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Bu tez, Avrupa Birliğini oluşturan halkların ortak noktalarda birleşerek tek bir Avrupa toplumu hedefine ulaşma, özellikle de demokrasi ve anayasa kavramları etrafında ortak bir anlayış geliştirebilme olasılığını ve nasıl bir geleceğe doğru ilerleyebileceklerini araştırmaya çalışmıştır.Demokrasi, halkların özgür ve açık tartışmalar sonucu, kendilerini ilgilendiren önemli konular hakkında siyasi karar alma yöntemi olarak adlandırılabilir. Ancak, bu tanımın AB'nin bugünkü yönetim şekline -saydam olmayışı, teknokrat egemenliği, üye ülkelerin kendi çıkarlarını ön planda tutması nedeniyle- tam uyduğu söylenemez. Bunun yanısıra, AB kuruluşlarının daha iyiye yönelik üst düzey bir demokratikleşme çabasında oldukları da göz ardı edilemez. Bireyler, çeşitli referandumlar veya oylamalarla AB dahilinde söz sahibi olmaya başlamışlardır. AB'ye ilişkin konulara halkın daha fazla ortak edilerek, müzakereler, kamuoyu tartışmaları düzenlenmesi ve basının da bu yöndeki ilgisinin artması, demokrasinin gelişmesini sağlayacaktır. Burada söz konusu olan, devlet-halk sınırlarını aşarak, halklarüstü, AB'ne uygun mutlak bir demokrasinin nasıl gerçekleşeceğidir. Bu çalışmada, AB'ninkilerle kıyaslanarak, demokrasi ve devlet kavramları üzerinde özellikle durulmuş, AB'nin belirli konulardaki demokratik eksikliği ve yönetim şekli tartışılmıştır.Hükümetlerüstü bir anlayışla donanmış, AB kurumlarının saydamlığını gözeten, Temel Hak ve özgürlükleri kapsayan demokratik bir anayasa, AB'ne duyulan ilgiyi arttıracaktır. Müstakbel bir AB anayasası sadece federalizm taraftarlarınca benimsenmeyecek, gerek bugüne dek katedilen mesafeyi gerekse varılmış ve varılacak olan ortak anlayışları bünyesinde barındırmak suretiyle, hükümetlerarasıcılık yandaşlarını da memnun kılacaktır. Gittikçe genişleyerek bir yandan çoğulculuk, çokkültürlülük, öte yandan birliktelik öğelerini bağdaştırmak gibi aşılması zor engellerle karşı karşıya kalsa da, geri dönüşün neredeyse imkansız olduğu globalleşen dünya ortamında, geleceğe meydan okumak kalıyor AB'ne.This thesis is trying to analyse whether the peoples of the EU can be unified on common purposes to form a single European people and, the possibility to develop a common notion on democracy and constitution in order to be able to advance towards the same future.Democracy is the political tool in which citizens take part in the decision-making after having discussed in public debates on issues concerning themselves. Compared to its actual governance, this definition is not fully in effect in the EU due to the lack of transparency, the sovereignty of eurocrats and the MS's decisions on behalf of their national interests. We should however bear in mind that the EU's institutions are always being reshaped in search of a more perfect democracy. Citizens are being associated, even if on limited domains, to the decision-making process by referenda and elections. The EU's democratic evolution will be more remarkable if the issues concerning the Union would be discussed in public and if the media would take part in these debates. How will it be possible to attain a supranational democracy by surpassing the limits of the state-nation? In this paper, by giving the general definitions of democracy and state, comparison has been made to the present governance of the Union and hence its democratic deficit is emphasised. A Constitution taking into account the supranational aspect of the Union, the principle of clarity in decision-making, the separation of powers between institutions and including the Charter of Fundamental Rights, would be more attractive for citizens. Federalists as well as intergovernmentalists would agree on such a constitution which underlies the objectives attained so forth and the ones to be reached. The EU is a unique type of entity in world, facing the following challenges: the balancing of pluralism, multiculturalism on the one hand and unification on the other, enlargement versus deepening, integration versus differentiation in a world where globalisation makes its way.

This paper discusses the incentive conflicts that arise in banking supervision in the EU in a principal-agent framework, where the regulator is the agent and the taxpayers is the principal. The regulatory agent in addition to maintaining financial stability (the objective of the principal) may pursue private interests. Incomplete information, insufficient accountability of the agent and lack of enforceability of compliance result in an incentive problem. A reform of the European supervisory system complemented by strengthening market discipline based on improved disclosure of both the supervisor and the banks may help to solve the European incentive problem.

