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The article is devoted to research of criminal law special rules provided for part4 of art. 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on exemption from criminal responsibility for evasion of taxes and duties.The article considers main theoretical and practical provisions that should beapplied authorized law enforcement authorities during the application Part 4 of Art. 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, indicate legislative changes to the text. On the basis of the provisions of Part 4 of Art. 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the author concludes preconditions and basis of its application, indicate necessity for further scientific research on account the voluntary and timeliness performing actions, as appropriate legal restrictions of exemption from criminal responsibility for evasion of taxes and duties basis. ; Статья посвящена уголовно-правовому исследованию специальной нормы,предусмотренной ч. 4 ст. 212 УК Украины, об освобождении от уголовной ответственности за уклонение от уплаты налогов, сборов (обязательных платежей). Рассматриваются основные теоретические и практические положения, которые следует учитывать уполномоченным органам при применении указанной поощрительной нормы, определяются законодательные изменения в ее текст. На основании анализа положений ч. 4 ст. 212 УК делается вывод о предпосылке и основании ее применения, указано на необходимость дальнейших научных разработок по вопросам учета добровольности и своевременности совершения посткриминальных действий как уместных законодательных ограничений основания освобождения от уголовной ответственности за преступление, предусмотренное ст. 212 УК. ; Стаття присвячена кримінально-правовому дослідженню спеціальної норми, передбаченої ч. 4 ст. 212 КК України, щодо звільнення від кримінальноївідповідальності за ухилення від сплати податків, зборів (обов'язкових платежів).Розглядаються основні теоретичні та практичні положення, які слід ураховувати уповноваженим органам під час застосування зазначеної заохочувальної норми, окреслюються законодавчі зміни до її тексту. На підставі аналізу положень ч. 4 ст. 212 КК робиться висновок про передумови та підстави її застосування, вказано на необхідність подальших наукових розробок із питань урахування добровільності і своєчасності вчинення посткримінальних дій як доречних законодавчих обмежень підстави звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності зазлочин, передбачений ст. 212 КК.

International audience ; After Ben Ali's departure from power on January 14, 2011, under pressure from popular protest movements, the various actors involved in the Tunisian revolutionary process chose to write a new Constitution and to elect a Constituent National Assembly. In this scenario including the drafting of an electoral law, the High Authority for the Achievement of the Revolution Objectives, Political Reform and Democratic Transition (HIROR) played a fundamental role in the elaboration of the initial legal and political framework of Post-Ben Ali Tunisia. Studying HIROR allows us to understand how Tunisia has gone from the "revolutionary moment", when the people-as-an-event tries to exercise its sovereignty directly in a form of self-government, to institutionalizing change by authorities exercising their power in the name of the people. At the same time, the action of HIROR took place in an unstable scenario marked by the fluidity of the Tunisian revolutionary process, which contributed to weakening the tinkering legitimacy of which it was the bearer. ; Après le départ du président Ben Ali du pouvoir le 14 janvier 2011, sous la pression des mouvements populaires de protestation, les différents acteurs impliqués dans le processus révolutionnaire tunisien ont opté pour l'écriture d'une nouvelle Constitution et l'élection d'une Assemblée nationale constituante. Dans ce scénario impliquant la rédaction d'une loi électorale, la Haute Instance pour la réalisation des objectifs de la révolution, de la réforme politique et de la transition démocratique (HIROR) a joué fondamental dans l'élaboration du cadre juridico-politique initial de la Tunisie Post-Ben Ali. S'intéresser à l'HIROR permet de comprendre la manière dont la Tunisie est passée du « moment révolutionnaire » où le « peuple évènement » tente d'exercer sa souveraineté de façon directe dans une forme d'autogouvernement au moment d'institutionnalisation du changement politique par des autorités qui exercent leur pouvoir au nom du peuple. Dans le même temps, l'action de l'HIROR s'est inscrite dans un scénario instable marqué par la fluidité du processus révolutionnaire tunisien qui a contribué à affaiblir la légitimité bricolée dont elle était le porteur.

