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This paper presents the status of women rights in Pakistan and protection of these rights under the umbrella of legal reforms. After independence the women of Pakistan played an active role in nation building activities as well for their own social uplift. International organizations played special attention towards the issue of women empowerment During Ayub Era Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961 was promulgated which is regarded as a first step forward for the protection of women rights. During Zia regime discriminatory laws were introduced which disturbed the equilibrium between male and female in the society. These laws put a negative impact on the status of women. Women organizations protested against Hudood Laws and demanded to repeal it. During the period of Musharruf new laws were introduced for the protection of women rights(women Protection Act 2006),it is regarded as golden era in context of legislation made for women empowerment .The process of legal reforms is in progression .The women are still subjugated to many criminal acts like harassment at work place ,attempted rape and acid throwing. There is a need of devising effective implementation mechanism in true letter and spirit for the safeguard of women rights.

Abstract. The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is an important route,
which connects northern Pakistan with Western China. Presence of steep
slopes, active faults and seismic zones, sheared rock mass, and torrential
rainfall make the study area a unique geohazards laboratory. Since its
construction, landslides constitute an appreciable threat, having blocked the
KKH several times. Therefore, landslide susceptibility mapping was carried
out in this study to support highway authorities in maintaining smooth and
hazard-free travelling. Geological and geomorphological data were collected
and processed using a geographic information system (GIS) environment.
Different conditioning and triggering factors for landslide occurrences were
considered for preparation of the susceptibility map. These factors include
lithology, seismicity, rainfall intensity, faults, elevation, slope angle,
aspect, curvature, land cover and hydrology. According to spatial and
statistical analyses, active faults, seismicity and slope angle mainly
control the spatial distribution of landslides. Each controlling parameter
was assigned a numerical weight by utilizing the analytic hierarchy process
(AHP) method. Additionally, the weighted overlay method (WOL) was employed to
determine landslide susceptibility indices. As a result, the landslide
susceptibility map was produced. In the map, the KKH was subdivided into four
different susceptibility zones. Some sections of the highway fall into high
to very high susceptibility zones. According to results, active faults, slope
gradient, seismicity and lithology have a strong influence on landslide
events. Credibility of the map was validated by landslide density analysis
(LDA) and receiver operator characteristics (ROC), yielding a predictive
accuracy of 72 %, which is rated as satisfactory by previous researchers.

Throughout the human history, multiple disease outbreaks have affected millions of people around the globe. Such pandemics with high morbidity and mortality rates affected the countries in the worst possible ways1. The first deadly virus pandemic was reported in 1918 known as Spanish flue involving H1N1 influenza virus affecting 500 million people around the globe and death toll raised from 17 million to 50 million. In 2009 the world again faced another H1N1 Swine flu pandemic during 2009-2010 with 6.8 billion people under effect and almost 5 million deaths. Similarly world is facing another problem of COVID-19 since December 2019.It started as an epidemic in the city of Wuhan , China and considered as the one of the greatest threat to the human health and health economics. The virus has crossed multiple geographical boundaries and declared pandemic by World Health Organization, affecting almost every country in the world. There is a need to take urgent and forceful actions to change the course of the disease. The countries like China, Japan, South Korea, Iraq, and other European countries2,3 have demonstrated that the virus can be suppressed and controlled. But this picture has another side. COVID-19 is just like any other flu disease. The mortality rate is still low and if every country steps up its preventive strategies and implement the action plans to control the disease, soon this pandemic will be over. World Health Organization calling COVID-19 a pandemic is not a huge surprise as more than 100 countries are involved and its spread is multiplied on daily basis. However, it is a preventable contagious disease. Due to exaggeration by the media, panic among the public and myths about the disease has affected economic status of many countries. Pakistan's southern Sindh province is the worst-affected with the virus and 15 people have been tested positive till Feburary 2020. Most countries are using 'Containment strategies'. Pakistan has also increased health screening on airports and boarders. As cases are being reported on daily basis, Pakistan Government needs to step up the game and design proper control strategies for COVID. More work should be done on Pandemic preparedness, outbreak detection and response. Proper allocation of Resources must be done to control the current situation. WHO has warned countries to get ready for the accelerated phase during which rapid increase in the COVID-19 cases will occur. In Pakistan, significant steps have been taken for surveillance, social distancing, isolation and quarantine and every effort has been made by public health and preventive medicine experts for early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

