Suchergebnisse

The article analyzes the features of Denmark's participation in the European Union. The country has a number of opt-outs from the general rules for the functioning of the EU, including under the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). The intensive development of this area in the last decade, including the established Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), and the emergence of new security challenges make the question of the format of Denmark's participation in these projects highly relevant. The author concludes that clearly limiting this opt-out allows Denmark to take benefit from participation in defense-related projects that are formally outside the CSDP framework, but fall within the joint competence of the Union and the Member States. At the same time, the rejection of the «Danish reservations» does not seem likely in the near future for domestic political reasons.

Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkileri 1973'ten beri devam eden Birleşik Krallık, üyelik sürecinde genellikle sorunlu bir ilişki içerisinde olmuştur. Avrupa bütünleşmesinin başlangıcında sürece dâhil olmayan ülke, sonrada katıldığı bütünleşme sürecine sürekli olarak mesafeli bir şekilde yaklaşmıştır. Söz konusu sorunlu ve mesafeli ilişki, çoğu zaman keskin tartışmalarla geçen üyelik sürecini önceden öngörülemeyen bir şekilde ayrılma noktasına kadar getirmiştir. Brexit ise, Birleşik Krallık'ın Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkilerinde en önemli dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bu nedenle, Brexit'e giden süreci, Brexit'in nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını incelemek konunun daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayacaktır. Çalışma bu amaçla, Brexit sürecini ayrıntılı olarak ele almayı ve literatüre katkı sağlamayı amaçlamıştır. Muhafazakâr Parti tarafından Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkilerde reform talep edilmesiyle 2013'te başlayan süreç, 23 Haziran 2016'da düzenlenen referandumda .9 ayrılma kararıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Popülist ve gerçek dışı söylemler üzerinden ilerleyen Brexit referandumunda, Muhafazakâr Parti ve Birleşik Krallık Bağımsızlık Partisi bütün süreci yöneten aktörler olmuşlardır. Bu iki siyasi parti, bir iç politika malzemesi haline getirdiği Avrupa Birliği üyeliğini farklı kampanyalar yürüterek de olsa sona erdirmişlerdir. Böylece, Avrupa Birliği tarihinde ilk defa bir üye devlet Avrupa Birliği'nden ayrılma sürecine girmiştir. Bu çerçevede çalışmada öncelikle Birleşik Krallık-Avrupa Birliği ilişkilerinin tarihsel arka planı ve Brexit'in nedenleri ele alınmıştır. Sonraki bölümlerde, Brexit'in Birleşik Krallık üzerindeki ekonomik etkilerine ve Muhafazakâr Parti ile Birleşik Krallık Bağımsızlık Partisi'nin bu süreçteki rollerine değinilmiştir. Son olarak, ayrılma süreci kronolojik olarak incelenmiş, ayrılma sürecinin hangi aşamalardan geçtiği ve nasıl ilerlediği gösterilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği tarihinde ilk kez gerçekleşen bu süreci, Avrupa Birliği'nin ilgili kurumları ve Birleşik Krallık yetkilileri birlikte şekillendirmektedir. Bir aday ülkenin Avrupa Birliği üyelik sürecine benzer şekilde Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşik Krallık arasında ayrılma müzakereleri devam etmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Brexit'in Birleşik Krallık ekonomisi ve siyaseti üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu belirtilmiştir. Ekonomik açıdan, ülke ekonomisinin kısa dönemde olumsuz etkilendiği, orta ve uzun döneme ilişkin olumsuz beklentilerin olduğu dile getirilmiştir. Siyaset üzerindeki etkilerine bakıldığında ise, sürecin her aşamasında yer alan Muhafazakâr Parti ve Birleşik Krallık Bağımsızlık Partisi'nin siyasette kötü sonuçlar aldığı ve referandum kampanyalarını yürüten iki liderinin de siyasetten çekilmesine neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kimin kazandığının tam olarak belli olmadığı bir referandumun ardından, Brexit'in sonucunda da ne olacağı tam olarak belli değildir. ; United Kingdom which has an ongoing relationship with the European Union since 1973 has generally had problematic relations during the membership process. A country who does not play a part in the early European integration process keeps wary eye to the process she joins lately. This turbulent and detached relationship brings the membership process which mostly contains sharp discussions to an unexpected breakpoint. Brexit has been the most important milestone in the United Kingdom-the European Union relations. Therefore, examining the process through Brexit, its reasons and results will help understand the issue better. Given this goal, therefore, this study aims to deal with the Brexit process in detail and contribute to the existing literature. Process beginning with the reform requests by Conservative Party in relations with the European Union in 2013 resulted in a referendum with 51.9% leaving decision on June 23, 2016. In the Brexit referendum which proceeds from the populist and unreal discourses, Conservative Party and United Kingdom Independence Party have been the actors managing the whole process. Even these two political parties conduct different campaigns on the EU membership which they turn it into a domestic policy tool; they have eventually completed the process. Thus, for the first time, a member state decided to enter leaving process in the European Union's history. In this framework, this study initially deals with the historical background of the United Kingdom-the European Union relations and causes of Brexit. Then, economic effects of Brexit on United Kingdom and roles of Conservative Party and United Kingdom Independence Party in this process were mentioned. Lastly, leaving process was chronologically examined and the steps of leaving process and the progress were shown. The process which happens for the first time in the EU history has been shaped by the EU's relevant institutions joint with the UK's authorities. Similar to a candidate country's membership process, the leaving negotiations have been going on between the EU and the UK. As a conclusion, it is indicated that Brexit has negative effects on politics and economy of United Kingdom. Economic-wise, the study shows that the UK economy has been affected negatively in the short-run in addition the negative expectations in the long-run. Political-wise, on the other hand, Conservative Party and United Kingdom Independence Party that have taken place in every stage of the process have gone up in flames and led their leaders who conducted referendum campaigns to abandon politics. Consequently, after a referendum without an exact winner, it is also unclear what happens after the Brexit process.

