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Natural disasters are projected to increase in number and severity, in part due to climate change. At the same time a growing number of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation measures are being implemented by governmental and non-governmental organizations, and substantial post-disaster donations are frequently pledged. At the same time there has been increasing demand for transparency and accountability, and thus evidence of those measures having a positive effect. We hypothesized that resilience-enhancing interventions should result in less damage during a hazard event, or at least quicker recovery. In this study we assessed recovery over a 3 year period of seven municipalities in the central Philippines devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. We used very high resolution optical images (< ; 1 m), and created detailed land cover and land use maps for four epochs before and after the event, using a machine learning approach with extreme gradient boosting. The spatially and temporally highly variable recovery maps were then statistically related to detailed questionnaire data acquired by DEval in 2012 and 2016, whose principal aim was to assess the impact of a 10 year land-planning intervention program by the German agency for technical cooperation (GIZ). The survey data allowed very detailed insights into DRR-related perspectives, motivations and drivers of the affected population. To some extent they also helped to overcome the principal limitation of remote sensing, which can effectively describe but not explain the reasons for differential recovery. However, while a number of causal links between intervention parameters and reconstruction was found, the common notion that a resilient community should recover better and more quickly could not be confirmed. The study also revealed a number of methodological limitations, such as the high cost for commercial image data not matching the spatially extensive but also detailed scale of field evaluations, the remote sensing analysis likely overestimating damage and thus providing incorrect recovery metrics, and image data catalogues especially for more remote communities often being incomplete. Nevertheless, the study provides a valuable proof of concept for the synergies resulting from an integration of socio-economic survey data and remote sensing imagery for recovery assessment.

El municipio de Manatí ha sufrido la consecuencia de desastres naturales en la década actual, quedando vulnerable y con grandes limitaciones. Sin embargo, el gobierno ha puesto en marcha los planes de desarrollo para su progreso, siendo parte de este el Colegio Normal Superior de Manatí estando desprovisto de un diseño de iluminación. Es importante resaltar que el nivel de iluminación es esencial para el buen desempeño de las diferentes actividades realizadas en los recintos, debido a que contribuye con el grado de rendimiento. Si los niveles de iluminación del espacio a iluminar no están dentro de los rangos establecidos en el RETILAP se pueden presentar trastornos oculares, efectos anímicos, fatiga, cefalalgias y bajo rendimiento en las personas que frecuentan el lugar, es decir los estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores. Por lo cual este proyecto final tiene como propósito el diseño del sistema de iluminación interior del colegio, enfocándose en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida y velando por la salud ocupacional de los alumnos, profesores y funcionarios. Además, busca garantizar el ahorro de energía y el cuidado del medio ambiente, implementando nuevas tecnologías más eficientes y menos contaminantes. ; The municipality of Manatí has suffer the consequences of natural disasters in this decade, staying vulnerable and with great limitations. However, the government has developed plans for its progress, being part of it the Normal Superior School of Manatí being devoid of a lighting design. It is important to highlight that the level of lighting is essential for the good performance of the different activities carried out in the enclosures, because it contributes to the degree of performance. If the lighting levels of the space to be illuminated are not within the ranges established in the RETILAP, eye disorders, mood effects, fatigue, headache and poor performance may occur in people who frequent the place, that is, students, teachers and workers. Therefore, this final project aims to design the inside lighting system of the school, focusing on improving the quality of life and ensuring the occupational health of students, teachers and clerk. Additionally, it seeks to guarantee energy savings and environmental care, implementing new, more efficient and less polluting technologies.