The first 'regular' transfer of power between two civilian governments in Pakistan manifested itself in the aftermath of the 2013 general elections. Many celebrated this shift as a positive sign of democratic consolidation. However, the appreciation of this allegedly 'new democratic wave' ignores the resilience of decade-old authoritarian, and anti-democratic patterns. The military still dominates all significant political decision-making processes. Furthermore, with the 21st constitutional amendment the soldiers were able to further entrench their formal role in the political-institutional setup. This seriously challenges the notions of civilian supremacy, which is unfortunate, since civilian control of the armed forces is a necessary constituent for democracy and democratic consolidation.

"Drawing on the Pakistan Earthquake Reconstruction and Recovery Project (PERRP), this volume explores the sociocultural side of post-disaster infrastructure reconstruction. As the latter is often fraught with delays and even abandonment-one cause being ineffective interactions between construction and local people-PERRP used anthropological and participatory approaches. Along with strong construction management, such approaches led to the rebuilding being completed on time. As disasters are increasing in number and intensity, so too will be the need for reconstruction, for which PERRP has lessons to offer"--

Pakistan and India share a critical relationship. In addition to several limited border clashes they have fought three major wars since 1947, However, they have also a history of joint efforts for resolving differences through peaceful means. In fact, after every major conflict, they sat down for talks. The peace efforts can be categorised into three types: the UN-driven, the bilateral peace parleys and third-party mediations. The study concludes that third-party mediation has been more successful and result-oriented as compared to the bilateral efforts or the UN-sponsored initiatives. This article relies on multiple sources to traverse the history of Pak-India conflicts and peace efforts. The findings of this paper support the main argument that third party mediations have been more successful in resolving issues between the two countries.

The expansion of textile and clothing production to Asian regions has both, increased competition and created a need for integration with the textile and clothing global supply chain. Strategies are being designed to improve competitiveness and responsiveness of the chains with increasing diversification of products. This study examines the potential of different strategies formulated by experts with focus on Pakistan´s case, developed by brain storming sessions with external experts, composed from a chain´s internal-view and based on existing strengths and weaknesses in the chain using a SWOT analysis. The aim of this previous study was to identify internal and external factors relevant to textile and clothing supply chain in Pakistan. These factors played an important role in the development of strategies which are useful for improving the competitiveness of the chain. In future it is our intention to formulate our decision structure based on external view of the chain and with more generalized criteria. This kind of structure produces the view which is usual in supply chain competitive scenarios. Here the criteria were viewed internally and the problem was formulated based on SWOT factors. Thus, using inputs from our previous work, "SWOT Analysis of Pakistan Textile Supply Chain", we evaluated the strategies developed for achieving competitiveness in textile and clothing supply chain in Pakistan and their potential effects using a process of prioritization following Saaty´s AHP. There can be innerdependencies and feedback within criteria, sub factors and alternatives which may have potential effects on the results. To study the effects of innerdependencies among factors we have used ANP and compared the results obtained by the two methods. We have suggested the implementation of developed strategies simultaneously through different entities involved with the chain, as government agencies, academic and research institutes, industrial associations and entrepreneurs themselves. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a ...

Purpose: The goal of this study is to make an attempt to find out the relationships between infrastructural investments and economic growth. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs time series data over the years from 1972 to 2020. To observe the long-run and short-run impact of infrastructural investments on economic growth, an ARDL modeling approach to co- integration is used that is most suitable technique over some other techniques of integration after inspecting the stationary level of data via ADF test. Findings: The findings of the study indicate that Investments on Railways, Roads, Gas Projects, Telecommunication, Water Projects and Power Projects appear as efficient factors for enhancing economic growth of Pakistan in the long run. Implications/Originality/Value: It is suggested that government should increase the public and private investment for development of Railways, Roads, Telecommunication and Water projects in Pakistan.