En este estudio se analiza la forma en que los "tiempos difíciles" de la reciente historia española (la Guerra Civil y la dictadura franquista, 1936-1975) han sido tratados tanto en los manuales escolares de historia como en el interior de las aulas, estableciendo, por una parte, los avances historiográficos y didácticos conseguidos y, por otra, las actuales insuficiencias y deficiencias de tales planteamientos desde la perspectiva de un tratamiento realmente democrático y reconciliatorio de los mismos. Los avances han sido muy lentos, tanto en las representaciones sociales del conjunto de la sociedad española como en su presentación escolar. Todo ello permite afirmar que esta cuestión sigue siendo, como en numerosos otros ejemplos internacionales de uno y otro hemisferio, un asunto conflictivo, problemático y candente. No existen, posiblemente, soluciones fáciles a estos conflictos de larga duración y configuración, pero parece imprescindible que, desde la escolarización básica, tengan que ser atendidos debidamente para colaborar en la creación de una ciudadanía democrática y responsable de sus devenires. ; This investigation analyses the way the "difficult times" in recent Spanish history have been dealt with in school textbooks and in the classrooms, establishing, on the one hand, the historiographic and didactic advances and, on the other, the present shortcomings and deficiencies of such approaches from the perspective of a really democratic and reconciliatory treatment. In summary, the representation of the period between 1931 and 1975 in history textbooks has changed in many ways, and often in positive ones. These changes took place over the last twenty-five years but accelerated during the past fifteen. However, the most problematic aspects—those linked, on the one hand, to violence and repression, especially during the civil war and the Franco period, and, on the other, to the legal process of reconciliation between Spaniards after the Francoist dictatorship—have been paid the least attention and introduced last, and only partially, in the history textbooks. This last is the aspect that we believe, because of its enormous importance, has been tackled in the least satisfactory way. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (FAHCE) ; Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)

The events of April 26, 1478, better known as the Pazzi Conspiracy, were one of the ruling forces that shaped Florence between the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the immediate aftermath the main conspirators, Archbishop Salviati, and Jacopo and Francesco de' Pazzi, were killed and their families stripped of their properties and either exiled or imprisoned. This dissertation follows the fate of the nephews of Messer Jacopo de' Pazzi, starting from their return to Florence in 1494, through one of the legal battles they wagered against the Florentine elite, to recover the Pazzi inheritance. The Pazzi-Serristori trial (1495-1515) is a lesser known inheritance trial wagered by Jacopo de' Pazzi's heirs against the Serristori, the family of Jacopo's wife, Maddalena. The two families battled each other for almost twenty years in front of two different courts of law: the Tribunale della Mercanzia (from 1495 to 1496 and from 1509 to 1510), and the Tribunale del Consiglio di Giustizia (from 1512 to 1515). The material requests of the Pazzi family – masserizie of the Pazzi palace and the property of a country enclosure in Petriuolo – are not enough to explain such a long and complicate trial; but the political inclinations of the key players are. This trial became a dispute between the followers of the new republican regime and the hard-core Medicean partisans who, even with the Medici exile in 1494, had not abandoned their leading positions in the city. The Pazzi story and the first complete biography of Archbishop Francesco Salviati are two sides of the same coin: they both represent a ?non-change? in a sea of social, political and economic revolutions. Pardoned by the new government as they may have been, their deeds against the Medici in 1478 were not as easily forgotten by the rest of the population of Florence. Gli eventi del 26 aprile 1478, meglio noti come la congiura dei Pazzi, furono una delle forze che contribuirono a modellare la città di Firenze tra la fine del XV e l'inizio ...

