Suchergebnisse

Цель: рассмотрение идеи обратного делегирования, когда государство является принципалом, а частные лица -агентами с точки зрения бихевиористской теории «принципал агент». Методы: статистический, социологического опроса.Результаты: государство принимает за нас решения либо помогает нам прийти к решению, которое считает наиболее правильным, в самых разных областях, начиная от пенсионных накоплений, топливного сектора и продажи лекарств и заканчивая потребительским кредитованием и потреблением продуктов питания, т. е. выполняет функции нашего агента. С точки зрения теории «принципал агент» и бихевиористской теории «принципал агент» большу́ю долю регулирования в современном мире можно расценивать как гипотетическое делегирование. В статье, переходя от благосостояния отдельного человека к проблеме общественного благосостояния, рассматривается идея обратного делегирования, когда государство служит принципалом, а частные лица агентами. Показано, что природа делегирования меняется в зависимости от контекста. В статье описаны условия, при которых тот или иной подход будет иметь смысл. Научная новизна: работа посвящена зарубежному опыту регулирования через делегирование полномочий на примере страны с развитой рыночной экономикой (США), показаны перспективы данного подхода в решении как публичных, так и частных задач. Рассматривается применение теории «принципал агент» и бихевиористской теории «принципал агент» для разграничения таких видов гипотетического делегирования, как информирование, стандартные правила, поощрения, возвраты, мандаты и запреты. Разобраны преимущества и затраты на делегирование, определены обстоятельства, при которых тот или иной подход имеет смысл.Практическая значимость: теория «принципал агент» широко применяется в экономике и политологии и может служить удобным инструментом для рассмотрения оптимального масштаба и сущности той помощи, которую предоставляет нам государство в качестве нашего агента. Работа представляет интерес для отечественной юридической науки, поскольку в России институт делегирования является малоизученным правовым явлением. ; Objective: to consider the conception of reverse delegation, when the government acts a principal and an individual an agent, from the point of view of behavioral Principal-Agent Theory.Methods: statistical, method, sociological polling.Results: In diverse areas from retirement savings, to consumer credit, to prescription drug use, to fuel economy and energy efficiency rules, to tobacco consumption, to food and beverage consumption government makes decisions for us or endeavors to help us make better decisions, thus serving as our agent. From the point of view of Principal-Agent Theory and behavioral Principal-Agent Theory, a great deal of modern regulation can be helpfully evaluated as a hypothetical delegation. Shifting from personal decisions to public goods problems, the authors view the idea of reverse delegation, with the government as principal and the individuals as agents. They show that the essence of delegation changes depending on the context. The article describes conditions under which various approaches will make sense.Scientific novelty: the paper is devoted to the foreign experience of regulation through delegation by the example of a country with developed market economy (the USA). It shows the prospects of such approach in solving both the public and the private tasks. Application of Principal-Agent Theory and behavioral Principal-Agent Theory is viewed to distinguish between such types of hypothetical delegation as information, default rules, incentives, precommitments, mandates, and prohibitions. The article considers the benefits and costs of delegation, and circumstances in which one or another approach makes sense.Practical significance: Principal-Agent Theory is widely used in economics and political science, and can serve as a convenient tool to consider the optimal scale and essence of the assistance rendered to us by the government as our agent. The paper is of interest for the Russian legal science, as the institution of delegation as a legal phenomenon has been weakly studied in Russia.

The debate on the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland that has been going on in recent months concerns one of the principal foundations of a state governed by the rule of law: the place of the constitution in the system of sources of law and the related role of the constitutional judiciary in a political regime founded on the separation of powers. Throughout recurrent discussions in Poland since 1989 the axiom of the role of the constitution and the autonomy of the court adjudicating on the compliance of laws with the constitution, which is an element of the European and democratic constitutional tradition, has always remained intact. The current political debate would appear to undermine this axiom today.The constitutional judiciary is an important foundation of democracy; consequently the concern of European institutions about changes implemented in this area in any European state is not surprising.The European Union Commission, commonly referred to as the Venice Commission, plays a special role here. This role may be described as that of a specific body giving legal advice on matters of public law. The Commission acts at the request of an interested state or other European body. In its opinions it indicates certain substantive issues that are essential for ensuring the autonomy and impartiality of constitutional courts. Although the opinions of the Venice Commission are not binding, the soft law that the Commission makes is relevant not only for its member states but also for other states which work with it and which wish to be perceived as members of a community of states sharing ideals of human rights, democracy and the rule of law as set out by the Venice Commission. As a reputation-enhancing community, the Venice Commission provides an opportunity for states to participate in the preparation of these standards, at the same time treat the recommendations of the Commission as part of their sovereign responsibility for the shape of their legal system. ; Debata, jaka toczy się od kilku miesiącu wokół Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, dotyczy jednego z zasadniczych fundamentów państwa prawa, jakim jest miejsce konstytucji w systemie źródeł prawa i związana z tym rola sądownictwa konstytucyjnego w systemie ustrojowym opartym na podziale władz. W toku wielu dyskusji ustrojowych, jakie toczyły się w naszym państwie od 1989 r., aksjomat dotyczący roli konstytucji i autonomii sądu oceniającego zgodność prawa z konstytucją, jako należący do europejskiej i demokratycznej tradycji konstytucyjnej, był nietknięty. Trwająca debata polityczna wydaje się ten aksjomat podważać.Skoro mamy do czynienia z tak ważnym fundamentem demokracji, jakim jest sądownictwo konstytucyjne, trudno się dziwić zainteresowaniu instytucji europejskich zmianami dokonywanymi w tym obszarze w jakimkolwiek państwie europejskim.Szczególną rolę w tym obszarze pełni Komisja Rady Europy nazywana potocznie Komisją Wenecką. Można ją określić jako swoisty organ udzielający doradztwa prawnego państwom z zakresu prawa publicznego. Działa na wniosek danego państwa albo organów europejskich. Komisja wskazuje w swoich opiniach na cały szereg merytorycznych kwestii istotnych dla zapewnienie autonomii i bezstronności sądów konstytucyjnych. Opinie Komisji nie mają charakteru wiążącego. Mimo niewiążącego charakteru, tworzone przez Komisję wenecką soft law jest istotne nie tylko dla państw będących jej członkami, ale także dla państw współpracujących z Komisją. Państwa te bowiem chcą być postrzegane jako należące do wspólnoty państw przywiązanej do idei praw człowieka, demokracji i rule of law w granicach nakreślonych przez Komisję Wenecką. Jako reputation-enhancing community, Komisja Wenecka stwarza państwom możliwość współudziału w przygotowywaniu tych standardów, a zarazem traktowania rekomendacji Komisji jako części swojej suwerennej odpowiedzialności za kształt system prawnego.

