Suchergebnisse

Drei Entwicklungen 1990/91 - die Intifada, der Golfkrieg und die Immigration sowjetischer Juden - haben in Israel in allen politischen Lagern (Friedensbewegung, Likud, Regierungskoalition, Opposition) zur Zerrissenheit in den zentralen Fragen der Außen-, Sicherheits- und Friedenspolitik geführt. Die tiefgreifenden Differenzen in der israelischen öffentlichen Meinung über Fragen der nationalen Sicherheit und der Zukunft der besetzten Gebiete sind die Hauptursache für die Unfähigkeit der Regierung, kreativ auf die Friedensinitiativen nach Ende des Golfkriegs zu reagieren. (DÜI-Hns)

Die Autorin untersucht zunächst die Reaktion der Volksbefreiungsarmee (VBA) auf Verhängung des Kriegsrechts in Beijing (ab dem 20. Mai 1989). Insbesondere befaßt sie sich dabei mit der Rolle der VBA im Konflikt bzw. Machtkampf zwischen den liberalen und den konservativen Kräften in der zivilen politischen Führung der VR China. Die Verfasserin behandelt sodann die Konsequenzen des Tiananmen-Massakers vom 4. Juni 1989 für das Ansehen der VBA in der Öffentlichkeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert sie abschließend die Implikationen des Tiananmen-Massakers für die weitere Entwicklung der Zivil-Militär-Beziehungen, d.h. für die politische Rolle des Militärs sowie für das Machtgleichgewicht zwischen militärischer und ziviler politischer Führung. (BIOst-Klk)

• An order prohibiting all public gatherings until midnight, Oct. 20, was issued by the State Board of Health yesterday at its regular quarterly session; the date was arbitrarily set in hopes that the peak of the epidemic will have passed by then, but if conditions warrant, it will be extended past Oct. 20 or lifted earlier; health officers are of the opinion that no modification of the ban will be possible before the date set• The order, quoted in full by the Star, supersedes the state's previous order and is to be enforced in every county regardless of conditions; "public gatherings" means churches, theaters, schools, political meetings, and any other kind of meeting open to the public, in a building or in the open air; the order also prohibits spitting in public, orders the use of handkerchiefs, regulates street cars and interurban cars by requiring cleansing and the opening of all ventilators and windows when the temperature is above 56 degrees and it is not storming, and demands the reporting of all cases• Hurty sent a letter supplementing the order, also quoted, which sets a penalty of no less than $5 and no more than $50 for every violation of the order; he also excludes essential war activities, such as Red Cross working units and conferences of Liberty Loan workers, from the ban; he also permits juvenile sporting events, as he encourages outdoor sport and play for children• Full board was present for the meeting; it included Dr. Charles B. Kern, President; Dr. Hugh Cowing, Vice-President; Dr. James S. Boyers, Dr. Hurty, and Dr. King• Dr. King said that the order did not necessarily include poolrooms and other like places; he said that local officials may extend the orders and interpret them to include such places and add any other preventive measure; King also noted that court rooms that excluded spectators or other persons not directly interested in the case would be allowed• The State Board of Health also adopted a rule forcing all soda fountains, hotels, restaurants, and eating houses to sterilize all dishes and utensils used by customers; previously the rule had been enforced only within a ten mile radius of military installations• Hurty began receiving reports from various sections of the state, indicating the rapid spread of the disease, though he hoped that the peak of the epidemic would be reached by Sunday 10/13 ; Newspaper article ; 1, 11

Since the 1980s, maternal mortality in Indonesia has declined. However, it has always been high by regional standards, and its decline is now stalling. This makes it unlikely that by 2015 Indonesia will have reduced maternal mortality to the level set by the fifth United Nations Millennium Development Goal. In Indonesia, the role of the traditional birth attendant (TBA) in childbirth has been the subject of debate and controversy since colonial times. In efforts to reduce maternal mortality, subsequent health administrations have tried to replace TBAs with modern-trained midwives. Contrary to expectations, however, even in the present era certified midwives have not fully replaced TBAs. Particularly in rural areas, the TBA remains a key actor in birthing care, although now more often in collaboration with the modern midwife. Taking an anthro-pological and a historical perspective, the involvement of the TBA in birthing and maternal care, at different times and in different areas of Indonesia, is investigated and, where relevant, compared to that of TBAs in other parts of Southeast Asia. The emergent picture does not support the opinion that the TBA is to blame for high maternal mortality. Poor referral facilities, bad infra-structure and insufficient means are the more likely causes. To resolve the maternal mortality problem, governmental health policies should treat the TBA as an ally. How-ever, such policies, and promising approaches such as partnerships and village maternity houses, can only be effective when their implementation is adequately backed up by resources. (Pac Aff/GIGA)