The paper provides an overview and an economic analysis of the development of the corporate governance of German banks since the 1950s, highlighting peculiarities - as seen from the meanwhile prevailing standard model perspective - of the German case. These peculiarities refer to the specific German notion and legal-institutional regime of corporate governance in general as well as to the specific three-pillar structure of the German banking system. The most striking changes in the corporate governance of German banks during the past 50 years occurred in the case of the large shareholder-owned banks. For them, capital markets have become an important element of corporate governance, and their former orientation towards the interests of a broadly defined set of stakeholders has largely been replaced by a one-sided concentration on shareholders' interests. In contrast, the corporate governance regimes of the smaller local public savings banks and the local cooperative banks have remained virtually unchanged. They acknowledge a broader horizon of stakeholder interests and put an emphasis on monitoring. The Great Financial Crisis, beginning in 2007, has led to a considerable reassessment in the academic and political debate on bank governance. On an international level, it has revived the older notion that, in view of their high leverage and their innate complexity, banks are "special" and bank corporate governance also - and needs to be seen in this light, not least because research indicates that banks with a strong and one-sided shareholder orientation - and thus with what appears to be the best corporate governance according to the standard model - have suffered most in the crisis. In the German case, the crisis has shown that the smaller local banks have survived the crisis much better than large private and public banks, whose funding strongly depends on wholesale markets. This may point to certain advantages of their governance and ownership regimes. But the differences in the performance during the crisis years may also, or even more so, be a consequence of the business models of large vs small banks than of their different governance regimes

Customs Administration as Part of the Structure of Public Administration after Poland's Accession to the European UnionPoland's accession to the European Union has generated a number of challenges related to the adjustment of the state customs administration to EU standards. Poland faced the task of improving the functioning of its Customs Administration, which was particularly important due to the fact that the Polish eastern border is automatically the external border of the European Union. The aim of this article is to present the reform of the customs administration, its basic functions and tasks as well as to highlight the role of the Polish customs administration for the economic development of the state and the single customs area of the European Union. It should be emphasised that the importance of the customs administration has significantly increased since EU acces- sion as the Polish State undertook to protect the public, the environment and cultural heritage. Since the very first day of its EU membership, Poland has been bound by the provisions of the original Treaties and acts adopted by the institutions. In the light of the commitments, the Polish customs administration supports conducting legitimate business (gambling market surveillance, protection of intellectual property rights) and protects society and the environment against risks (prevention of imports of dangerous goods, protection against illegal export of endangered species of plants and animals, and export control). In order to make a comprehensive analysis of the changes it is necessary to pay attention to the sources of the customs law in the Polish legal system. Since the date of Poland's EU accession, the key role has been played by the Community Customs Code and the Common Customs Tarif. Poland places much emphasis on the modernisation and improvement of the functioning of the border with Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The modernisation of border crossings will contribute to an improved safety of travellers and officers as well as to a reduced risk of smuggling of hazardous materials into the single area of the customs union.

The history of the European Parliament can be seen as part of the development process toward a federal parliament supported by some researchers, but however another viewpoint of EU nature, as an international organization would be influenced from the European Parliament's viewpoint as well. It has been admitted that formal upcoming changes have turned it into a co-decision-maker with the Council of Ministers. There isn't any other organization, where the member countries should share the decision-making process with the institutions which have been selected directly. In fact, during the creation of the united Europe, the power of the European Parliament have continuously increased trying to reduce the "democratic deficit" for which the Community is accused. Also the role of the EP role as an alternative point of access in the "policy-making'" process for interests that feel excluded from the domination of business interests could help in building a sense of European Identity among such groups in the longer term. The European Parliament appoints an Ombudsman, who may receive complaints from any citizen of the Union or from any other natural person or legal entity living or having his/her statutory residence/registered office in a member country. The cases handled by an Ombudsman are related to the bad administration of the institutions or community bodies' activities except the Court of Justice and the General Court in their court functions. The Ombudsman works in full competence and does not accept or require directives from any other organization. During his assignment must not perform any other professional activity for free or against payment. He is appointed by the European Parliament with the same duration of his legislature having a renewable mandate. In the DPB are provided also the Ombudsman's norms that might have in the cases of bad administration in conjunction with the activity of institutions in this sector. Thus, it will be solved the problem of accusation for lacking of transparency addressed to this sector. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p340

