since inception, NESAC has been providing remote sensing services in generating inventory, planning and developmental activities, and management of natural resources, disasters and dissemination of information and services through geo-web services for NER. The operational remote sensing services provided by NESAC can be broadly divided into three categories viz. natural resource planning and developmental services, disaster risk reduction and early warning services and information dissemination through geo-portal services. As a apart of natural resources planning and developmental services NESAC supports the state forest departments in preparing the forest working plans by providing geospatial inputs covering entire NER, identifying the suitable culturable wastelands for cultivation of silkworm food plants, mapping of natural resources such as land use/land cover, wastelands, land degradation etc. on temporal basis. In the area of disaster risk reduction, NESAC has initiated operational services for early warning and post disaster assessment inputs for flood early warning system (FLEWS) using satellite remote sensing, numerical weather prediction, hydrological modeling etc.; forest fire alert system with actionable attribute information; Japanese Encephalitis Early Warning System (JEWS) based on mosquito vector abundance, pig population and historical disease intensity and agriculture drought monitoring for the region. The large volumes of geo-spatial databases generated as part of operational services are made available to the administrators and local government bodies for better management, preparing prospective planning, and sustainable use of available resources. The knowledge dissemination is being done through online web portals wherever the internet access is available and as well as offline space based information kiosks, where the internet access is not available or having limited bandwidth availability. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive study on the remote sensing services operational in NER of India for natural resources management, disaster risk reduction and dissemination of information and services, in addition to outlining future areas and direction of space applications for the region.

Established in 1854, Museums Victoria manages and develops collections in the disciplines of natural sciences, indigenous cultures, and history and technology. The natural sciences component consists of about 17 million specimens across the disciplines of zoology, palaeontology, and geosciences. Over the past 7 years, Museums Victoria undertook a range of projects to mitigate risk and respond to disasters. These projects were driven by the Strategic Collection Management group but involved a multidisciplinary team including Collection Managers, Researchers, Conservators and Facilities Managers. The results informed strategic and workforce planning and resulted in successful bids for significant project-based funding to address areas of greatest risk. These projects include: A Collection Risk Assessment and Management project (CRAM), based on the methodology developed by Robert Waller (formerly of the Canadian Museum of Nature), which examined vulnerability of collections to 10 agents of risk. This project identified over 100 actions to reduce risk, including mitigation measures on the micro level (e.g. creation of microclimates for specimens), the macro level (e.g. targeting registration and location control resources) and the grand scale (e.g. development of new storage facilities). Through prioritising outcomes by risk impact, additional funding was secured to relocate collections from inappropriate building facilities; genetic collections were rehoused from freezers into a liquid nitrogen cryobank facility, the first of its kind in an Australian museum. Risks associated with security issues and with the disassociation of data from specimens are being addressed by audit processes and providing additional funding for registration projects. A compliance project to ensure 'approved borrower' status and protection under the recently enacted Australian Federal Government anti-seizure legislation: the Protection of Cultural Objects on Loan (2013) (PICOL). Museums Victoria has reviewed acquisition and loans policies and procedures to ensure best practice in loans policy, provenance checking, and due diligence research. The development of venue-specific Disaster Plans based on an all-hazards approach. At the institutional level, the Museum has a Crisis Management Plan and a Business Continuity Plan. Experience shows Push will inevitably come to Shove: Risk management requires a strategic approach with planning, training and regular review essential. Plan to prevent, plan to prepare, plan to respond, and plan to recover