Целью данной статьи является проведение исследования по проблеме повышения эффективности системы судоустройства и судопроизводства в Калмыцкой степи в начале XX в. На основе документальных источников, выявленных в фондах Национального архива Республики Калмыкия, был проведен анализ проектов реформирования системы судоустройства и судопроизводства в Калмыцкой степи в начале XX в. Микроисторическое исследование позволило детально рассмотреть мероприятия, предлагаемые заведующим калмыцким народом и съездом улусных попечителей, в рамках проектов по реформированию судебной системы в Калмыкии. Основное внимание уделяется интеграции Калмыцкой степи в правовую систему Российской империи, в ходе которой происходила девальвация статуса Зарго. В заключении автор делает вывод о том, что попытки по повышению эффективности в деятельности судебной системы Калмыкии имели место в начале XX в. и в основном носили реорганизационный характер, т. е. содержали предложения по организационной части, но в конечном итоге не затрагивали содержательную ее составляющую, т. е. не предусматривалась специальная подготовка, переподготовка и повышение квалификации кадров. Между тем, квалификация судей является одним из важнейших аспектов в осуществлении правосудия. ; The article studies the elaboration of projects for reforming the judicial system and proceedings in Kalmyk Steppe in the early 20th century. Archival materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia served as the basis for the research. Additionally, published sources by pre-revolutionary and contemporary authors were applied as well; the works are of great interest since those are empiric materials collected during corresponding expeditions and describing the structure of judicial bodies and their functions within the Kalmyk Khanate, thus establishing the basis for the further studies on the history of the traditional judicial system and proceedings. In the 19th century the judicial system and proceedings in Kalmyk Steppe were regulated by laws and enactments of the Russian state. The shallow analysis of the 19th century imperial legislative acts shows that as the Kalmyks were introduced into the common Russian legal framework the status of the Zargo as a judicial instance within the Kalmyk community got devaluated. In view of the actual state of judicial organization and proceedings in Kalmykia, there inevitably appeared a necessity for solving the issue of developing the court and investigative system in the steppe and its reorganization in order to enhance its efficiency. The microhistorical research of the region and its judicial system allowed to have a detailed look at the arrangements proposed by the Kalmyk People's Supervisor and the Congress of Ulus (i.e. District) Curators within the projects for reforming Kalmykia's judicial system. One of the basic problems was that when it came to hearings of cases, the Zargo had no unified court practices regarding the order and forms of judicial proceedings; the competence of the court was also not determined. The conducted analysis of projects for enhancing the efficiency of judicial system and proceedings in Kalmyk Steppe in the early 20th century has shown the mechanism of introduction of the Kalmyks into the common Russian legal framework by the 19th century imperial legislative acts. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the suggested arrangements developed on the basis of the administrative experience obtained by ulus curators during their service. The author concludes that the attempts to improve the efficiency of Kalmykia's judicial activities made in the early 20th century were mostly of restructuring nature, i.e. contained proposals as to reorganize the activities but definitely introduced no essential changes no special training, re-training or upgrade training programs were implied. Whereas the expertise of judges is a cue aspect in the delivery of justice.

Актуальность множественности преступлений как темы научных исследований обусловлена следующими причинами: а) несовершенством законодательства (в нормах неточно отражаются возможные фактические обстоятельства, содержание норм о множественности не всегда учитывает специфику иных норм уголовного права); б) неверным толкованием уголовно-правовых норм правоприменителем; в) слабой связью законотворческого процесса и теоретического опыта, накопленного правоведами; г) отсутствием отработанного механизма для оперативного изменения закона на основе анализа практики его применения. В представленном исследовании рассмотрены четыре проблемы, касающиеся множественности преступлений. 1. Совокупность преступлений не всегда может быть выявлена своевременно. Если за одно из преступлений, входящих в совокупность, лицо подвергнуто условному осуждению, а впоследствии выявлены иные преступления, совершенные до осуждения, условное осуждение в соответствии с УК РФ и рекомендациями Пленума ВС РФ отменено быть не может. Это противоречит концептуальным основам институтов совокупности преступлений и условного осуждения. 2. Практика квалификации убийств, сопряженных с иными преступлениями, по совокупности противоречит положениям ч. 1 ст. 17 УК РФ, регламентирующим правовое положение учтенной совокупности, и ч. 2 ст. 6 УК РФ (принцип справедливости). 3. Идеальная совокупность преступлений в некоторых случаях может образовываться из нескольких преступлений, предусмотренных одной статьей УК РФ, что не учтено в законе и требует урегулирования в правоприменительной практике. 4. Практические и теоретические критерии отграничения совокупности преступлений от конкуренции уголовно-правовых норм шире законодательно закрепленных и требуют их отражения в качестве общих правил в постановлении Пленума ВС РФ. ; The urgency of researching the concept of multiple offenses is determined by the following reasons: a) the imperfection of the legislation (as a result of: 1. inaccurate reflection of the possible factual circumstances in norms and rules, 2. the content of the norms of the multiplicity does not always take into account the specificity of certain criminal law rules); b) incorrect interpretation of criminal law by an enforcer; c) weak link between the legislative process and theoretical experience gained by lawyers; d) the absence of developed mechanisms for rapid changes in the law on the basis of the analysis of its practical application). The research of multiplicity issues has been carried out at the Department of Criminal Law (MSAL) for more than 25 years. In the present study we consider four issues relating to multiple offenses. 1. The series of the crimes may not always be detected in a timely manner. If a person is sentenced to probation for one of the crimes comprising the series, and later other offenses committed prior to conviction are revealed, probation, in accordance with the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the recommendations of the Plenum of the RF Armed Forces can not be canceled. This contradicts the conceptual framework of series of crimes and probation. 2. The practice of classification of murders coupled with other offenses contradicts the provisions of Art. 17 part 1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates the legal status of recorded offences, and Art. 6 part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (principle of justice). 3. The concurrent offences, in some cases, may be formed out of a number of crimes provided by one and the same article of the Criminal Code, which is not taken into account in the law and requires adjustment in legal practice. 4. Practical and theoretical criteria for distinguishing multiple offenses from the collision of criminal law are wider than legally enshrined ones and, thus, require their reflecting as a general rule in the resolution of the Plenum of the RF Armed Forces.