Forest and land fire control is generally carried out through efforts to prevent, extinguish, and handle post-fire carried out at the national level to the level of forest management unit. Fire prevention efforts are carried out through public awareness campaigns; improvement of prevention technology, such as warning and prevention of forest fires, such as reservoirs, green belts, control towers, and others; and software stabilization. The handling of land fire disasters is of particular concern by the central government and regional governments. According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), based on Landsat satellite imagery up to September 2019, forest and land fires reached 857,755 hectares. For mineral land 630,451 hectares, and 227,304 hectares of peatland. Dumai in 2019 experienced a land deed with a land area of about 192.25 hectares with coverage of the nine river districts, West Dumai, south Dumai, Medangkampai, East Dumai and Bukir Kapur. report from the Dumai City Environment Agency Air Quality Index, Wednesday (18/9) at 07.00 at the level of 500 PSI (695 Pm10 / 698 Pm2.5), dangerous status. Dumai currently has 10 hotspots detected at the 70 percent confidence level, while at the 75 percent confidence level. In accordance with the mayor's regulation number 71 of 2016 concerning the position, organizational structure, duties and functions as well as the work procedures of the Dumai City Regional Disaster Management Agency article 7 point 2, the task of carrying out integrated disaster management includes: 1. Pre-disaster, 2. Emergency response, 3. Post-disaster has not been optimally carried out by disaster management agencies. In order to optimize the handling of land fires in the Dumai City area, the Government of the City of Dumai in particular the Regional Disaster Management Agency seeks in the form of socialization of prevention and suppression of land fires. To realize the handling of land fires, there needs to be collaborative among related institutions, namely the regional government, military, police and other agencies. In the opinion of Ansell and Gash collaborative governance is a process of collaborative activities by regulating a decision in the policy process carried out by several public institutions with other parties involved and directly or indirectly involved with the aim of resolving public problems.

Over the past two decades, the notion of 'health security' has emerged as a central tenet of European Union (EU) public health policy. This PhD thesis examines the rise and implications of health security cooperation, associated with an imperative to fight 'bioterrorist attacks', pandemics and other natural or man-made events. The study is composed of an introductory chapter as well as five related but self-contained papers, based on participant observation and 52 in-depth interviews at the European Commission as well as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). More specifically, the thesis as a whole explores how security perspectives mattered in different ways for the rise and implications of health security cooperation in the EU. Unlike previous studies which have tended to focus on normative aspects and overarching global dynamics, the thesis examines drivers, contradictions and tensions in a particular, highly institutionalized context. In order to answer a set of empirically motivated questions, the papers draw on various understandings of securitization in critical security studies. The over-all findings cast light on the emergence of a new way of understanding health problems as rapidly emerging, and often external, 'cross-border threats to health'. The latter may include major infectious disease outbreaks, but also deliberate or accidental release of chemical or biological substances, natural disasters or any other unknown event assumed to threaten not only public health but society as a whole. In the search for potential crises, these are to be rapidly detected and contained rather than prevented in line with traditional public health policy. Partly arising from political speech acts after September 11 as well as bureaucratic practices carving out a role for the EU in public health, these new priorities have also been shaped by EU-specific digital surveillance tools, information sharing platforms and methodologies for managing risk. The findings also point to forms of reflexivity and instances of contestation within the EU institutions themselves, especially in relation to migrant health. As a whole, the thesis thus contributes empirically to a better understanding of how both health and security have come to be pursued within the EU institutions. Theoretically it highlights how approaches to securitization, drawn from partially different scholarly traditions, can be employed as empirically sensitive analytical tools and thereby add to a better understanding of the full prism of securitization processes.

This research focuses on how to develop the institutional governance in Village-Owned Enterprises(known as BUM Desa)Mardi Gemi with one of its business units is Argo Wijil Ecological Market. The establishment of this ecological market is initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) through the Directorate General of Pollution Control and Environmental Degradation (DG PPKL) to restore the location of former illegal limestone mines and minimize the natural disasters risk that may result from environmental damage. In doing this research, we used qualitative research methods and for collecting data, we used in-depth interviews, observations, and literature study. The results of this study showed that in developing of institutional governance, the Government of Gari Village, the Manager of BUM DesaMardi Gemi, and market traders need to synergize further to formulate Market Standard Operational Procedures (SOP)to serve as guidelines for implementation this ecological market. This market also can realize the practice to create a friendly environment market atmosphere, moreover, it can be used to empower the community as well as to improve the community welfare. So, Argo Wijil Ecological Market can have a multiplier effect for all Gari Village community.Riset ini memfokuskan pada pengembangan tata kelola kelembagaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUM Desa)Mardi Gemi dengan salah satu unit usahanya yaituPasar Ekologis Argo Wijil. Pembentukan pasar ekologis ini diinisiasi oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) melalui Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Lingkungan (Ditjen PPKL) untuk memulihkan lokasi bekas tambang illegal batukapur (gamping)milik rakyat dan meminimalisir risiko bencana alam yang mungkin terjadi akibat kerusakan lingkungan. Untuk itu, dalam kajian ini penulismenggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan penggumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, danstudi literatur.Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam pengembangan tata kelola kelembagaan, Pemerintah Desa Gari, Pengelola BUM Desa, dan pedagang pasar perlu bersinergi lebih lanjut untuk merumuskan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP)Pasar agar menjadi pedoman pelaksanaan. Selain itu, pasar ini dapat merealisasikan praktik pasar dengan suasana yang ramah lingkungan sekaligus menjadi media pemberdayaan masyarakat guna mendorong peningkatan kesejahteraan warga. Dengan demikian, Pasar Ekologis Argo Wijil dapat memberikan multiplier effectbagi seluruh masyarakat Desa Gari.