Political decision-makers need to consider the various challenges and opportunities that climate change can bring, and they must take decisions under high uncertainty to achieve resilient cities. Here, we synthesise the push and pull approaches reported in the literature and employed in practice to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. First, we present a literature review which identified the major research fields on transition theories, frameworks and methods that underpin this concept. We analyse the conditions for change, identify enablers or triggers for change at governance level for transitioning a city towards sustainability and resilience. We discuss the theories, frameworks and methods which can be used to address the urban climate change challenge at city level. Second, we present an empirical approach based on stakeholder participation that we conducted to detect the conditions for change. We report on the design and implementation of stakeholder exercises that helped us detecting the conditions for changes. Third, we combine the information obtained from these stakeholder exercises with that extracted from the literature in order to provide a fuller picture on how stimulate the transition and transformation to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. Based on our literature review and empirical approach, we formulate an integrated conceptual model for transition that enables the design of adaptation (and mitigation) strategies that consider the triggers of change. Uniquely we identified 8 triggers of change, including authority and political leadership, learning from disasters, co-responsibility, increased public-private interface, social participation and the living lab approach to innovation. The proposed model can be applied to the whole city or to a certain sector of the city (e.g. energy). We demonstrate that triggers of change help to overcome planning and implementation barriers and move the socio-ecological and socio-technical systems of any city towards those of a resilient city. ; This work was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme: Grant Agreement No. 308497, Project RAMSES "Reconciling Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development for Cities", 2012–2017. In addition, this study has received partial funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 653522 (RESIN−Climate Resilient Cities and Infrastructures project).

The aims of this research were: to study the essence of the principles of IV The aims of this research were: to study the essence of the principles of IVSangahavatthu (saṅgahavatthu, bases of social solidarity) of the communities in Nong Song Hong district, KhonKaen province; to study the suffered conditions of people in the communities; to study the creation of happiness by the Sangahavatthu principles on the research area. This study was the qualitative research conducted through the study of Tipitaka, Commentaries, academic documents and related research.The research results were as follows: Essence of the Sangaha-vatthu 4 and the principles of Buddhism on creating happiness is the human welfare principles to live happily together as well as the mental support for people to build unity through Danā which is hospitality, sacrifice, sharing, and giving things. It also supports people to do three main things such as Piyavāca which is informing and advising with kind, polite, useful, and reliable words, Atthacariyā which is useful or public benefit conducts including ethical promotion and improvement, and Samānattatā which is constancy acted by all people.The research results were as follows: Essence of the Sangaha-vatthu 4 and the principles of Buddhism on creating happiness is the human welfare principles to live happily together as well as the mental support for people to build unity through Danā which is hospitality, sacrifice, sharing, and giving things. It also supports people to do three main things such as Piyavāca which is informing and advising with kind, polite, useful, and reliable words, Atthacariyā which is useful or public benefit conducts including ethical promotion and improvement, and Samānattatā which is constancy acted by all people. The sufferings of people in Nong Song Hong District, Khon Kaen Province iscurrently caused by social, economic, cultural, and security factors. Daily living of people is integrated with both happiness and sufferings in diverse dimensions. Creating happiness with the Sangaha-vatthu 4 of the communities in Nong Song Hong District, Khon Kaen Province is proactively conducted with many interventions, e.g., project of relieving sufferings and keeping happiness for people who are affected by disasters, elimination of Aedes Aegypti larvae, farmer registration for being supported by the government, and reconciliation.

Cities are where economic development really happens and where the risks from natural hazards are growing. Urbanization in Sierra Leone is occurring at USD 410/per capita, at a far lower level than other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa at similar urbanization levels. This study focuses on Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, that dominates the country's urban landscape. A central premise of policy-making in cities is that the flexibility, practicality, and focus of local governments make them ideal players to understand and respond to the needs of their citizens. Indeed, cities mostly aim their problem-solving at local conditions. Freetown's population has increased roughly 10-fold in the last 50 years; similarly-sized European cities took 150 years to achieve this increase. Freetown's current economic and social infrastructure is dilapidated and basic service delivery has fallen short of population growth. Freetown is, and will likely remain, the most affected by the prevalent disasters in Sierra Leone, given its coastal location. Investments in capital and operational expenditures in the city are very low. Freetown is not an engine of service delivery, but neither is it an engine of growth for the country. Freetown lacks sufficient resources for much-needed investments in infrastructures and services necessary for its development. Policy choices made now will determine whether Freetown becomes an engine or an obstacle for economic transformation in Sierra Leone. Freetown is growing rapidly but is not delivering its potential. Purposeful and bold policy is needed from the incoming government. Similarly, in Sierra Leone changing current attitudes depends on building a credible account of how the future will be decidedly different. This has two parts. 1. Symbolic investments in the capital city can signal a future of productive investment and growth. 2. At the same time, supporting narratives allow citizens to understand that these symbols form part of a wider plan for the city and the country.For decades, Freetown has lacked such focused and purpose policies. The result of this prolonged neglect is visible to all: the city has become locked into low-productivity, is unprepared for natural hazards, and is increasingly a bottleneck to investment in the entire country. The new Government is a pivotal moment: a rare opportunity for smart new policies to transform Freetown into a platform for resilient growth. Freetown can become a city that works.