In the absence of political agreement on an overall mechanism for dealing with the past in Northern Ireland, storytelling has become a prevalent mode of addressing the legacy of violent conflict. Accordingly this paper opens up two parallel tracks of examination: one exploring the (ideally) more comprehensive and egalitarian approach to accessing the past found in forms of oral history; and the other considering the process of those stories being made into records, and the dynamics of the archive. The contested realm in which both storytelling projects and archives operate condition how they are funded, assembled, described, opened and maintained in the process of which some stories may be privileged and others marginalised or subsumed (Brown 2013). Adopting the idea that story-telling as a form of 'witnessing' is also an ethico-political act (Kurasawa 2009), the paper discusses what kind of discourses may be empowered by the online maintenance, and instant accessibility of memory in oral history archives. Drawing on a qualitative study of two story-telling projects in Northern Ireland, the paper brings out the potentialities of accounts in fostering social change and transforming cognitive patterns of conflict as well as exploring the extent to which this mode of accounting for 'life during conflict' works in producing/repeating stories that inculcate and perpetuate particular norms, practices and values. Crucially, I consider storytelling as a conduit for remembering, that is at once shaped by the absence of policies and legal frameworks, but also is shaping subsequent policies to deal with the past as can be seen in the latest political accord, which includes it as a key approach. ; ABSTRACT In the absence of a political agreement on an overall mechanism for dealing with the past in Northern Ireland, storytelling has become a prevalent mode of addressing the legacy of violent conflict. Adopting a historiographic approach, this paper opens up two related tracks of examination: one exploring the (ideally) more comprehensive and egalitarian approach to accessing the past found in storytelling projects, understood as forms of oral history; and the other considering the process of those stories being made into records, and the dynamics of the archive. Drawing on a qualitative study of two storytelling projects in Northern Ireland, the paper argues that the stories produced there are not only subjective accounts of the past and thus sources for studies of life during conflict, but are also signifi- cantly informed by contemporary policy and funding frameworks and thus are sources for the study of the present peace process. The contested realm in which both storytelling projects and archives operate condition how they are funded, assembled, described, opened and main- tained in the process of which some stories may be privileged and others marginalised or sub- sumed [Brown, C. (2013) Memory, identity and the archival paradigm: introduction to the special issue, Archival Science, 13, pp. 85–93]. Adopting the idea that storytelling as a form of 'witnessing' is also an ethico-political act [Kurasawa, F. (2009) A message in a bottle: bearing witness as a mode of transnational practice, Theory Culture Society, 26(1), pp. 92–111], the paper discusses what kind of discourses may be empowered by the online maintenance, and instant accessibility of memory in oral history archives. Crucially, the paper considers storytelling as a conduit for remembering, which is at once shaped by the absence of policies and legal frameworks, but also shapes subsequent policies to deal with the past as can be seen in the latest political accord, which includes it as a key approach. Keywords: Northern Ireland; storytelling; oral history; peace process

In December 2014, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) released a paper that provides new estimates of the US unauthorized resident population (Warren 2014). The paper describes the development of a new dataset which has detailed information about unauthorized residents, derived from data collected in the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS). The dataset will be useful to scholars, researchers, service-providers, and government officials in crafting, implementing, and evaluating programs that serve noncitizens, including the unauthorized. In addition, the new estimates provide an opportunity to examine the dramatic changes in unauthorized immigration in the past two decades and the assumptions that have shaped US policies and public opinion. The new dataset, recent estimates of the unauthorized (Warren and Warren 2013) and statistics on the noncitizen population from IPUMS-USA (Ruggles et al. 2010) highlight several trends related to the decline in the unauthorized population, particularly from Mexico, and the increasing salience of visa overstays in constituting this population. Some trends defy conventional wisdom and all of them have public policy consequences. In particular, we find that: • The unauthorized resident population was about a million lower in 2013 than in 2007. • The "Great Recession" was not the principal cause of population decline. • Annual arrivals into the unauthorized population increased to more than one million in 2000, then began to drop steadily, and have now reached their lowest levels since the early 1980s. • From 2000 to 2012, arrivals from Mexico fell by about 80 percent. • Between 2010 and 2013, the total unauthorized population from Mexico declined by eight percent. • In 2006, the number of arrivals from Mexico fell below the total number of arrivals from all other countries (combined) for the first time. • The number who stayed beyond the period authorized by their temporary visas (overstays) exceeded the number who entered across the southern land border without inspection (EWIs) in each year from 2008 to 2012. While the CMS estimates are based on sample data and assumptions that are subject to error, these trends are consistent with the best empirical information available. In November 2014 the Obama Administration announced an unprecedented set of executive action initiatives. At this writing, the Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program and the expanded Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which would provide work authorization and temporary reprieve from removal to eligible persons, have been preliminarily enjoined. The temporary injunction, which the US Department of Justice plans to appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, comes in response to a legal challenge to the two programs by 26 states under Article II, section 3 of the US Constitution which requires the president to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," and under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). In addition, the Republican majorities of the 114th Congress have vowed to prevent the implementation of these programs. However, the administration has expressed confidence that it will ultimately prevail in court and in its battle with Congress over these programs. Meanwhile, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), and others continue to plan intensively for the DAPA and DACA programs, as well as for other executive action initiatives. This paper provides estimates of those who are potentially eligible for DAPA and DACA. However, it also looks beyond DAPA and DACA to make the case for broad legislative reform in light of long-term trends in unauthorized migration to the United States and the unauthorized resident population. In particular, it argues that substantial declines in the unauthorized population—a goal shared by partisans on both sides of the immigration debate—will require reform of the legal immigration system, legalization of a substantial percentage of the unauthorized, and a more effective response to nonimmigrant visa overstays.

