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The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises were viewed at their genesis as political commitments not legally binding on states and only voluntary for corporations. Due to the OECD Council Decision on the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000/2011, however, OECD Member States are compelled to implement this regime by the establishment and operation of a National Contact Point (NCP) as a state-based, non-judicial, dispute resolution mechanism to handle complaints concerning corporations operating from or within their respective jurisdictions. This paper does not analyse weaknesses in the often-troubled NCP system nor does it propose reforms. Rather, it examines the current system from the legal perspective of OECD Member States and explores the relatively ignored extent of their obligations under it. This paper posits that on account of the Council Decision, treaty-derived, international obligations are in fact imposed on OECD Member States under the NCP system and that NCP maladministration can lead to state responsibility at international law. In any event, however, it seems clear that there does not exist any review mechanism—domestically or internationally—capable of attributing internationally wrongful conduct to an OECD Member State on account of its NCP.

There are opposing views in the literature regarding the degree to which China's public administration adopted international models of administrative reform. Prospective payment systems constitute a formidable case for examining this question in the field of public hospital funding. In China's decentralized and fragmented health insurance system, different localities have chosen different approaches to replace retrospective with prospective payment models. Based on a relational case database, we analyzed how international payment reforms were introduced in a Chinese context as models with varying degrees of transfer and scopes of change. Furthermore, we reconstructed the process of diffusion, which was driven more by horizontal learning in the Urban Employees' Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI), and more by hierarchical delegation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS). The two insurances were administered by different ministries, whose preferences facilitated the spread of different models of provider payment. Overall, the mainstream of reforms only achieved a limited displacement of retrospective payment: local governments often dropped the prospective payment aspect altogether or limited its application. In the NRCMS, more ambitious reforms were limited by state capacity, whereas the use of Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs) limited the potential of reforms in the UEBMI.

The international humanitarian organization, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), is strongly committed to principles of universalism, egalitarianism, and equity, in both its internal and external relations. Nevertheless, the organization distinguishes between so-called 'national' staff members (those who are indigenous to the countries where MSF projects are located), and 'expatriate' staff (those who are involved in projects outside their countries of residence), in certain ways that it has self-critically termed 'discriminatory,' 'colonialist,' and even 'racist.' It has resolved to remedy such practices. Through a first-hand case study of MSF activities in Russia, this article demonstrates that the dynamics of the 'nationals'/'expatriates' divide is a more complex phenomenon than MSF's self-accusatory diagnosis implies; that a fuller recognition and utilization of nationals' local knowledge would mitigate some of the conditions of inequality and inequity that they experience; but that it would not necessarily be desirable to expunge all differences between the two groups of staff. Furthermore, because they are intrinsic to the structure and conditions of international humanitarian action, some of these differences could not easily be eliminated by MSF, or by any other organization engaged in this kind of action. Adapted from the source document.

The international humanitarian organization, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), is strongly committed to principles of universalism, egalitarianism, and equity, in both its internal and external relations. Nevertheless, the organization distinguishes between so-called 'national' staff members (those who are indigenous to the countries where MSF projects are located), and 'expatriate' staff (those who are involved in projects outside their countries of residence), in certain ways that it has self-critically termed 'discriminatory,' 'colonialist,' and even 'racist.' It has resolved to remedy such practices. Through a first-hand case study of MSF activities in Russia, this article demonstrates that the dynamics of the 'nationals'/'expatriates' divide is a more complex phenomenon than MSF's self-accusatory diagnosis implies; that a fuller recognition and utilization of nationals' local knowledge would mitigate some of the conditions of inequality and inequity that they experience; but that it would not necessarily be desirable to expunge all differences between the two groups of staff. Furthermore, because they are intrinsic to the structure and conditions of international humanitarian action, some of these differences could not easily be eliminated by MSF, or by any other organization engaged in this kind of action. Adapted from the source document.

Under universal jurisdiction, any state in the world may prosecute and try the core international crimes— crimes against humanity, genocide, torture, and war crimes—without any territorial, personal, or national-interest link to the crime in question whenit was committed.The jurisdictional claim is predicated on the atrocious nature of the crime and legally based on treaties or customary international law. Unlike the regime of international criminal tribunals created by the United Nations Security Council and the enforcement regime of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the regime of universal jurisdiction is completely decentralized.

International audience ; In a global economy, the phenomenon of competence mobility is becoming increasingly visible. The interrelations between the migration and the economic development illustrate complex changes: institutional and political ones, demographic and social mutations,territorial and cultural reconstructions, disruptions in the sanitary field. ; Dans une économie mondialisée, le phénomène de la mobilité des compétences est une évidence. Les interrelations entre la migration et le développement économique sont révélatrices de changements complexes : changements institutionnels et politiques, mutations démographiques et sociales, recompositions territoriales et culturelles, bouleversements en matière de santé.

International audience ; In a global economy, the phenomenon of competence mobility is becoming increasingly visible. The interrelations between the migration and the economic development illustrate complex changes: institutional and political ones, demographic and social mutations,territorial and cultural reconstructions, disruptions in the sanitary field. ; Dans une économie mondialisée, le phénomène de la mobilité des compétences est une évidence. Les interrelations entre la migration et le développement économique sont révélatrices de changements complexes : changements institutionnels et politiques, mutations démographiques et sociales, recompositions territoriales et culturelles, bouleversements en matière de santé.

International audience ; In a global economy, the phenomenon of competence mobility is becoming increasingly visible. The interrelations between the migration and the economic development illustrate complex changes: institutional and political ones, demographic and social mutations,territorial and cultural reconstructions, disruptions in the sanitary field. ; Dans une économie mondialisée, le phénomène de la mobilité des compétences est une évidence. Les interrelations entre la migration et le développement économique sont révélatrices de changements complexes : changements institutionnels et politiques, mutations démographiques et sociales, recompositions territoriales et culturelles, bouleversements en matière de santé.

International audience ; In a global economy, the phenomenon of competence mobility is becoming increasingly visible. The interrelations between the migration and the economic development illustrate complex changes: institutional and political ones, demographic and social mutations,territorial and cultural reconstructions, disruptions in the sanitary field. ; Dans une économie mondialisée, le phénomène de la mobilité des compétences est une évidence. Les interrelations entre la migration et le développement économique sont révélatrices de changements complexes : changements institutionnels et politiques, mutations démographiques et sociales, recompositions territoriales et culturelles, bouleversements en matière de santé.

International audience ; In a global economy, the phenomenon of competence mobility is becoming increasingly visible. The interrelations between the migration and the economic development illustrate complex changes: institutional and political ones, demographic and social mutations,territorial and cultural reconstructions, disruptions in the sanitary field. ; Dans une économie mondialisée, le phénomène de la mobilité des compétences est une évidence. Les interrelations entre la migration et le développement économique sont révélatrices de changements complexes : changements institutionnels et politiques, mutations démographiques et sociales, recompositions territoriales et culturelles, bouleversements en matière de santé.