Suchergebnisse

The extent to which customary international laws of armed conflict protect the environment in non-international armed conflict has received very little critical attention to date when compared to the growing body of scholarship that examines the treaty-based environmental laws of international armed conflict. This article presents the first critical examination of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and the doctrine of military necessity and the extent to which they can be better interpreted to protect the environment during the conduct of hostilities in non-international armed conflict. In so doing, this article fills a key gap in understanding and knowledge and it moves the debate forward by suggesting ways in which the International Law Commission might develop more ambitious draft principles in their current programme of work.

This paper examines the political-economy of capital controls in China. We argue that the global policy context influences domestic political debates over capital controls, which, in turn, can shape public attitudes toward the subject. Policy entrepreneurs on each side of the capital controls debate can point to capital account policies in other countries as evidence for the desirability of their position. This issue framing strategy, in turn, influences domestic preferences on capital controls. We present qualitative evidence showing that the international policy context features heavily in domestic political debates about capital controls in China. Next, using original survey data, we show that information about other countries' policy choices influences mass public attitudes about capital controls in China. The evidence indicates that growing global use of capital controls can strengthen public support for this policy. More broadly, these findings suggest that a complete understanding of policy diffusion requires greater attention to the role played by domestic policy entrepreneurs. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

What is the situation of people who are unable to make decisions due to a physical or mental change? This book gives impulses and answers to many ethical, economical and mainly legal questions which arise and are associated with the end of life. A universal human rights approach and the analysis of the relevant European law are put in front of the presentation of the national legal situations in Italy and Germany. The most topical and controversial issues concerning advance care planning are presented as well as a transnational economic analysis on the effects of advance care planning

AbstractAfrica, both on the inter-State level and the academic level, maintains a very low profile in the global debate on international humanitarian law (IHL). IHL issues do not feature prominently in the armed conflict debate within Africa, and African States and people do not significantly participate in the global IHL debate. This contribution is aimed at both identifying the reasons for this lack of regional engagement with IHL and identifying entry points for such engagement. It also ambitiously calls for ongoing and engaged focus on IHL in Africa, and to this end, a number of issues for future consideration can be extrapolated from the issues discussed.

Our paper analyses people's willingness to move (WTM) using data from the 1995 British Social Attitudes Survey and International Social Survey Programme. We identify the personal characteristics and sub-regional indicators that are important in explaining the WTM within Britain. We also find that the WTM is only higher in a few other countries, including the United States. The equivalent desire to move is found to be much lower in Eastern European countries and in several other European Union member states. Compositional effects, such as age and education, are generally important in explaining differences in attitudes towards migration in comparison to other Western economies. However, structural effects such as institutions, history and culture tend to play a more dominant role in explaining differences compared to countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

This article presents various greenhouse gas emission regulation methods and contains a comparative analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, illustrates their functioning principles. Particular attention within the article is paid to the emission trading systems with a brief description of the largest operating systems in the world given. Based on a review of existing publications on this topic, some conclusions were made regarding necessary conditions for their successful implementation, the effectiveness of such systems and recommendations for their development. The current state of emission regulation in Russia is described with the focus on the socalled "Sakhalin experiment" launched in 2022, that is aimed at achieving regional carbon neutrality by 2025 by means of an emission trading system deployment. This project's roadmap is analyzed including both finished and pending steps.

In the 1st year of the second millennium, the world paid witness to presidential election campaigns in numerous countries worldwide. For the first time ever in Spain's democratic history, a center right party, the Popular Party, won the election by an absolute majority. During the presidential campaign in 2000, the People's Republic of China also celebrated a first: the first time an opposition party beat the Kuo Ming Tang, the incumbent political party. In Russia, the people voted in their second ever democratic election and proved that expenditures for political advertising were not a popular trend during this important transition period. This article will examine major trends in each of the aforementioned countries; all of these trends were noted by individuals who personally witnessed these historic elections and who are intrigued by the political communication dynamic. The goal is to better understand the distinct strategies, venues, and techniques evident in the global presidential campaigns under study.