The issue of governance is not frozen in time. It remains current. The legislature of OHADA, was inspired by the debate born in Anglo-Saxon countries where a thorough reflection of the principles of corporate governance has developed with different approaches and sometimes even contradictory. This has thus led to lay down a number of rules governing commercial companies, the rules contained in the Revised Uniform Act relating to Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Group, effective May 5, 2014. even if the revised uniform Act does not specifically about corporate governance, it does not affect fewer mechanisms and rules. Thus, the objective of these rules is still well the establishment of an appropriate legal framework, conducive to development, investment and economic attractiveness of the area of OHADA. Otherwise considered in this light, the objectives of the OHADA founding fathers were they achieved?Given multiple issues, even as commercial companies hardly escape the globalization of trade, this study, which is a contribution to the debate on improving the state of economic law, the legal and judicial security economic activities, will try to clarify the question of the effectiveness and efficiency of the regulatory system of governance of corporations. Thus, this work is to contribute to the reflection of a uniform regulatory governance rules of commercial companies in the area of OHADA. In short, address the issue of governance of commercial companies in OHADA law is clear, finally, in this study, the issue of adaptability of the rules of this governance in the economic and social context of commercial companies OHADA space.From the analysis of the revised Uniform Act relating to commercial companies, the study deals in the first part, the question of whether the rules of governance of corporations. And, in a second part, I analyze the necessary changes in governance rules commercial companies. ; La question de la gouvernance n'est pas figée dans le temps. Elle demeure d'actualité. Aussi, le législateur de l'OHADA, s'est inspiré du débat né dans les pays anglo-saxons où une réflexion approfondie des principes de la corporate governance s'est développée avec des approches différentes voire parfois contradictoires. Cela l'a ainsi conduit, à édicter un certain nombre de règles de gouvernance des sociétés commerciales, règles contenues dans l'Acte Uniforme révisé relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales et du Groupement d'Intérêt Economique, en vigueur depuis le 5 mai 2014. En effet, même si l'Acte uniforme révisé n'a pas précisément parlé de gouvernance d'entreprise, il n'en touche pas moins les mécanismes et ses règles. Ainsi, l'objectif premier de ces règles demeure bien la mise en place d'un cadre juridique adapté, propice au développement, aux investissements et à l'attractivité économique de l'espace de l'OHADA. Autrement considéré, sous cet angle, les objectifs des pères fondateurs de l'OHADA ont-ils été atteints ?Au regard de multiples enjeux, alors même que les sociétés commerciales n'échappent guère à la mondialisation des échanges, la présente étude, qui se veut une contribution au débat sur l'amélioration de l'Etat de droit économique, la sécurité juridique et judiciaire des activités économiques, tentera d'éclairer la question de l'effectivité et de l'efficacité du dispositif réglementaire de gouvernance des sociétés commerciales. Ainsi, ce travail se propose de contribuer à la réflexion d'une régulation uniforme des règles de gouvernance des sociétés commerciales au sein de l'espace de l'OHADA. En somme, aborder le sujet de la gouvernance des sociétés commerciales en droit de l'OHADA, c'est préciser, finalement, dans cette étude, la problématique de l'adaptabilité des règles de cette gouvernance au contexte économique et social des sociétés commerciales de l'espace de l'OHADA. De l'analyse de l'Acte Uniforme révisé relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales, l'étude traite dans une première partie, la question de l'opportunité des règles de gouvernance des sociétés commerciales. Et, dans une seconde partie, j'analyse l'évolution nécessaire des règles de gouvernance des sociétés commerciales.

As I reflected on my personal experience to help address the persistence of discrimination in legal academia, I chose to focus on five areas of discussion for the open mic portion of the program held at the Association of American Law Schools Cross-Cutting Program, "The More Things Change . . . : Exploring Solutions to Persistent Discrimination in Legal Academia," held on January 4, 2015, in Washington, D.C. First, I decided to address my personal development as an only child and male in a family of mostly black women struggling through the socioeconomic challenges of being poor and black. To add to that predicament and the narrative discussing it, I lived and grew up in one of this country's most racially segregated cities in a community permeated with deadly criminal activities and hard core gangs. As an elementary school student, I lived on a block where people were stabbed, beaten, and killed. I saw people robbed and someone attempted to rob me at knifepoint in a violent confrontation. And those experiences still shape me today. Second, I decided to reflect on how core parental dedication helped to make sure that despite those surroundings I would be given a foundation to recognize that I could succeed and transcend the demoralizing pitfalls being observed on a daily basis in my neighborhood. Third, I must highlight how a lack of resources to adequately guide choices limits the pipeline possibilities even for those few like me who have the abilities to go forward. This discussion involves a lack of knowledge and financial support to even consider an Ivy League education and its benefits despite having the academic qualifications as a National Merit Finalist in high school. It also involves a discussion of being pushed to pursue a career in engineering when further reflection might have suggested development of other educational interests leading to a more traditional path in the law. Fourth, I have to bring forward my experience in recovering from a somewhat ill- advised engineering educational focus by going to law school which culminates with me obtaining a position in the academy as a law professor despite not having Ivy League credentials. The most important part of this discussion must include the support and the validation I received in my quest to join the professoriate that I gained by becoming a Hastie Fellow at the University of Wisconsin Law School. Finally, as an African American male who practiced employment discrimination law, worked at large law firms, a boutique, and a union law rm, and who now teaches and writes about issues of race and workplace discrimination, I believe that my personal experience adds a unique perspective especially given the dearth of African American male law professors who teach and write in an area of law so important to African American males. However, given the three minute timeframe during the actual presentation I only discussed the first two areas of focus: 1) the initial aspect of growing up in the Englewood neighborhood; and 2) how important parental involvement and activism was in pushing me forward despite the burdens of my surroundings. At the end of my presentation, I couched that discussion by asserting why I believed my story highlights how the lack of black male law professors who teach workplace law and discrimination supports the overall narrative of ongoing discrimination in the academy. The presentation and this Article reflect what it meant for me growing up under certain circumstances that presented barriers to becoming a law professor, and how that initial experience as shown by my personal narrative further indicates why discrimination in the academy continues.