Purpose
Studies which look at disaster affected people's use of communications technologies often fail to take into account people's communication rights in their analyses, particularly their right to freedom of expression. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to this issue by exploring the link between freedom of expression, community participation and disaster risk reduction in the use of digital feedback channels offered by aid and government agencies in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan.


Design/methodology/approach
Ethnographic fieldwork was undertaken in the Philippines between 2014 and 2015 in Tacloban City and Sabay Island, both in the Visayas, which have been affected by Typhoon Haiyan. A total of 101 in-depth interviews were conducted with affected people, local and national officials, community leaders, civil society groups, telecommunications companies and humanitarian agencies.


Findings
The interviews reveal that majority of disaster-affected Filipinos chose not to engage with formal feedback platforms offered by government and aid agencies out of fear of giving critical feedback to those in authority. They were concerned about the possibility of losing their entitlement to aid, of being reprimanded by government officers, and of the threat to their lives and of their loved ones if they expressed criticism to the government's recovery efforts. Nonetheless, 15 per cent used backchannels while 10 per cent availed of the formal means to express their views about the recovery.


Research limitations/implications
The paper sought to draw links between people's lack of engagement with the formal feedback mechanisms offered by government and aid agencies in the wake of Haiyan and the restrictive sociopolitical environment in the Philippines. Further research could be undertaken to examine how freedom of expression plays a role in disaster prevention and mitigation. Research into this area could potentially provide concrete steps to help prevent the occurrence of disasters and mitigate their impacts.


Originality/value
Freedom of expression and its place in disaster risk reduction is rarely explored in disaster studies. The paper addresses this oversight by examining the lack of engagement by communities affected by Haiyan with digital feedback channels provided by aid agencies and government. The findings suggest that despite the provisions for community participation in DRR under the Philippine Disaster Law, people are prevented to express criticism and dissent which puts into question the spirit and purpose of the law.

Resilienz. Ein hochaktuelles und beliebtes "Zauberwort" (Borst), das in vielen Publikationen, Fernsehdiskussionen, etc. über starke Kinder zur Anwendung kommt. Starke Kinder besitzen angeblich die Fähigkeit, trotz einschneidender Lebenssituationen, eine psychisch gesunde Entwicklung in ihrem Leben weiterführen zu können. Andere Kinder jedoch scheitern nach diesen Erlebnissen. Damit schwächere Kinder auch zu starken Kindern und Erwachsen werden können, existieren viele entsprechende Angebote, Workshops, Seminare und Ratgeber, die ihre Resilienz fördern sollen. Fördern wird jedoch rasch zum Fordern, und Fordern schlägt mitunter in Überforderung um. Ohne die konkreten und individuellen Einflussfaktoren von Risiko und Schutz zu kennen, strebt man grundsätzlich Resilienz an. Die (kritischen) Lebensereignisse stellen jedoch oftmals extreme Ausnahmesituationen wie Krieg, Naturkatastrophen dar. Alltägliche Situationen der Kinder finden demgegenüber in der Forschung weniger Aufmerksamkeit. Dabei birgt auch der Alltag der Kinder mehr oder weniger herausfordernde und gefährliche Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen, die manche Kinder gut und andere nicht so gut verarbeiten. Die Arbeit wertet die vorhandene Literatur unter diesem Aspekt aus. Sie fokussiert auf die Bewältigungs- und Ereignisforschung, Bindungs- und Resilienzforschung im Alltag der Kinder. Die alltäglichen Handlungsmuster sind - so kann prinzipiell festgestellt werden - von essentieller Bedeutung für das, was unter Resilienz der Kinder verstanden werden kann. ; Resilience. A highly topical and popular magic word (Borst) that is used in almost all publications, television and so on, in discussions often for "strong kids". Strong children have the reputed ability to lead a mentally healthy development in their lives, regardless of incisive life situations. Other children, arent stong enough and fail after these experienced situations. In order to help the weaker children to grow up well into adulthood, many workshops and seminars are organized as well as an adviser will be published in order to promote their resilience. Promoting will demand, and demand will be overtax. Without knowing what the miracle word resilience means, a promotion like this is immediately added to the rate. The factors influencing risk and protection are barely considered. The drastic life events are mostly extreme situations like war, natural disasters and exceptional situations. However, little consideration is given to the everyday life situations of the children. The everyday life of the children brings many experiences that some children can handle it well and others not so well. Subsequently, literature research is used as a method to examine in depth the research into attachment and resilience in everyday life of children. On the basis of the available research it can be said in principle that these are essential and significant importance for the resilience of the children. ; vorgelegt von Joanna Laßnig, BA ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2827501

[abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian] The rhetoric and the stylistics – the choice of text style, genre, and rhetorical devices – of Soviet badnews discourse is analysed in this paper. This discourse is represented by 193 reports regarding disasters,crimes, and violation of socialistic moral which were published in the daily paper Komjaunimo tiesa (eng.The Truth of the Komsomol) in 1970–1973. It was found that the bad news in the selection of official textsof this period distinguishes by a much lower register of Newspeak – unlike as in the articles of first pages,there is almost no pathos here, the militaristic metaphors are used in the text of the article only, but theycannot be seen in the headings. One of the main rhetorical devices is an irony, which is created by usingphraseology, jargon, famous quotes, dialogues, etc., – everything, which looks like a daily colloquiallanguage. The choice of text form which is more related to fiction than to journalism (essay, satire) maybe treated as one of the pretexts which justify in the eyes of the readers an idea of an author to write ina different language than it was ordinary in the context of ideologized press language of that period. Byusing the corresponding rhetoric, they believed to accomplish the propagandistic aim of these texts moreefficiently – to suggest an image of more safe, democratic, successful, and self-critical country than itreally was. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Straipsnyje tiriama sovietmečio blogųjų naujienų diskurso, kurį tyrime reprezentuoja 1970–1972 m. dienraštyje "Komjaunimo tiesa" paskelbti 193 pranešimai apie nelaimes, nusikaltimus ir socialistinės moralės pražangas, stilistika ir retorika – tekstų stiliaus, žanrų ir retorinių priemonių pasirinkimas. Nustatyta, kad to laikotarpio oficialių tekstų masyve blogosios naujienos išsiskiria kur kas žemesniu naujakalbės registru – skirtingai nei pirmųjų puslapių straipsniuose, čia beveik nėra patoso, militaristinės metaforos vartojamos tik straipsnio tekste, bet jų nematyti antraštėse. Viena pagrindinių retorinių priemonių – ironija, kuri kuriama pasitelkiant frazeologiją, žargoną, žinomas citatas, dialogus ir pan. – visa tai, kas primenakasdienę šnekamąją kalbą. Beletristikai nei publicistikai artimesnės tekstų formos (apybraižos, satyros) pasirinkimą galima traktuoti kaip vieną iš pretekstų, skaitytojo akyse pateisinusių autoriaus sumanymą rašyti kitokia kalba to meto ideologizuotos spaudos kalbos kontekste. Manytina, kad atitinkama retorika tikėtasi efektyviau įgyvendinti propagandinį šių tekstų tikslą – įteigti saugesnės, demokratiškesnės, sėkmingesnės, nei yra, ir savikritiškos šalies įvaizdį.