In der Europäischen Union (EU) verläuft die Debatte über weitreichende Reformen zunehmend kontrovers. Nach Abschluss der einjährigen "Konferenz zur Zukunft Europas" hat das Europäische Parlament (EP) die Initiative für einen Konvent und für Vertragsänderungen ergriffen. Für viele nationale Regierungen hingegen scheint weiterhin die Frage im Mittelpunkt zu stehen, wie die EU im Rahmen der bestehenden Verträge weiterentwickelt werden kann. Ein genauerer Blick auf die Ergebnisse der Zukunftskonferenz zeichnet ein differenzierteres Bild - von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern, die von der EU erwarten, in den großen Transformationsprojekten Verantwortung zu übernehmen, die fordern, dass die EU transparenter wird, und die Vertrags­änderungen nur als Mittel zum Zweck für eine handlungs­fähigere EU sehen. Der Konferenz ist es jedoch nicht gelungen, Befürworter und Gegner von Vertrags­ände­rungen einander näher­zubringen. Poten­tial hierfür hat aber die wiederbelebte Debatte über Vertiefung und Erweiterung. (Autorenreferat)

The article aims to describe the experiences of 87 Italian adolescent young caregivers (AYCs) of grandparents (GrPs), with reference to the caregiving stress appraisal model (CSA) that provides a theoretical lens to explore the difficulties encountered and support needed in their caring role. Qualitative data were drawn from an online survey conducted within an EU Horizon 2020 funded project. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out, and the findings were critically interpreted within the conceptual framework of the CSA model. The analysis highlighted three categories of difficulties: material, communication and emotional/psychological. The most common material difficulty was the physical strain associated with moving "uncooperative" disabled older adults. The types of support needed concerned both emotional and material support. The study provides a deeper understanding of the under-studied experiences of AYCs of GrPs. Based on these findings, policies and support measures targeted at AYCs of GrPs should include early needs detection, emotional support and training on intergenerational caring in order to mitigate the stress drivers. Moreover, the study advances the conceptualisation of the CSA model by considering the above-mentioned aspects related to intergenerational caregiving

The article aims to describe the experiences of 87 Italian adolescent young caregivers (AYCs) of grandparents (GrPs), with reference to the caregiving stress appraisal model (CSA) that provides a theoretical lens to explore the difficulties encountered and support needed in their caring role. Qualitative data were drawn from an online survey conducted within an EU Horizon 2020 funded project. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out, and the findings were critically interpreted within the conceptual framework of the CSA model. The analysis highlighted three categories of difficulties: material, communication and emotional/psychological. The most common material difficulty was the physical strain associated with moving "uncooperative" disabled older adults. The types of support needed concerned both emotional and material support. The study provides a deeper understanding of the under-studied experiences of AYCs of GrPs. Based on these findings, policies and support measures targeted at AYCs of GrPs should include early needs detection, emotional support and training on intergenerational caring in order to mitigate the stress drivers. Moreover, the study advances the conceptualisation of the CSA model by considering the above-mentioned aspects related to intergenerational caregiving.

The article aims to describe the experiences of 87 Italian adolescent young caregivers (AYCs) of grandparents (GrPs), with reference to the caregiving stress appraisal model (CSA) that provides a theoretical lens to explore the difficulties encountered and support needed in their caring role. Qualitative data were drawn from an online survey conducted within an EU Horizon 2020 funded project. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out, and the findings were critically interpreted within the conceptual framework of the CSA model. The analysis highlighted three categories of difficulties: material, communication and emotional/psychological. The most common material difficulty was the physical strain associated with moving "uncooperative" disabled older adults. The types of support needed concerned both emotional and material support. The study provides a deeper understanding of the under-studied experiences of AYCs of GrPs. Based on these findings, policies and support measures targeted at AYCs of GrPs should include early needs detection, emotional support and training on intergenerational caring in order to mitigate the stress drivers. Moreover, the study advances the conceptualisation of the CSA model by considering the above-mentioned aspects related to intergenerational caregiving.

The paper attempts to indicate the variables that define the framework of EU policy towards Egypt in 2012–2014, and to analyse the scope of the new approach to mutual relations in terms of politics. Particular attention is given to the mechanism of various instruments applied by different EU policies and their implementation in the context of political developments in Egypt. These considerations allow the author to draw conclusions on the future possibilities for the European Union to continue its activities within the framework of cooperation in Egypt, taking into consideration the necessity to agree on common interests and to implement an adopted stand- point. ; The paper attempts to indicate the variables that define the framework of EU policy towards Egypt in 2012–2014, and to analyse the scope of the new approach to mutual relations in terms of politics. Particular attention is given to the mechanism of various instruments applied by different EU policies and their implementation in the context of political developments in Egypt. These considerations allow the author to draw conclusions on the future possibilities for the European Union to continue its activities within the framework of cooperation in Egypt, taking into consideration the necessity to agree on common interests and to implement an adopted stand- point.