В статье автор предлагает уточнение подхода к соотношению базовых для изучения судебной системы понятий (судебная деятельность, судопроизводство, организационная деятельность, правосудие) в их взаимосвязи с содержанием понятий специализация, компетенция, юрисдикция и юстиция. Рассмотрены позиции российских исследователей по вопросу соотношения понятий «правосудие», «судопроизводство» и «судебная деятельность», продолжена разработка позиции, что правосудие является основной составной частью судебной деятельности. Описаны основные причины выделения видов судопроизводства и образования отдельных видов судебных юрисдикций. Описываются основные механизмы судебной специализации — выделены два вида судебной специализации (функциональная специализация внутри судебных органов и институциональная специализация в судебной системе). Раскрывается содержание институциональной специализации, которая включает и образование различных юрисдикций (видов судебных юрисдикций), и выделение отдельных компетенций внутри этих юрисдикций для специализированных судов. Автор обосновывает необходимость отграничения специализации компетенций (образования специализированных судов) от специализации юрисдикций; при этом обосновывается позиция, что специализированные суды могут существовать только в пределах отдельных юрисдикций, а сами юрисдикции, выделяемые по определенным критериям, всегда предполагают специализацию, что снимает необходимость использования понятия «специализированная юрисдикция». Исходя из этого, предлагается обоснование того, что в России специализированными судами являются суд по интеллектуальным правам, относящийся к арбитражным судам, и подсистема военных судов, относящаяся к судам общей юрисдикции. Рассматриваются разработанные в отечественной доктрине признаки судебной специализации, предлагается выделение признаков судебной юрисдикции и специализированной компетенции. Рассмотрены варианты интерпретации понятия «юстиция» применительно к описанию видов судебных юрисдикций в России. Происходящие в российской судебной системе изменения (образование специализированных судов, упразднение высшего суда арбитражной юрисдикции, отказ от создания отдельных судов административной юрисдикции и ювенальной юстиции) описываются с точки зрения процесса выработки оптимальных форм и определения пределов специализации и дифференциации судебной деятельности. ; The author suggests an approach to the clarification of the relations among key concepts in judicial law such as judicial activity, judicial proceedings, organizational activity, justice — all of them in their relations with the contents of the concepts of specialization, competence, jurisdiction. The author considers the views of Russian researchers on the relations between the concepts of justice, legal proceedings and judicial activities, continuing to develop the position that justice is an integral part of the judicial activities. The author describes basic reasons for identifying types of legal proceedings and formation of certain types of court jurisdiction and the basic mechanisms of judicial specialization, identifies and describes two types of judicial specialization (functional specialization within the judiciary and institutional specialization in judicial system). The paper reveals the content of the institutional specialization which includes emergence of various jurisdictions (types of court jurisdiction), and the allocation of certain competencies within these jurisdictions for specialized courts. The author proves the necessity of distinguishing competency specialization (formation of specialized courts) on the specialization of jurisdictions and argues that specialized courts can exist only within the jurisdiction; jurisdiction, allocated according to certain criteria, always involve specialization, which removes the need to use the concept of specialized jurisdiction. On this basis, the author justifies the fact that in Russia specialized courts are the court for intellectual property rights relating to the arbitration courts and military courts subsystem relating to the courts of general jurisdiction. He considers the national doctrine has developed signs of judicial specialization, proposes to identify the features of judicial jurisdiction and specialized competence and the variants of the interpretation of the concept of justice in relation to the description of types of court jurisdiction in Russia. Developing changes in the Russian judicial system (formation of specialized courts, the abolition of the High Court of arbitration jurisdiction, the rejection of the creation of separate administrative jurisdiction and the juvenile justice system) are described in terms of the process of developing best practice and defining the limits of specialization and differentiation of judicial activity.

Главная цель статьи заключается в том, чтобы на примере научно-методической деятельности ГПНТБ СО РАН показать трансформацию научно-методической работы от методического руководства к методическому обеспечению, а далее к дистанционным консалтинговым услугам, свойственным организации библиотечного дела большинства зарубежных стран. Центральная библиотека ГПНТБ СО РАН участвовала в создании большинства из 70 библиотек ведомственной сети СО РАН. Методический центр осуществлял централизованные технологические, информационные и библиотечные процессы, разрабатывал нормативно-правовые и методические документы, организовывал мероприятия по повышению квалификации, выполнял значительную часть общесетевых трудозатрат, тем самым создавал условия для развития библиотек сети с минимальным штатом. За 55-летний период происходила трансформация как правовых взаимоотношений между методическим центром и библиотеками сети СО РАН, так и основных направлений и форм научнометодической деятельности. В 1960-80-е годы на взаимоотношениях ГПНТБ СО РАН и библиотек сети сказывался общий административно-командный стиль управления в стране. Преобразованию методической работы в контролирующий вид деятельности способствовали постановления ЦК КПСС и Министерства культуры. Следовательно, в те годы научно-методическое руководство было идеологически направленным и не всегда способствовало развитию библиотечного дела. С начала 1990-х годов по мере ослабления административно-командной системы менялся общий стиль управления в стране, что повлекло за собой переход от методического руководства, строго регламентирующего деятельность библиотек ЦБС, к более демократическому методическому обеспечению. В методической деятельности ГПНТБ СО РАН возросла роль иных функций: научно-исследовательских, инновационных, консультационных, образовательных и т. д. Изменения в трудовом законодательстве в 2008 году и связанная с этим независимость библиотек сети от методического центра вновь отразились на взаимоотношениях ГПНТБ СО РАН и библиотек сети, в них стали превалировать рекомендательные формы сотрудничества и методическое консультирование, характерные для большинства зарубежных стран. ; The main aim of the article is to show the transformation of scientific methodological activity from methodological guidance to methodological support, and further to remote consulting services proper to librarianship organization of most foreign countries, evidently for SPSTL SB RAS scientific methodological activities. SPSTL SB RAS as the central library participated in creating about 70 libraries of the departmental library network of SB RAS. The methodical center carried out centralized technological, information and library processes, developed regulatory legal and methodical documents, organized events to improve the personnel skills, performed a significant part of the network efforts, creating the conditions for libraries' network development with minimal staff. Transformation of both, legal relations between the methodological center and SB RAS library network and main directions and forms of scientific methodological activities took place in 55-year period. The general administrative command style of management in the country affected SPSTL SB RAS and the library network relations in the 1960-80s. The Decrees of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Ministry of Culture of the USSR promoted converting the methodical activity into controlling one. Consequently, the scientific methodological guidance was ideological orientation and not always contributed to the development of librarianship. Since the early 1990s the general style of governance in the country changed the weakening administrative command system, which resulted in a shift from methodological guidance, strictly regulating the activities of libraries of CLS, to a more democratic methodological support. The methodical activity of SPSTL SB RAS increased the role of other functions: research, innovative, consulting, education etc. Changes in the labor legislation in 2008 and independence of the network libraries from the methodical center affected the relationships of SPSTL SB RAS and network libraries, prevalent recommendation forms of cooperation and methodological consulting common to the most foreign countries began to prevail.