In the past, customary law has been applied rather haphazardly in the courts. Its inherent adaptive flexibility and indeterminate nature created confusion in a court system ill-equipped to deal with litigation dealing with customary law issues. Understandably, customary law was treated in the same way as a common-law custom, which also originates in a community's acceptance of certain standards of behaviour. This meant that anyone averring a rule of customary law had to prove it, except where the rule was contained in a statute or precedent. The courts were not keen to engage in law-making and where the ascertainment of customary law proved to be difficult, they would merely apply the common law. In 1998, the Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988, which allows the judiciary to take judicial notice of readily accessible customary law, made fundamental changes to this situation. The Act is still in operation, although it must now be interpreted in the light of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution). No direction on how this must be done can be found in the wording of the constitutional provisions dealing with the customary law. Besides instructing the courts to apply customary law when "applicable, subject to the Constitution and any legislation that specifically deals with customary law", the Constitution is silent on the way forward. Given the fact that most of the judiciary does not have any knowledge of the content of living customary law and the fact that there are fundamental differences between the evidentiary rules applied in the common and customary laws of South Africa, a few problems are bound to surface when litigating issues involving the customary law. They include: the status of customary law in the South African legal system; the applicability of customary law; and especially the determination of living customary law. The aim of this analysis is to determine if the existing evidentiary rules are appropriate to deal with these challenges in litigating matters involving customary law in the ordinary courts.

Language planning and policy (LPP) in postcolonial island states is often strongly (co)determined by the former colonizer's state tradition. Comparable to the examples of the development of LPP in Cabo Verde (Baptista, Brito, & Bangura, 2010), Haiti (DeGraff, 2016), and Mauritius (Johnson, 2006; Lallmahomed-Aumeerally, 2005), this article aims to illustrate and explain in what way the current situation of the dominance of Dutch in governance, law and education in Aruba (and Curaçao) can only be explained through path dependency and state tradition (Sonntag & Cardinal, 2015) in which, time and again, critical junctures, have not led to decisions that favour the mother tongue of the majority of the population (Dijkhoff & Pereira, 2010; Mijts, 2015; Prins-Winkel, 1973; Winkel, 1955). In this article, three perspectives on LPP in small island states are explored as different aspects of the continuation of the former colonizer's state tradition and language regime. The first part will focus on the (non-)applicability of international treaties like the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) on the challenges of small island states. The point will be made that international treaties, like the ECRML, do not (currently) provide sufficient basis for the protection of languages in former colonial islands and for the empowerment of individuals through language rights. The second part explores the meaning of fundamental legal principles and specific demands, deduced from international treaties. The point will be made that the structure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands brings with it several limitations and obstacles for the autonomous development of LPP. The third part will focus on the way in which current Aruban legislation reflects the dominance of Dutch in governance, the judiciary and education. While bearing in mind that choices for legislation on language for governance, the judiciary and education are rooted in very diverse principles, a critical reading of existing legislation reveals an interesting dynamic of symbolic inclusive legislation and exclusive practices through language restrictions that favour the Dutch minority language. Recent research, however, demonstrates that law/policy and practice are not aligned, as such creating an incoherent situation that may call for a change in legislation and policy.

In this paper we presented the case study of reindustrialization of Valjevo - ecological risks in the conditions of economic transition. The crisis in Serbia during the 1990s had, among others, consequences visible in the manufacturing activities, especially industry. Nevertheless, Valjevo, as an evident example of favorable business environment, has made significant efforts to build an ambient for successful entrepreneurship. The aim of the paper is a critical presentation of the state of: economy and employment, processes of reindustrialization, environment and ecological risks in Valjevo. Special attention was given to the presentation of investment activities (direct investments recorded from companies from Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and other countries). The state of the environmental elements' quality has been estimated, and, on the basis of this, we can conclude that in Valjevo, it is mainly satisfactory, although, in some areas, more or less altered. Also, that a higher concentration of population and various economic activities, along with inherited industrial production (outdated technological processes, large quantities of industrial waste, low energy efficiency, lack of facilities and equipment for pollution reduction, etc.) are in conjunction with the possible occurrence of ecological risks. It was found that the current state of data and planning documents related to ecological risks assessment on the territory of Valjevo, is characterized by the basic availability of information on the dangers of possible natural disasters and technological accidents, as well as on severity of consequences that can cause (endangering the health, security and life of people, damage of a smaller or larger volume, changes of the environmental status, etc.). In order to reduce the consequences of possible ecological risks and develop a sustainable and effective way of their management, it is necessary to take measures of prevention and protection, both of the population, and of natural and material goods. Also, investors, as well as local government in Valjevo, have to follow legal norms and standards and work on: introducing and encouraging of new technologies use and developing of socially responsible business with expert services and professional personnel trained to control and manage possible ecological risks.