Lugares de refugio para buques necesitados de asistencia: En busca de la mejor respuesta Resumen: Los vertidos de crudo como consecuencia de accidentes de petroleros junto con las ambigüedades que afectan a este ámbito de Derecho Internacional, han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de adoptar medidas relativas al acceso a lugares de refugio a buques necesitados de asistencia. De hecho, en respuesta a este tipo de catástrofes y a sus consecuencias sobre medio ambiente marino, la Organización Marítima Internacional destacó el acceso a lugares de refugio como un ámbito prioritario de estudio. Este artículo analiza tanto las Directrices de la OMI como la respuesta de la Unión Europea y los países mediterráneos a esta problemática. Palabras clave: lugares de refugio, vertidos de crudo, buques necesitados de asistencia. ; Abstract: The oil spills, as a result of accidents involving tankers combined with the ambiguities that affect this area of international law, have shed light on the need to take steps aimed at providing places of refuge for ships in need of assistance. In response to these disasters and to the consequences of the oil spills for the marine environment, the International Maritime Organization highlighted access to places of refuge as an issue for consideration. This article analyses the IMO Guidelines and the response of the European Union and the Mediterranean States to this issue. Keywords: places of refuge, oil spills, ships in need of assistance. ; Lieux de réfuge pour les navieres ayant besoin d´assistance : à la recherche de la meilleure réponse Résumé : Les déversements d'hydrocarbures résultant d'accidents de pétroliers ainsi que les ambiguïtés qui affectent ce domaine du droit international, ont mis en évidence la nécessité d'adopter des mesures en ce qui concerne l'accès aux lieux de refuge pour les navires ayant besoin d'assistance. En fait, en réponse à ces catastrophes et leurs conséquences sur le milieu marin, l'Organisation Maritime Internationale a mis en évidence l'accès aux lieux de refuge en tant que domaine prioritaire d'études. Cet article analyse autan les Directives de l'OMI comme la réponse de l'Union européenne et les pays Méditerranéens à ce problème. Mots clés : lieux de refuge, déversements d'hydrocarbures, navires ayant besoin d´assistance.

Nepal is one of the poorest developing countries in Asia. Political tension and nature disasters has severely stunted development the last few decades. At the same time, modernization trends from the western world are adopted without realizing the consequences they may bring. This has especially been an issue for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) where water and wastewater has been poorly managed. The current trend is to dump untreated sludge in lakes, rivers, streams or soak pits that contaminate groundwater and lead to eutrophication in lakes and rivers. Traditionally in Nepal, all sludge was put back to agriculture. However, with the modernization of toilet facilities, recycling of human waste has been going out of fashion. One measure to counteract this negative trend is implementation of ecological sanitation (EcoSan). EcoSan recognizes the value of human excreta, where EcoSan toilets are designed to recycle human waste for agricultural purposes. Introduction of EcoSan in schools is a great way of building acceptance for these kind of solutions in the community. With the nutrients recycled from excreta, a school kitchen garden can easily be maintained. This is a great arena for students to learn science and importance of nutrition. A knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey designed to uncover WASH customs, general acceptance of human excreta recycling and health related issues was conducted in two different study areas. The study areas are Jana Jeevan Secondary school in the district of Chitwan and Jana Hit secondary school in the district of Kavre. They are upgrading their sanitation facilities and have expressed a wish to utilize EcoSan systems for nutrient recovery. The KAP surveys showed a positive attitude towards human excreta recycling among the surrounding community. The state of WASH was good in the more developed district of Chitwan and more lacklustre in Kavre. This was particularly visible in hygiene habits among the students of Jana Hit. The new sanitation system of Jana Jeevan will have urine diversion and a biogas reactor with sludge dewatering beds. Urine will be transported with pipelines next to the school kitchen garden. Jana Hit in Kavre have recently built a new sanitation system with septic tanks. Urine diversion is possible to implement, but building a new sludge handling facility was not seen feasible. However, sludge dewatering are possible to implement if they find the space for them. ; NORHED ; submittedVersion ; M-MINA