Главная цель статьи заключается в том, чтобы на примере научно-методической деятельности ГПНТБ СО РАН показать трансформацию научно-методической работы от методического руководства к методическому обеспечению, а далее к дистанционным консалтинговым услугам, свойственным организации библиотечного дела большинства зарубежных стран. Центральная библиотека ГПНТБ СО РАН участвовала в создании большинства из 70 библиотек ведомственной сети СО РАН. Методический центр осуществлял централизованные технологические, информационные и библиотечные процессы, разрабатывал нормативно-правовые и методические документы, организовывал мероприятия по повышению квалификации, выполнял значительную часть общесетевых трудозатрат, тем самым создавал условия для развития библиотек сети с минимальным штатом. За 55-летний период происходила трансформация как правовых взаимоотношений между методическим центром и библиотеками сети СО РАН, так и основных направлений и форм научнометодической деятельности. В 1960-80-е годы на взаимоотношениях ГПНТБ СО РАН и библиотек сети сказывался общий административно-командный стиль управления в стране. Преобразованию методической работы в контролирующий вид деятельности способствовали постановления ЦК КПСС и Министерства культуры. Следовательно, в те годы научно-методическое руководство было идеологически направленным и не всегда способствовало развитию библиотечного дела. С начала 1990-х годов по мере ослабления административно-командной системы менялся общий стиль управления в стране, что повлекло за собой переход от методического руководства, строго регламентирующего деятельность библиотек ЦБС, к более демократическому методическому обеспечению. В методической деятельности ГПНТБ СО РАН возросла роль иных функций: научно-исследовательских, инновационных, консультационных, образовательных и т. д. Изменения в трудовом законодательстве в 2008 году и связанная с этим независимость библиотек сети от методического центра вновь отразились на взаимоотношениях ГПНТБ СО РАН и библиотек сети, в них стали превалировать рекомендательные формы сотрудничества и методическое консультирование, характерные для большинства зарубежных стран. ; The main aim of the article is to show the transformation of scientific methodological activity from methodological guidance to methodological support, and further to remote consulting services proper to librarianship organization of most foreign countries, evidently for SPSTL SB RAS scientific methodological activities. SPSTL SB RAS as the central library participated in creating about 70 libraries of the departmental library network of SB RAS. The methodical center carried out centralized technological, information and library processes, developed regulatory legal and methodical documents, organized events to improve the personnel skills, performed a significant part of the network efforts, creating the conditions for libraries' network development with minimal staff. Transformation of both, legal relations between the methodological center and SB RAS library network and main directions and forms of scientific methodological activities took place in 55-year period. The general administrative command style of management in the country affected SPSTL SB RAS and the library network relations in the 1960-80s. The Decrees of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Ministry of Culture of the USSR promoted converting the methodical activity into controlling one. Consequently, the scientific methodological guidance was ideological orientation and not always contributed to the development of librarianship. Since the early 1990s the general style of governance in the country changed the weakening administrative command system, which resulted in a shift from methodological guidance, strictly regulating the activities of libraries of CLS, to a more democratic methodological support. The methodical activity of SPSTL SB RAS increased the role of other functions: research, innovative, consulting, education etc. Changes in the labor legislation in 2008 and independence of the network libraries from the methodical center affected the relationships of SPSTL SB RAS and network libraries, prevalent recommendation forms of cooperation and methodological consulting common to the most foreign countries began to prevail.

The Thesis starts with the analysis of the life cycle of human beings process, with an emphasis on maturity age stage, bio psychosocial changes they faced with, characteristics, appropriate conditions of this phase and the challenge of accepting and integrate it as our own. It explores the theoretical elements, terms and social concepts about older age adults or seniors, bearing in mind the concept on themselves and what it means to age in a healthy way, also the different development theories for this population group in the areas: biological, psychological and social. This allowed us to sensitize the real attitude that we must show to these people, knowing that everyone, without exception, will go through this vital process. According with the public policy there some aspects that help us to integrate and structure it, in the same way it will responds to the political regime and Government project, in this case to the paradigm of the Proper Living Way. Besides we analyze both subjects the level of citizen participation and the seniors as active subject of their rights. Another aspect to consider is the demographic, this aspect is in direct impact in the Senior Population, two situations has influence in this aspect: the extension of life expectancy and the strong increase of number in this population group. In addition, we conducted a review of the national legal framework and international agreements that are responsible for the proper attention to be given to this group that need a priority attention. Finally, with the support of the Public Policy applied in our country for Seniors, in both fields national and local, and we are making special emphasize in The Senior Experience Center (CEAM-Center), we complete our investigation of the topic using two true life stories from Seniors that are part of the daily services in this Center ; La presente tesis es una investigación que inicia con el análisis del proceso del ciclo vital de los seres humanos, con énfasis en la etapa de la adultez mayor, los cambios biopsicosociales que tienen que afrontar, características y condiciones propias de esta fase y el desafío de aceptarla e integrarla. Se explora en ella los elementos teóricos, términos y conceptualización social respecto a las personas adultas mayores, junto con la concepción que tienen sobre sí mismos y lo que significa envejecer de manera saludable, también las distintas teorías de desarrollo para este grupo poblacional en los ámbitos: bilógico, psicológico y social. Esto nos permitió sensibilizarnos y tener en claro la verdadera actitud que debemos tener frente a esta personas, sabiendo que todos sin excepción, atravesaremos por este proceso vital. En cuanto a la política pública se abordan los aspectos que la integran y la estructura, la misma que responde al régimen político y proyecto de gobierno, en este caso al paradigma del Buen Vivir. Conjuntamente analizamos el nivel de participación ciudadana y del adulto mayor como sujeto activo de derechos. Consideramos el aspecto demográfico, por tener incidencia directa en la Población Adulta Mayor, debido a dos situaciones: la ampliación de su esperanza de vida y el fuerte incremento que está experimentando este grupo poblacional. Además, efectuamos una revisión del marco legal nacional y los acuerdos internacionales que soportan la oportuna atención que se debe dar a este grupo de atención prioritaria. Finalmente, con el soporte de la política pública aplicada en nuestro país para los adultos mayores, tanto en el grupo nacional como local, específicamente en el Centro de Experiencia del Adulto Mayor CEAM-Centro, complementamos la investigación del tema a través de las historias de vida de dos personas adultas mayores usuarias de los servicios que presta este Centro.