No appraisal of the present-day labor situation can be complete without a discussion of union security, which is one of the most significant trends in modem labor relations. The concept was formulated before the war, but it owes its rapid development to the need for union protection resulting from present abnormal conditions and its immediate purpose is to preserve union morale. Even when considering post-war economic and social policies, this device is important as a basis for determining the position of unions in that era. If union security is widely employed in post-war labor contracts, the device will give unions a position of prominence never before held by any institution or organized group in American history. Whether the policy will be continued voluntarily after the war will be determined by the harmony of labor-employer relations during this period of governmental supervision. Over two years have passed since union security first received support from government agencies, and perhaps some fairly accurate conclusions can be drawn from a study of the evolution of this device under the war program. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the policies of the National Defense Mediation Board and the War Labor Board with respect to union security, with emphasis on the practical aspects which may be helpful both in the promulgation of contracts and in furnishing a background for future policy development.

U.S. Civil War Union Federal Artillery button. "A" can be seen in the middle of the button. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/mhinojosa/1144/thumbnail.jpg

This article examines the responses of trade union confederations to the impact of the international crisis of 2007—2010 in Portugal and in Spain. Both countries had socialist governments in power and were in particularly vulnerable positions when the crisis struck. During this period trade union confederations negotiated social pacts and called general strikes. Drawing from the literature on social pacts, general strikes and on the identities and strategic actions of trade unions, the article explores the dynamics of government policies and trade union responses and their implications for the relationship between social pacts and general strikes.

This book sheds light on a fascinating process of historic, legal evolution, starting from a situation of doubt as to whether the Community had treaty-making power, and ending with certain treaties being denied to sovereign states and transferred to an international organization. This process is still continuing, and brings in its wake far-reaching results. The author makes distinction between cases where exclusive treaty-making is explicitly specified in the founding treaties, and cases where treaty-making power is implicit, and is derived from the general structure of Community law. Implicit power becomes exclusive only by `occupying the field', which means enactment, and exclusive power negates ab initio the Member States' power, whereas implicit exclusive power merely negates the competence of the Member States to establish rules conflicting with those of the Community. Scholars, practitioners, lawyers, students and everybody who deals with European Union affairs will find this book of great interest

This article shows that regulation of the employment relationship in European public services has tended to give more importance to collective bargaining than to unilateral employer regulation. Although collective bargaining is a general trend, it is not the same in every country. This article concentrates on collective bargaining levels and the outcomes of collective bargaining in selected European states. A major explanatory factor of the extent of collective bargaining is the nature of the civil service system. Reformed "non‐career" systems tend to adopt collective bargaining institutions, resulting in binding collective agreements between employers and unions, while classical "career" systems do not.

This book provides an in-depth study of how community development can contribute to tackling social exclusion. Drawing on the outcomes of a project funded by the Social Inclusion Programme of the European Union and managed by a European network of community development organisations - the Combined European Bureau for Social Development - Including the excluded analyses the experiences of local communities; identifies and explains the key principles that need to underpin programmes and projects that use a community-based approach to tackling social exclusion and provides a summary of key action points that need to be considered by organisations and agencies. Examples from policy and practice in the UK, Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Norway are discussed, with additional information from Denmark, Ireland and Hungary. The principles and methods discussed give a valuable insight into how the voices of local people and practitioners can be heard in policy and decision making forums