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THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE PRINCIPLE OF THE NON-PATENTABILITY OF LIVING THINGS. IT TRACES THE JOURNEY OF GRANTED PATENTS FROM MEDICINE IN 1940 TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN THE 1980S, IT EXAMINES ETHICS, DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL CONFRONTATION OF THE PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY THE "COMMODIFICATION OF LIFE". IT EXAMINES, ALSO, THE REPERCUSIONS OF A CHANGE OF ATITUDE TOWARD PATENTS AS THE COURTS PROCEED ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS AND ON PURELY TECHNICAL GROUNDS.

Examines moral theories of commodification & the debate over what ought or ought not be marketized. Moral questions tend to arise about commodification particular to the source from which goods are pulled into the market. Issues of social justice derive chiefly from the commodification of public goods. Problems of debasement appear when valued objects & practices are drawn from the realm of intimacy into the market. These are fragmentary moral theories of commodification. There are, however, moral theories that are distinctly about commodification & that offer a unified narrative of commodification's moral aspect, theories that are here explored. K. Coddon

This paper examines a series of changes experienced within sport as it undergoes a process of commodification. It is argued that this process constitutes a degradation of athletic activity. The interpretations of such changes are examined in light of the debate over mass culture and the popular arts. This controversy has centered on whether the nature of modern sport has become debauched as it is subsumed to the logic of the marketplace. It is suggested that puerility has come to dominate sport as modern culture becomes standardised and administered as a commodity. Sport is thus viewed in terms of the tensions between its emancipatory potential and its function as a commodity for social consumption.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Money Talk -- Regimes of Value -- Money and Markets -- The Argument of this Book -- Part I Case Studies -- 2 Land -- Law, Land and Property -- Land Use Regulation in the UK -- Ideology and Moral Climate -- The 1970s Watershed -- 3 Bodies -- The Dead Body -- The Live Body -- Public Health -- National Insurance -- The National Health Service -- The 1970s Watershed -- 4 Books -- Specialness -- Booksellers Become Publishers -- The Golden Age -- The Good Book: Culture and Ideology -- The 1970s Watershed -- Part II Resistance to Commodification -- 5 Sacredness and Property -- Tradable Objects -- Economic Subjects -- Property -- 6 Moral Regulation -- The Morality of Markets -- State Intervention and Moral Regulation -- The Varieties of Moral Regulation -- The Problem of Scale -- The Leakiness of Moral Regulation -- 7 Moral Climate, Ideology and Intellectuals -- The Structural Position of Intellectuals -- Relative autonomy -- Cultural authority -- Networks -- Moral Climate, Audiences and Social Movements -- Ideology -- Conservatism with Socialism as Moral Climate -- Ruskin, Wells, Eliot and Mannheim -- Decline and Fall - or Change? -- 8 Moral Complexity -- The Long Century and After -- Moral Complexity and Hostile Worlds -- Transactional Orders -- References -- Index -- EULA.

"This book analyses the processes of commodification and decommodification which have wrought changes in Polish society since 1945. Examining the case of Poland, this book also explores comparisons to other countries in the Eastern European region. It is the first book to capture long-term social change from the perspective of commodification and decommodification processes. This book will appeal to sociologists, economists, historians, anthropologists and political scientists, especially to students and scholars interested in theoretical economics and economic sociology as well as Central and Eastern Europe"--

Since the 1950s, the US has become obsessed with its own consumer culture. Even experiences, such as prison life, have been commodified. People will pay to spend a weekend at the Academy in Alpharetta, GA, an institution that sells "the prison experience." Prison clothing has long been a hot fashion item among the rapper set, while several chambers of commerce have marketed their state's prisons as "must see" tourist destinations. By turning prison life into pop culture, mass imprisonment has become acceptable, & it is difficult for at-risk youth to understand that prisons are not hotels or amusement parks. If the US is to decrease (rather than continue to increase) its prison population, the welfare system must be drastically reformed & the commodification of prison life must come to an end. K. A. Larsen

Although language can always be analyzed as a commodity, its salience as a resource with exchange value has increased with the growing importance of language in the globalized new economy under the political economic conditions of late capitalism. This review summarizes how and in which ways those conditions have a commodifying effect on language and focuses on contemporary tensions between ideologies and practices of language in the shift from modernity to late modernity. It describes some of these tensions in key sites: tourism, marketing, language teaching, translation, communications (especially call centers), and performance art.

It is argued that "commercial surrogacy" (ie, the practice of one woman having a baby for another) should be legally permissible, & that a commitment to feminism should not predispose anyone against surrogacy. Drawing on insights from John Stuart Mill, it is suggested that proposed bans on the market exchange of goods & services should be assessed according to the expected consequences of such bans. Several arguments against commercial surrogacy are examined, including the contention that surrogacy substitutes market norms for norms of parental love. The feminist claim that tolerance of commercial surrogacy obstructs progress toward gender equality is found to be misguided. W. Howard

The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.