Vor dem Hintergrund des globalen Klimawandels stellt die energetische Verwertung von Biomasse (NaWaRo, Bioenergie) eine Option zur Minderung der globalen Treibhausgas-Emissionen dar. Im Jahr 2011 betrug der Anteil der Bioenergie am deutschen Endenergieverbrauch 8,2 %. Zur Einhaltung politischer Klimaschutzziele ist von einer Ausweitung der NaWaRo-Anbaufläche auszugehen. Aus Sicht des vorsorgenden Bodenschutzes ist dabei relevant, dass mit dem Biomasseanbau sowohl positive als auch negative Effekte für das Schutzgut Boden einhergehen können. Befürchtet werden u.a. ein weiterer Rückgang der (Boden-)Biodiversität in den Agrarlandschaften sowie eine Reduktion der organischen Kohlenstoffvorräte des Bodens (Verlust an Bodenqualität, Quelle für Treibhausgase) infolge der Intensivierung der landwirtschaftlichen Bodennutzung. Dahingegen könnten extensive Landnutzungsformen jedoch bspw. auch zu einer Förderung der Biodiversität beitragen. Für die zukünftige Ausrichtung des Biomasseanbaus ist daher eine umfassende Evaluation der vorhandenen Anbausysteme notwendig. Anhand der Energiepflanzen Raps, Mais und Miscanthus wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit die Effekte des Biomasseanbaus auf die für die Bodenfunktionen relevanten Schlüsselfaktoren Boden-Biodiversität und Humusgehalt ermittelt. Raps und Mais waren im Vergleich zu Miscanthus durch eine geringere Biodiversität gekennzeichnet. Langjähriger Miscanthus-Anbau führte zudem zu einer C-Akkumulation im Boden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag in der Quantifizierung der Netto-Energieerträge, der Energieeffizienz sowie des Treibhausgas-Minderungspotenzials der Anbausysteme. Alle bilanzierten Energiepflanzen-Anbausysteme erzielten Energiegewinne und führten zu einer Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen. Den naturwissenschaftlichen Studien schloss sich eine Analyse der gegenwärtigen Regelungen zur guten fachlichen Praxis (gfP) als zentralem Steuerungselement des vorsorgenden Bodenschutzes an. Diese diente zur Klärung der Frage, ob es hinsichtlich des Biomasseanbaus einer NaWaRo-spezifischen Konkretisierung der Grundsätzekataloge zur gfP im Recht der Landwirtschaft bedarf. Auf den Ergebnissen der natur- und rechtswissenschaftlichen Studien aufbauend wurden die mit der energetischen Verwertung von Biomasse einhergehenden Effekte auf die Schutzgüter Boden und Klima anhand des internen Zielkonfliktes des -§ 1 Abs. 3 Nr. 2 und 4 BNatSchG, welcher exemplarisch für das Spannungsfeld zwischen Landwirtschaft und Naturschutz steht, bewertet. Insgesamt ist der Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien ein geeignetes und erforderliches Mittel zum Schutze des Klimas und der Luft. Sofern die Grundsätze der gfP zum Schutze des Bodens konsequent umgesetzt werden, muss der Anbau nachwachsender Rohstoffe zur Bioenergie-Produktion in diesem Zusammenhang als allgemein verhältnismäßig, im Besonderen aber auch als angemessene Maßnahme hinsichtlich der sonstigen Anforderungen des Bodenschutzes, angesehen werden. Den Abschluss der Arbeit bildet ein nicht als abschließend zu verstehender Katalog NaWaRo-spezifischer sowie allgemeiner Konkretisierungsvorschläge zur guten fachlichen Praxis. ; The energetically use of biomass from energy crops is one option to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2011, bioenergy accounted for 8.2% of the total final energy consumption in Germany. It is obvious that the cultivated area dedicated to bioenergy crops will increase in the near future in order to meet national climate change mitigation policies. With regard to precautionary soil protection aspects, bioenergy cropping might have both positive and negative effects on the soil. For example, it is generally feared that soil biodiversity and soil organic carbon content might further decline due to an increasing intensity in agriculture. On the other hand, extensive types of land-use may promote biodiversity. Thus, a profound evaluation of current bioenergy cropping systems is essential to provide indications for the future direction of bioenergy cropping policies. Within the dissertation, the effects of three bioenergy cropping systems, in particular "rapeseed", "maize", and "miscanthus", on soil biodiversity and soil organic carbon content were determined, as both are key factors for soil functioning in general. As a result, rapeseed and maize were characterized by a significantly reduced biodiversity compared to the more extensively cultivated miscanthus. Moreover, long-term miscanthus cropping led to soil carbon accumulation. Another focus was on the quantification of net energy production, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas mitigation potential, whereby the investigated cropping systems produced more energy than was needed for the provision and use of the renewable energy carriers (biogas from maize, biodiesel/RME from rapeseed, and miscanthus chips) and thereby also reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The natural science studies were complemented by a jurisprudential evaluation of the applicable regulations concerning "good agricultural practice", which is the main instrument of precautionary soil protection within e.g. the Federal Soil Protection Act and further agricultural legal norms, but at the same time it is a vague legal term. The dissertation thus finally provides recommendations to further specify good professional practice in agriculture.