The main aim of universities is to conduct research studies on different aspects of human life for the purpose of development and prosperity. In this regard the importance of statistical literacy cannot be denied in every discipline of knowledge. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the statistical literacy of the university students at BS level. Quantitative survey research design was employed where sample of the study comprised of randomly selected 360 BS level students from 9 public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). The data were collected through self-developed instrument namely Instrument for Statistical Literacy (ISL). The study demonstrated that students had low statistical literacy at BS level; it was therefore, recommended that Higher Education Commission of Pakistan may include a significant portion of practical work in the approved curriculum at university level for the enhancement of statistical literacy.

"This new edition of Yasmin Khan's reappraisal of the tumultuous India-Pakistan Partition features an introduction reflecting on the latest research and on ways in which commemoration of the Partition has changed, and considers the Partition in light of the current refugee crisis."--

This study estimates the magnitudes of inequality in the distribution of irrigated areas at three points in time and extends the fmdings of Gill and Sampath (1990) using more disaggregated data. Specifically, it provides estimates of the level of inequality in the distribution of land and irrigation-related attributes among agricultural households across farm-size groups at provincial and district levels. It decomposes the levels of inequality in each province in terms of its two major components, namely, "betweendistricts" and "within-district" inequality, and tests a modified "Kuznet" hypothesis, according to which the relationship between the levels of inequality and the levels of development is an inverted "U". The major findings of the study are: There exists considerable inequality in the distribution of various land area variables across farm-size groups in all the districts of Pakistan, with considerable inter-district variations in their levels and movements over time; between the "within-district" inequality and "betweendistricts" ineqUality. The former represents 91 percent, 76 percent, 75 percent, and 65 percent of total inequalities for Sindh, the Punjab, Balochistan, and the NWFP, respectively. This means that more has to be done in terms of the irrigation distribution policy than in terms of removing the inter-district variations in irrigation development. And, finally, the modified "Kuznet" hypothesis is valid in explaining the inter-district variations in the levels of inequality in the distribution of at least some of the land area variables.

A large body of research now links financial sector development, including the depth of the banking system, liquidity in capital market, and financial liberalisation to long-run growth and poverty reduction. According to a recent World Bank report,1 "As the dust settles from the great financial crises of 1997-98, the potentially disastrous consequences of weak financial markets are apparent". The report further states that the importance of getting financial policy making right has become one of the most critical development issues in this century. In the past, there have been two extreme approaches concerning financial market regulation. One clearly supports the central role of state in the financial markets, whereas, the other sees state intervention more of a problem than as the solution. Of these two rather diverging ideologies, the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) advocate the development of market institutions, more liberalisation and lesser role of state. Pakistan has been following IFI advice in this regard. However, after the East Asian Crisis, a strong point of view has emerged that believes that in developing countries, ruling out state's role from financial markets is unrealistic. But, the state has to play a developmental role. According to Stiglitz (1991), "governments have played a central role—whether good or ill may be debated—in the development of most of those countries which today belong among the more developed".

The informal sector (IFS) is seen as having the potential to
adequately respond to the growing unemployment problem in Pakistan. Easy
access, and low skill and investment requirements of a variety of
activities in this sector correspond well with the stock and annual
additions to the labour force and the available financial resources.
This sector is still absorbing a large proportion of the labour force in
rural and urban areas. It is also contributing significantly towards
developing the skill base of the labour force.1 (see Annex Tables
I-III.) Bu~ the fact remains that its development is rather haphazard
with the result that the potential which this sector offers remains
poorly utilised. Firstly, adequate dis aggregated information on this l
sector is stilllackillg. This often results in the undertaking of
activities, but, without taking cognisance of market conditions and
availability of adequate consumer demand. A number of -such activities,
hence, face the risk of failure at the outset.. Secondly, there is a
lack of disaggregated information on the stock of the labour force and
annual additions to it, and also on employment patterns. This affects
support activities, if any, as adequate feedback is not forthcoming on
market con,ditions, new entrants into the labour market and the
unemployed. Availability of disaggregated information is necessary for
undertaking support and development activities for this
sector.