Following unprecedented earthquakes in 1999, highly centralized Turkey initiated reforms that aimed to improve disaster management collaboration and to empower local authorities. In 2011, two earthquakes hit the country anew affecting the city of Van and town of Erciş in Turkey's southeast. In attempts to reduce disaster risk, global disaster risk reduction frameworks and disaster scholars and practitioners advocate collaborative and decentralized disaster management strategies. This thesis investigates how such strategies are received in a centralized and hierarchical national political-administrative system that largely is the anti-thesis of the prescribed solutions. More specifically, this research investigates the barriers and prerequisites for disaster management collaboration between both public and civil society actors in Turkey (during preparedness, response, and recovery) as well as how Turkey's political-administrative system affects disaster management collaboration and its outcomes. The challenges to decentralization of disaster management are also investigated. Based on forty-four interviews with actors ranging from national to village level and NGOs, the findings suggest that the political-administrative system can alter the relative importance, validity, and applicability of previously established enabling or constraining conditions for collaboration. This may in turn challenge previous theoretical assumptions regarding collaboration. By adopting a mode of collaboration that fit the wider political-administrative system, collaborative disaster management progress was achieved in Turkey's national level activities. Although there were exceptions, collaboration spanning sectors and/or administrative levels were generally less forthcoming, partly due to the disjoint character of the political-administrative system. Political divergence between local and central actors made central-local collaboration difficult but these barriers were partly trumped by other prerequisites enabling collaboration like interdependence and pre-existing relations. The findings suggest that the specific attributes of disasters may both help and hinder disaster management collaboration. Such collaboration generally improved disaster response. The findings also indicate that the decentralization attempts may have been premature as the conditions for ensuring a functional decentralization of disaster management are presently lacking. Decentralization attempts are commonly suggested to increase local capacity and local participation but the findings of this dissertation suggest that in Turkey, these commodities may currently have better chances of being increased by refraining from decentralization.

Dynamic changes observed on global markets mainly due to the economic slowdown but also as in the case of Japan the effect of natural disasters, are the main reason for the need to take into account the new operating conditions in global logistics strategies of corporations. They also have a direct impact on decisions concerning the location of foreign investment. One of the factors increasingly influencing the location decisions of investors is the stability of economic development measured not only in relation to that country, but also the entire geographic region. This is particularly important in the case of such political and economic structures like the European Union, bringing together countries with significant differences in levels of development and with different conditions and experiences of functioning. The aim of this study is to analyze the temporal uniformity of indicators which could determine the attractiveness (economic competitiveness), of the European Union as a place for the location of foreign investment. For the study of this temporal uniformity the calculus vector was used. The results confirmed the considerable temporal diversity of development of the analyzed indicators. Presented results are part of a research project called "Management methods in Japanese supply chains in Poland and the UK", funded by the National Science Centre. ; Dynamiczne zmiany obserwowane na rynkach światowych związane przede wszystkim ze spowolnieniem gospodarczym, ale również będące, jak w przypadku Japonii efektem katastrof naturalnych, są głównym powodem konieczności uwzględniania nowych warunków funkcjonowania w globalnych strategiach korporacji. Mają one również bezpośredni wpływ na decyzje dotyczące lokalizacji zagranicznych inwestycji. Jednym z czynników coraz bardziej wpływającym na decyzje lokalizacyjne inwestorów jest stabilność rozwoju gospodarki rozpatrywana nie tylko w odniesieniu do danego kraju, ale również całego regionu geograficznego. Jest to szczególnie istotne w przypadku takich konstrukcji polityczno-gospodarczych jak Unia Europejska, skupiających kraje o znacznych różnicach w poziomie rozwoju oraz o odmiennych warunkach i doświadczeniach funkcjonowania. Celem pracy jest analiza jednorodności zmian w czasie wskaźników mogących decydować o atrakcyjności (konkurencyjności gospodarki) Europy jako miejsca dla lokalizacji zagranicznych inwestycji. Do badania jednorodności rozwoju w czasie badanych obiektów społeczno-gospodarczych wykorzystany został rachunek wektorowy. Wyniki badań potwierdziły znaczną niejednorodność rozwoju w czasie analizowanych wskaźników. Przedstawione w pracy rozważania są częścią projektu badawczego pt. "Metody zarządzania w japońskich łańcuchach dostaw w Polsce i Wielkiej Brytanii", finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki.