The modern global currency system is characterized by presence of certain features appeared on the ground of certain economic and political changes in world economy. Certainly, the basic signs of the modern world currency system are follows: 1) it was created and operates on the basis of norms of international law; 2) aims of activity are prevention of currency crises and assistance in case any crisis appears 3) objects of adjusting is a currency and currency values; 4) presences of international mechanism of the legal adjusting; 5) has legal public character, but acts on behalf of states and private persons; 6) simultaneously combines the element of supernational and private law adjusting. One of the basic conditions for functioning of the modern world currency is a presence official foreign reserves. Currency reserve executes definite functions in the system of international financial relations: provides international liquidity of country; stabilizes cost of reserve; realizesaims of currency exchange policy by mean of currency interventions at the market. Taking into account the functional aims, there are certain demands to the currency reserve as: the country-issuer of this currency must occupy leading positions in the international economy; to apply liberal national currency legislation; currency reserve must be actively used in operations realizing by international financial institutions (commercial and official). The necessity of providing of international liquidity requires currency exchange stability - its unforeseeable depreciation results on depreciation of currency reserves and creates a threat to currency stability both on the national and on global levels of world currency ; Современная мировая валютная система характеризуется наличием определенных особенностей, появление которых обусловлено экономическими и политическими сдвигами в мировом хозяйстве. Так, основными признаками современной мировой валютной системы является то, что она: 1) создана и действует на основе норм международного права; 2) целью деятельности является предотвращение валютных кризисов и предоставление помощи в случае их наступления; 3) объектомрегулирования выступает валюта и валютные ценности; 4) наличие международного механизма правового регулирования; 5) имеет публично-правовой характер, но действует в интересах, как государств, так и частных лиц; 6) одновременно сочетает элемент наднациональности и частноправового регулирования. Одним из ключевых условий функционирования современной мировой валютной системы является наличие мировых золотовалютных резервов. Резервная валюта выполняет несколько функций в системе международных финансовых отношений: обеспечение международной ликвидности страны, стабилизации стоимости резервов, реализации целей валютно-курсовой политики путем валютных интервенций на рынке. Учитывая отмеченное, возникает необходимость обеспечения международной ликвидности путем курсовой стабильности такой валюты – непредсказуемое ее обесценивание приводит к обесцениванию валютных резервов и создает угрозу валютной стабильности, как на национальном, так и на глобальном уровнях мировой валютной системы ; Сучасна світова валютна система характеризується наявністю певних особливостей, поява яких обумовлена економічними та політичними зрушеннями у світовому господарстві. Так, основними ознаками сучасної світової валютної системи є те, що вона: 1) створена і діє на основі норм міжнародного права; 2) метою діяльності є запобігання валютних криз і надання допомоги у випадку їх настання; 3) об'єктом регулювання виступає валюта та валютні цінності; 4) наявність міжнародного механізму правового регулювання; 5) має публічно-правовий характер, але діє в інтересах як держав, так і приватних осіб; 6) одночасно поєднує елемент наднаціональності і приватноправового регулювання. Однією з ключових умов функціонування сучасної світової валютної системи є наявність світових золотовалютних резервів Резервна валюта виконує кілька функцій у системі міжнародних фінансових відносин: забезпечення міжнародної ліквідності країни, стабілізації вартості резервів, реалізації цілей валютно-курсової політики шляхом валютних інтервенцій на ринку. З огляду на зазначене, виникає необхідність забезпечення міжнародної ліквідності вимагає курсової стабільності такої валюти – непередбачуване її знецінення призводить до знецінення валютних резервів та створює загрозу валютній стабільності як на національному, так і на глобальному рівнях світової валютної системи.

In the first essay, ``Does Government Health Insurance Reduce Job Lock and Job Push?'', I estimate the extent that job mobility is affected by the link between health insurance and employment. Workers holding employment-contingent health insurance (ECHI) are often thought to stay in jobs that are otherwise inferior matches out of fear of losing their ECHI, while those without insurance may leave employment states that are otherwise good matches seeking access to ECHI. These two phenomena are known as job lock and job push, respectively. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Medicaid expansions resulted in many working class households gaining Medicaid eligibility for one or more family members, an alternative source of health insurance that is not contingent on employment. Using this eligibility as a measure of variation in the dependence on ECHI for health insurance coverage, I find large estimates of job lock and job push for men. Medicaid eligibility for one household member results in an increase in the likelihood of a voluntary job exit for men over a four-month period by approximately 34%. Similarly, moves into jobs with ECHI fall by approximately 25% in response to Medicaid eligibility. For women, I do not find evidence consistent with job lock. For the case of job push, some of my estimates suggest large effects, though these estimates have interpretive difficulties.The second essay, titled ``Does Regulation of Physicians Reduce Health Care Spending?'', examines the fear among physicians that legal liability increases health care spending. Theoretically, the effect of legal risk could be positive or negative on spending, and empirical evidence has supported both cases. Previous empirical work, however, has ignored that physicians face risk from centralized regulators -- industry oversight groups like medical boards -- in addition to civil litigation risk. This paper addresses this omission by incorporating previously unused data on punishments by oversight groups against physicians, known as adverse actions, along with malpractice payments data to study state-level health care spending. My analysis suggests that health care spending does not rise in response to higher levels of risk. An increase in adverse actions equal to 16, the mean year-to-year change within a state, is found to be associated with statistically significant average spending decreases of approximately 0.11% to 0.21%. Malpractice payments were generally estimated to have smaller, statistically insignificant effects.The final essay, ``Preliminary Results On The Effect of Specialist Cost Information on Primary Care Physician Referral Patterns'', reports early results on a field experiment designed to test whether primary care physicians (PCPs) would use information on specialist costs in allocating their patient referrals between doctors within the specialty. The experiment was performed in partnership with a private-sector group of medical practices organized as an Independent Practice Association (IPA). Randomly chosen PCP practices within the IPA were provided with a report listing average cost information for Ophthalmology practices within the IPA. The response of the PCPs is compared to a control group of PCP practices within the IPA to see if the information influenced which Ophthalmology practices received PCP referrals. Analysis of experimental data so far available does not find any effects that are statistically significant at conventional levels. These results, however, are based on data from a very short post-period, and are not considered final. The experiment is ongoing at the time of the writing of this essay.