Esta investigación analiza cómo se problematiza el consumo excesivo de alcohol en el debate público de La Paz (Bolivia) a partir de la vuelta democrática en los ochenta hasta la discusión de la ley nacional que regula el expendio y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (2012). La perspectiva teórica que guio el trabajo se construyó a partir de una articulación entre la perspectiva teórica de los problemas públicos de Joseph Gusfield y la sociología cultural de Jeffrey Alexander. Uno de los hallazgos que arrojó nuestro análisis es el cambio en la estructura de propietarios y de la estructura cognitiva del problema del alcohol desde una centralidad de un código de salud pública en los ochenta al código de seguridad ciudadana con la llegada del nuevo siglo. Además, en este proceso se identificó cómo discursos de esferas no civiles de la vida social (familia, religión, economía) dieron espacio a esfuerzos de crítica social con un discurso civil de actores e instituciones interesados en esta problemática. ; This research analyses how excessive alcohol consumption is problematized in the public debate in La Paz (Bolivia) from the democratic return in the 1980s until the discussion of the national law regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages (2012). The theoretical perspective that guided the work was built from an articulation between the theoretical perspective of public problems of Joseph Gusfield and the cultural sociology of Jeffrey Alexander. One of the findings of our analysis is the change in the ownership and cognitive structure of the alcohol problem from the centrality of a public health code in the 1980s to the public safety code with the arrival of the new century. Furthermore, in this process we identified how discourses from non-civil spheres of social life (family, religion, economy) gave space to efforts of social criticism with a civil discourse of actors and institutions interested in this problem.

Introduction Climate-related disasters have cost the world over £450 billion over the last 3 years. In the race to mitigate these effects, the UK government has committed to net-zero emissions by 2050. Transport provides the largest single sector contribution to CO2 emissions, the road network accounts for up to 91%. As the only UK country without a formal climate change bill Northern Ireland could compromise the overall effort. Case description In this research a survey of road asset owners, managers, academics, consultants, public transport providers was undertaken to seek to understand the current barriers to adapting a dispersed rural road network in Northern Ireland for net-zero transport. The survey data was collected though an online form with a combination of multiple choice and open ended questions. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyse the data collected which enabled a discussion around the key expert opinions gathered. Discussion and evaluation The paper presents details of the current road network in Northern Ireland and highlights some of the issues faced by asset owners. The survey questions were developed though engagement with transport professionals in Northern Ireland and focus predominantly on road use rather than the impact of current land management practices or environmental conditions such as flood risk. The response highlights a clear enthusiasm for change in the operation of the public road network which is hindered by a lack of government strategy and limited public consultation. Conclusions The high response rate (41%) for the survey highlights the interest of those in the transport sector to engage in activities which can support a better understanding of how road networks contribute to CO2 emissions. Within the survey data a requirement for behavioural change was highlighted as a key step to reduce transport related emissions, the enthusiasm for change demonstrates this is the optimum time to engage with the public and develop clear transport strategies. More accurate findings and empirical evidence could have been established had the study considered specific, transport planning, environmental and land use conditions for Northern Ireland. This will be the focus of further research in this area to enable clear translation of the research to other countries.

The False Claims Act ("FCA") is the government's primary tool in combatting procurement fraud. It allows the United States to litigate cases alleging fraudulent claims against governmental entities, and also allows whistleblowers (called relators) to bring such cases, litigate them on behalf of the government, and collect a share of the proceeds. The viability of the FCA depends on its ability to encourage whistleblowers to come forward and report fraud committed by contractors with the government. One limitation on whistleblowers' ability to litigate FCA cases is the so-called public-disclosure bar, which bars claims that have been publicly exposed.1 This bar has an exception for whistleblowers who are original sources of their claims. Consistent with the legislative history of the FCA, the public-disclosure bar should be interpreted narrowly while the original-source exception should be interpreted broadly. In a groundbreaking decision, the Seventh Circuit held in United States ex rel. Leveski v. ITT Educational Services, Inc.,2 that a prior lawsuit against a defendant for the same claim should not trigger the public-disclosure bar when the later lawsuit discloses a different fraud scheme from the one alleged in the earlier lawsuit. A contrary ruling would have largely insulated fraudsters from FCA liability when they alter their method of committing fraud. Leveski builds on the teachings of two earlier recent Seventh Circuit cases.3 Each case in this trilogy reversed district court opinions that unduly restricted application of the FCA. Leveski is also seminal because it marked the first time that an appellate court held that an FCA lawyer could solicit whistleblower clients just like lawyers practicing in other areas are able to do. In Leveski, the district court sanctioned the lawyer who brought that lawsuit simply because the whistleblower did not know her legal right to bring such a case before that lawyer contacted her, even though there was no public disclosure and, even if there had been, the whistleblower was the original source of the allegations. The Seventh Circuit pointedly rejected such a punitive approach, holding: "The annals of legal history are full of examples of lawyers playing a vital role in encouraging parties to litigate."4