The transitional stage of development of any society, including today's, involves the imbalance of most areas of social relations. As a result of the unresolved nature of a significant part of socio-economic issues, emergencies often arise, the stabilization of which requires extraordinary organizational measures that restrict certain freedoms of citizens. At the end of the XX century there was a huge number of disasters and catastrophes, epidemics are spreading around the world, at the same time the concept of emergency has not yet been fully defined. Depending on which situations are assessed as emergencies, how adequately regulated the grounds for their occurrence and regulated the order of impact in an emergency, the effectiveness of public administration in preventing and overcoming emergencies largely depends. Virtually every aspect related to the mechanisms of public administration in emergencies, one way or another has a way out on social issues. The importance of regulation is due to the complex nature of emergencies, the large number of bodies responsible for ensuring safety and empowering emergency decisions. In relation to emergencies, the formation of public administration tasks is determined by the fundamental characteristics of a developing society. This is achieved due to negative feedback, through which society is able to overcome harmful external influences, reduce the risk of destruction. In an emergency, there should be no appeal to the suddenness factor, as it is directly related to compliance and stability. Despite the fact that universal mechanisms of action in emergencies are defined, their regulation at the level of constitutional obligations is the main guarantee of overcoming the crisis situation and its consequences. The functional tool against possible abuses of administrative bodies and the powers granted to them serves as a means of protection and restoration of basic personal, socio-economic rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens in emergencies. The use of emergency methods by public authorities is today an important tool of public administration, which determines the need and practical significance of the study of the peculiarities of state regulation in emergency situations. Restoration of normal living conditions and ensuring safety in emergencies is possible through comprehensive measures and the use of socio-economic and managerial tools.

Introduction: Global health diplomacy is important in mitigating disaster severity through collaboration. Complex health emergencies resulting from rapid onset disasters frequently rely on international stakeholders to alleviate suffering of an affected population. The United States Government possesses a unique medical capability to provide humanitarian assistance within Department of Defense (DoD that conducts proactive healthcare-capacity building Maritime Humanitarian Civic Assistance (mHCA) missions. Linking HCA proactive healthcare-capacity building activities to efficiencies in reactive disaster responses is a desired outcome for the DoD.Methods: Through examination of peer-reviewed and "grey" literature yielded (a) the manner in which HCA missions are referenced, as health-related activities or a strategic security tool; (b) identified mHCA missions process outcomes through structured web searches; and (c) the author professional affiliations referencing mHCA missions. A comparative case study of DoD military medical resources during complex disaster responses was undertaken. Disaster-affected nations where mHCAs had been conducted during 2006-2013 were systematically selected utilizing disaster risk trend and disaster tracking databases to define the unit of analysis; and (b) conduct thematic analysis of key stakeholders' post-disaster reports documenting foreign militaries' medical resources impact on disaster responses and associations with mHCAs. Results: The literature review identified 800 citations regarding mHCA missions with 126 meeting inclusion criteria. Documents identified as grey literature represented 58% of the results and focused on national security agendas while describing maritime HCAs as a strategic security tool. No mention of mHCA mission impact on host nation health status was noted. Several themes emerged: a) pre-disaster health engagements with foreign nations are not identified with improvements in disaster responses; b) the benefit of establishing a formalized international disaster response and preparedness framework integrating military resources is acknowledged; and (c) ongoing disaster management education of military personnel is needed. Conclusion: This dissertation contributes to the understanding on the utility of military medical assets providing purposeful global health resources in disaster management. By examining the literature on proactive mHCAs and developing a comparative case study, the DoD's strategic perspectives in disaster mitigation are better understood to inform the design of policy solutions to synergize DoD efforts in disaster-risk-reduction through healthcare-capacity building