The West Africa Sub-region has been crisis and disaster ridden in recent times with enormous challenges for disaster mitigation. The crisis/disasters range from conflicts fuelled by political upheaval to epidemics that take their tolls on the population of some countries in the sub-region. The crisis and disaster events have overwhelming magnitudes and are highly dynamic, requiring a well-articulated plan for immediate response in order to mitigate their effects. A study carried out by the Early Warning Directorate (EWD) of the Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS) highlighted the risks and vulnerabilities of the region despite the considerable progress made in development and peace consolidation in some parts of the region. The study identified apparent institutional and infrastructural deficiencies, such as the lack of up-to-date geospatial data and information, and inadequate platforms for data gathering and data sharing among the relevant national agencies, which have made much of the region particularly vulnerable to the emerging threats. It is against the foregoing that the development of a Cartographic Strategy and Geospatial Services for EWD and the ECOWAS is being proposed. In addition to the resolution of the crucial need of reliable geospatial data capacity of member states, this initiative will spearhead the realisation of a Geospatial Data Infrastructure for ECOWAS Commission, through the appropriate policy formulation and implementation. Through the proper implementation of the Cartographic Strategy and Geospatial Services, ECOWAS will have the capacity to provide geospatial analysis and mapping support focusing on areas related to conflict prevention and resolution, regional planning for food security, early warning of viral diseases and epidemics, disaster preparedness, mitigation and response, infrastructural development and refugee resettlement, and a host of other vital projects/programmes for promoting ECOWAS regional integration agenda. This paper discusses the outcome of the preliminary studies and activities carried out by an Expert Group commissioned by the EWD to develop a Cartographic Strategy and propose a framework for its implementation. These include the assessment of the status of mapping and Geographic Information System uptake in member states, the formulation of policy and the realisation of a work plan for its successful implementation in the region.

North Eastern Region (NER) of India comprising of eight states considered to be most unique and one of the most challenging regions to govern due to its unique physiographic condition, rich biodiversity, disaster prone and diverse socio-economic characteristics. Operational Remote Sensing services increased manifolds in the region with the establishment of North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC) in the year 2000. Since inception, NESAC has been providing remote sensing services in generating inventory, planning and developmental activities, and management of natural resources, disasters and dissemination of information and services through geo-web services for NER. The operational remote sensing services provided by NESAC can be broadly divided into three categories viz. natural resource planning and developmental services, disaster risk reduction and early warning services and information dissemination through geo-portal services. As a apart of natural resources planning and developmental services NESAC supports the state forest departments in preparing the forest working plans by providing geospatial inputs covering entire NER, identifying the suitable culturable wastelands for cultivation of silkworm food plants, mapping of natural resources such as land use/land cover, wastelands, land degradation etc. on temporal basis. In the area of disaster risk reduction, NESAC has initiated operational services for early warning and post disaster assessment inputs for flood early warning system (FLEWS) using satellite remote sensing, numerical weather prediction, hydrological modeling etc.; forest fire alert system with actionable attribute information; Japanese Encephalitis Early Warning System (JEWS) based on mosquito vector abundance, pig population and historical disease intensity and agriculture drought monitoring for the region. The large volumes of geo-spatial databases generated as part of operational services are made available to the administrators and local government bodies for better management, preparing prospective planning, and sustainable use of available resources. The knowledge dissemination is being done through online web portals wherever the internet access is available and as well as offline space based information kiosks, where the internet access is not available or having limited bandwidth availability. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive study on the remote sensing services operational in NER of India for natural resources management, disaster risk reduction and dissemination of information and services, in addition to outlining future areas and direction of space applications for the region.

Established in 1854, Museums Victoria manages and develops collections in the disciplines of natural sciences, indigenous cultures, and history and technology. The natural sciences component consists of about 17 million specimens across the disciplines of zoology, palaeontology, and geosciences. Over the past 7 years, Museums Victoria undertook a range of projects to mitigate risk and respond to disasters. These projects were driven by the Strategic Collection Management group but involved a multidisciplinary team including Collection Managers, Researchers, Conservators and Facilities Managers. The results informed strategic and workforce planning and resulted in successful bids for significant project-based funding to address areas of greatest risk. These projects include: A Collection Risk Assessment and Management project (CRAM), based on the methodology developed by Robert Waller (formerly of the Canadian Museum of Nature), which examined vulnerability of collections to 10 agents of risk. This project identified over 100 actions to reduce risk, including mitigation measures on the micro level (e.g. creation of microclimates for specimens), the macro level (e.g. targeting registration and location control resources) and the grand scale (e.g. development of new storage facilities). Through prioritising outcomes by risk impact, additional funding was secured to relocate collections from inappropriate building facilities; genetic collections were rehoused from freezers into a liquid nitrogen cryobank facility, the first of its kind in an Australian museum. Risks associated with security issues and with the disassociation of data from specimens are being addressed by audit processes and providing additional funding for registration projects. A compliance project to ensure 'approved borrower' status and protection under the recently enacted Australian Federal Government anti-seizure legislation: the Protection of Cultural Objects on Loan (2013) (PICOL). Museums Victoria has reviewed acquisition and loans policies and procedures to ensure best practice in loans policy, provenance checking, and due diligence research. The development of venue-specific Disaster Plans based on an all-hazards approach. At the institutional level, the Museum has a Crisis Management Plan and a Business Continuity Plan. Experience shows Push will inevitably come to Shove: Risk management requires a strategic approach with planning, training and regular review essential. Plan to prevent, plan to prepare, plan to respond, and plan to recover