It is concluded that corruption is part of every society, whether it is developed or undeveloped, the question that arises is, what is the difference in these societies regarding level, while the fact of the existence of corruption as a phenomenon does not arise as a question at all. When we have this in mind, it is observed that the fight against this phenomenon must be permanent and without any compromise. Certainly, developed countries have better possibilities in fighting corruption in the sense of experience, methods and technologies that they possess, while developing and undeveloped countries remain to follow the best practices of these countries and greater political will of citizen to fight this phenomenon. It becomes even more complex when we consider that corruption as a phenomenon is very well connected with other crimes and especially it is not viewed separately from organized crime or money laundering, financial crimes or various forms of serious crime. Even more disturbing is the fact that corruption includes almost all spheres of society, including the private and public sectors, civil society. This creates bad opinion that somehow the whole society is corrupt. Forms used to express the corruption, are summarized as follows: provision, promise or giving of bribes to public officials; bribery of foreign officials; demand, accepting or receiving bribe by public officials; influence at work; aim to influence; Abuse of public property; misuse of office / position; bribery in the private sector; obstruction of justice. But this is not limited by all this, since the possibility remains to constantly "modernize" the forms of corruption. Efforts to define corruption as a phenomenon have been, and remain numerous, but we still do not have a single and accepted definition except the efforts to include as many more elements and forms of expression of this phenomenon. Thus, a comprehensive definition is given by the Civil Convention on Corruption, drafted by the Council of Europe. Under this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving, receiving, directly or indirectly any bribe or other benefit, which will affect the proper conduct or behavior or the request towards certain behavior of the one who receives bribe, or whoever else benefits from it '. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p252

Статья посвящена изучению особенностей участия публично-правовых образований в отношениях, урегулированных нормами гражданского права. Задача: Вопрос о возможности участия публично-правовых образований в отношениях, урегулированных нормами гражданского права не редко становился проблемой исследования многих ученых в связи с тем, что в период активного развития предпринимательской деятельности все чаще обсуждается вопрос о возможности публично-правового образования быть участником гражданско-правовых отношений, то есть заключать договора, выполнять какие-либо обязательства либо передавать свое имущество и т.д. Модель: Методологическую основу исследования составили следующие методы, присущие теории и истории права и государства, истории учений о праве и государстве: общенаучные, частнонаучные и специальные методы научного познания объективной действительности, в том числе диалектико-материалистический, анализа и синтеза, системно-структурный, сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический, правового прогнозирования и др. Выводы: Публично-правовые образования могут быть участниками большинства видов гражданско-правовых отношений, но, как и подобает особой категории субъектов, с соответствующими особенностями. Оригинальность/ ценность: Актуальность научной работы обусловлена давностью изучения учеными и исследователями данной проблемы и отсутствием на сегодняшний день однозначного мнения по исследуемому вопросу. ; The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the participation of public law entities in the relationships which are regulated by the civil law. Objective: The problem of the possibility the participation of public law entities in the relationship, regulated by civil law often become a problem of the research of many scientists due to the fact that during the period of active development of entrepreneurship is increasingly discussed the possibility of a public legal education to be a member of civil relations that is, to enter into contracts, to perform any obligation or to transfer their property, etc. Material and methods: The methodological base of the research accounted the following methods of the theory and history of law and government, history of law and state: common scientific, private scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge of objective reality, including dialectical-materialistic, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal. Results: Public law entities can participate in most types of civil law relations, but, as befits a special category of subjects, with the corresponding features. Conclusion: The relevance of scientific work due to remoteness of scientists and researchers studying this problem and the unequivocal opinion on the issue studied.

В статье анализируется состояние коррупции в современной России, ее роль и место в различных сферах общества. Раскрываются пути и методы борьбы с ней. Делается вывод не только о необходимости ужесточения наказания за коррупционные преступления, но и о неотвратимости наказания. Авторы считают, что при всей значимости правового, экономического, политического факторов в борьбе с коррупцией нельзя игнорировать роль культуры, социальных норм и общественных ценностей; необходима также независимая антикоррупционная экспертиза принимаемых законов. ; The authors analyze the state of corruption in modern Russia, as one of the key problems that weaken the social, political and economic foundations. Indicated that corruption in our country permeates the public and private sectors of the economy, making them transparent, effective. Through corruption, the big business realizes not only economic, but also political goals and objectives, and by acting on civil society and political structures. In most cases, these effects are not in the public interest, and they are confronted directly. However, the obvious is the fact that corruption is a part of society, especially the "household" completely satisfied. Purchase license, diplomas, permits, payment of a fine personal pocket official, allows citizens to resolve their problems in corners. State power causes of corruption while surgical strikes rather fearing public discontent over corruption impunity status. Citizens themselves have different opinions to fight corruption. Some believe that this is really an image of power stroke. Others see it as the redistribution of powers and assets among the various factions and clans, do not believe in the inevitability of punishment for corruption. In recent years in the fight against corruption began to include the institutions of civil society anti-corruption councils, public house, the independent media, including the Web. On most corruption at middle and senior levels, we learn from the Internet, and then pick up this information and journalists are starting to include law enforcement agencies. The authors conclude that for all the importance of economic, political and legal factors, we can not ignore the role of culture, social norms and values. In a democratic state, along with the laws they are able to minimize corruption. Hence the success of the fight against corruption will largely depend on the degree of development of civil society, its institutions, anti-corruption environment and high level of legal awareness and legal culture, social control, spiritual and moral norms and values.