Desde que la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja se ha convertido en un asunto de interés público, el legislador español ha intentado combatirla dentro de un modelo generalista, centrado en la tutela de todos los miembros vulnerables del ámbito doméstico. El proceso continuo de ampliación del círculo de sujetos pasivos que ha tenido lugar debido a las reiteradas reformas del Código Penal ha acabado por oscurecer el problema de la violencia de género al convertirlo en un caso más dentro de un cúmulo caótico de relaciones de subordinación y dominio en el que la mujer aparece como una de las personas más débiles de las relaciones familiares, como los niños, incapaces y ancianos. En el trabajo se pone de manifiesto la importancia de las últimas reformas legales relativas a esta materia; por un lado sus principales novedades, y por otro las constantes modificaciones llevadas a cabo en el articulado, haciendo especial hincapié en la Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género, como también en la distinción entre los conceptos de violencia doméstica y de género, mostrándose, en último lugar, las medidas de protección de las que es benefactora la mujer víctima de violencia de género. ; The Spanish legislation has attempted to fight violence against the female partner with a generalist model since it became a matter of public interest. This approach focuses on the protection of every vulnerable member of the household. The ongoing process of expanding the circle of victims is due to the recurrent reforms of the Spanish Criminal Code and it has come to shadow gender violence by transforming it into another example of a chaotic cluster of subordinate and dominant relationships where women are portrayed as the weak ones in family relationships, such as children, elder and disabled people. The importance of the last labor reforms regarding this topic is revealed at work. On the one hand, their main changes and on the other hand, the ~ 4 ~ continuous ...

The article focuses on the establishment of the Mining School in Barnaul and the attempt to legislative consolidation of the legal framework of its operation at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries. Coverage of this topic allows taking another look at entrenched in the research literature opinions, reviewing and adjusting a range of earlier scientifically unfounded judgments relating to the initial period of the history of secondary technical education in Western Siberia. The work gives an overview and general description of the projects of mining officials to establish the Mining School. The study of projects is carried out in a clear sequence and with a close link both with departmental production, and with the all-Russian educational trends and changes in the late 18th — early 19th century. It considers the role of personality and interpersonal relationships in the regional and all the Russian history. The paper describes the general idea of the local authorities about the establishing in Barnaul of the education institution equal to the St. Petersburg School of Mines. The noble dream of creating in a remote Siberian province of highest Mining School became the obstacle to the implementation of a pragmatic approach to its establishing.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-04 ; Статья посвящена вопросу учреждения Горного училища в Барнауле и попытке законодательного закрепления нормативно-правовой базы его функционирования на рубеже XVIII–XIX вв. Освещение настоящего вопроса позволяет иначе взглянуть на утвердившиеся в исследовательской литературе мнения, пересмотреть и скорректировать целый ряд ранее научно необоснованных суждений, касавшихся начального периода истории среднетехнического образования Западной Сибири. В работе впервые даны обзор и общая характеристика проектов горных чиновников по учреждению Горного училища. Изучение проектов проводится в четкой последовательности и тесной связи как с ведомственными производственными, так и с общероссийскими образовательными тенденциями и изменениями конца XVIII — начала XIX в. Отмечается роль личности и межличностных взаимоотношений в региональной и общероссийской истории. Описывается общая идея местного начальства об устройстве в Барнауле учебного заведения, равного Санкт-Петербургскому Горному училищу. Благородная мечта о создании в далекой сибирской провинции высшего Горного училища ставла препятствием для реализации прагматического подхода к его устройству.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-04