Political decision-makers need to consider the various challenges and opportunities that climate change can bring, and they must take decisions under high uncertainty to achieve resilient cities. Here, we synthesise the push and pull approaches reported in the literature and employed in practice to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. First, we present a literature review which identified the major research fields on transition theories, frameworks and methods that underpin this concept. We analyse the conditions for change, identify enablers or triggers for change at governance level for transitioning a city towards sustainability and resilience. We discuss the theories, frameworks and methods which can be used to address the urban climate change challenge at city level. Second, we present an empirical approach based on stakeholder participation that we conducted to detect the conditions for change. We report on the design and implementation of stakeholder exercises that helped us detecting the conditions for changes. Third, we combine the information obtained from these stakeholder exercises with that extracted from the literature in order to provide a fuller picture on how stimulate the transition and transformation to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. Based on our literature review and empirical approach, we formulate an integrated conceptual model for transition that enables the design of adaptation (and mitigation) strategies that consider the triggers of change. Uniquely we identified 8 triggers of change, including authority and political leadership, learning from disasters, co-responsibility, increased public-private interface, social participation and the living lab approach to innovation. The proposed model can be applied to the whole city or to a certain sector of the city (e.g. energy). We demonstrate that triggers of change help to overcome planning and implementation barriers and move the socio-ecological and socio-technical systems of any city towards those of a resilient city. ; This work was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme: Grant Agreement No. 308497, Project RAMSES "Reconciling Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development for Cities", 2012–2017. In addition, this study has received partial funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 653522 (RESIN−Climate Resilient Cities and Infrastructures project).

The aims of this research were: to study the essence of the principles of IV The aims of this research were: to study the essence of the principles of IVSangahavatthu (saṅgahavatthu, bases of social solidarity) of the communities in Nong Song Hong district, KhonKaen province; to study the suffered conditions of people in the communities; to study the creation of happiness by the Sangahavatthu principles on the research area. This study was the qualitative research conducted through the study of Tipitaka, Commentaries, academic documents and related research.The research results were as follows: Essence of the Sangaha-vatthu 4 and the principles of Buddhism on creating happiness is the human welfare principles to live happily together as well as the mental support for people to build unity through Danā which is hospitality, sacrifice, sharing, and giving things. It also supports people to do three main things such as Piyavāca which is informing and advising with kind, polite, useful, and reliable words, Atthacariyā which is useful or public benefit conducts including ethical promotion and improvement, and Samānattatā which is constancy acted by all people.The research results were as follows: Essence of the Sangaha-vatthu 4 and the principles of Buddhism on creating happiness is the human welfare principles to live happily together as well as the mental support for people to build unity through Danā which is hospitality, sacrifice, sharing, and giving things. It also supports people to do three main things such as Piyavāca which is informing and advising with kind, polite, useful, and reliable words, Atthacariyā which is useful or public benefit conducts including ethical promotion and improvement, and Samānattatā which is constancy acted by all people. The sufferings of people in Nong Song Hong District, Khon Kaen Province iscurrently caused by social, economic, cultural, and security factors. Daily living of people is integrated with both happiness and sufferings in diverse dimensions. Creating happiness with the Sangaha-vatthu 4 of the communities in Nong Song Hong District, Khon Kaen Province is proactively conducted with many interventions, e.g., project of relieving sufferings and keeping happiness for people who are affected by disasters, elimination of Aedes Aegypti larvae, farmer registration for being supported by the government, and reconciliation.