Governments set legal framework and economic policies, which influence the economic-institutional environment in which financial actors operate. They levy taxes, provide subsidies and investments, enforce laws and punish law-breakers, regulate competition, etc. In recent years, many policy initiatives have been launched to stimulate the transition towards renewable energy (RE). The main question of this thesis is how the launching of such initiatives – and other major political events – have influenced stock prices of companies in two sectors (fossil fuel and renewable energy) and in two countries (the US and China). This study is of particular interest for the policymakers and investors in evaluating effectiveness of news about RE policy. One challenge in measuring the impact of announcements on stock prices is that policy and legislative processes are slow and the news are gradual. Regulatory events usually involve multiple announcements, due to extensive negotiations and public debate. They are more likely to be anticipated compared with corporate announcements. Yet, there are many examples of policy announcement and political events having an impact on stock prices. During the study I selected three important political events which could potentially shift RE policy and affect performance of energy firms: the 2012 presidential election in the US, the Paris agreement on climate change, and the 2016 presidential election in the US. The results of the study indicate that major political events affect the performance of energy firms. In addition, the results indicate that news about RE policy positively affect the performance of RE firms, but they do not affect the performance of fossil fuel firms. This indicates that while RE policy encourage investments into RE firms, fossil firms do not perceive RE industry as a substantial competitor. Chinese RE firms are more affected by the news about policy announcements than US firms. This could be of two reasons: first, US political system is more open, thus, RE policy news could be more anticipated than Chinese; second, the US announcements might be less relevant than Chinese, due to heavy reliance of the US central government on state-level policies. ; M-ECON

In the past, customary law has been applied rather haphazardly in the courts. Its inherent adaptive flexibility and indeterminate nature created confusion in a court system ill-equipped to deal with litigation dealing with customary law issues. Understandably, customary law was treated in the same way as a common-law custom, which also originates in a community's acceptance of certain standards of behaviour. This meant that anyone averring a rule of customary law had to prove it, except where the rule was contained in a statute or precedent. The courts were not keen to engage in law-making and where the ascertainment of customary law proved to be difficult, they would merely apply the common law. In 1998, the Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988, which allows the judiciary to take judicial notice of readily accessible customary law, made fundamental changes to this situation. The Act is still in operation, although it must now be interpreted in the light of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution). No direction on how this must be done can be found in the wording of the constitutional provisions dealing with the customary law. Besides instructing the courts to apply customary law when "applicable, subject to the Constitution and any legislation that specifically deals with customary law", the Constitution is silent on the way forward. Given the fact that most of the judiciary does not have any knowledge of the content of living customary law and the fact that there are fundamental differences between the evidentiary rules applied in the common and customary laws of South Africa, a few problems are bound to surface when litigating issues involving the customary law. They include: the status of customary law in the South African legal system; the applicability of customary law; and especially the determination of living customary law. The aim of this analysis is to determine if the existing evidentiary rules are appropriate to deal with these challenges in litigating matters involving customary law in the ordinary courts.

The Chinese term 'local protectionism', refers to China's uncooperative local governments and pertains to the study of China's central-local relations. This internal issue of China's state structure has attracted the attention of WTO scholars with China's WTO accession. At the time China joined the WTO, many scholars expressed their concern that China's compliance with WTO obligations might be hindered by hard-to-control local governments. However, this research topic of the interface between China's local governments and China's WTO obligations has not been followed up by scholars due to the lack of research data. This thesis looks outside the box and develops an innovative approach to study how WTO disputes prompt the Chinese central government to discipline uncooperative local governments and combat local protectionism.In conducting such an innovative research approach, this thesis combines two domains of study: China's interactions with the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS) and China's central-local relations. The first study domain finds that China has extensively reformed its domestic governance to implement WTO judicial rulings. This background view reveals that China's domestic governance is subject to WTO's influence, and builds the foundation for understanding China's internal central-local governance change under the impact of WTO disputes. The second study domain reviews how the Chinese central government combats local protectionism. This domain of study identifies that, China's central-local dynamics are informal and political, rather than formal and legal. Within China's vague constitutional framework, the Chinese central government primarily checks local protectionism through political interaction with provincial governments.This innovative combination of two domains of study, China's interactions with the WTO DSS and China's central-local relations, mutually establishes a pattern of international-national-subnational governance impact chain in China. The finding of this pattern develops the research topic on the interface between China's local governments and China's WTO obligations from a unique perspective. By identifying central-provincial political dynamics in selected WTO case studies, this study analyses Chinese central government's voluntary decision to combat local protectionism under pressure arising from WTO disputes, and demonstrates WTO's far-reaching influence on China's internal governance repercussion.