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Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan from 1947 to 1977 -- Chapter 2. The Assertion of Islamic Law -- Chapter 3. Article 2 A and the Objectives Resolution -- Chapter 4. Constitutional Crisis, Democracy and Islam -- Chapter 5. Islam and Fundamental Rights -- Chapter 6. The Creation of Shariat Courts -- Chapter 7. The Islamisation of Laws in Practice I -- Chapter 8. The Islamisation of Laws in Practice II -- Chapter 9. Human Rights, Natural Justicce and Shariat Courts -- Chapter 10. The Efect of Repugnance -- Chapter 11. The Relationship between Shariat Courts and High Corts -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Table of Cases -- Table of Statutes -- Index.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the gender‐related challenges of Pakistani women entrepreneurs, to explore these women's particular capacity‐building needs, and to assess the impact of capacity‐building programs on the establishment and performance of the women's enterprises.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with a review of various theoretical contexts through which to understand women's entrepreneurship in an Islamic socio‐cultural context. From this, the paper derived two working propositions: women in Islamic Pakistan face particular barriers to becoming entrepreneurs; these barriers can be reduced by women‐only training in entrepreneurial competences. These propositions are examined in a three‐part longitudinal process: a field survey to gather information about the training needs of current and potential women entrepreneurs, the design and delivery of a women‐only training module, a follow‐up survey with participants, 18 months later. Subjects and participants were randomly selected, and segmented according to entrepreneurial factors and characteristics.FindingsResults confirm that the barriers perceived by women entrepreneurs in Islamic Pakistan can be alleviated through women‐only training that allows participants to develop capital and competences. Greater clarity about learning outcomes desired and achieved by women entrepreneurs in an Islamic socio‐cultural context can be a basis for designing improved training and education programmes, with a view to women's economic empowerment.Practical implicationsFor women entrepreneurs living in an Islamic society, this analysis has implications for understanding the importance and effectiveness of entrepreneurial training especially in a women‐only setting. For policy makers, it turns the spotlight on the need for creating an environment conducive to female entrepreneurship consistent with socio‐cultural structures and gender asymmetries.Originality/valueThere are no comparable previous data on the learning preferences and outcomes of this particular demographic group.

India-Pakistan : a history of wars and conflicts --The doables : Sir Creek and Siachen Disputes -- India-Pakistan relations : instability, crises and rapprochement (1983-98) -- Post nuclear environment : the Kargil Conflict (1999) -- Post 9/11 Environment: crises and rapprochement -- Role of nuclear deterrence in conflicts and crises -- Decolonization of the Kashmir issue : post Pulwama Eevironment -- Application of 'possibility-probability' (P2) model -- Fear wars and near peace : the way forward -- Conclusion.

The existence of large and persistent current account deficit
is always viewed with great concerns, as it usually leads an economy to
a state of insolvency due to building up excessive net foreign debt. As
the current account deficit is a persistent feature of Pakistan's
economy, therefore, it becomes essential to empirically investigate,
whether this deficit is sustainable or not. To this end, the present
study has applied two alternative approaches, namely, the intertemporal
approach to the current account and the intertemporal solvency approach,
in order to get more convincing evidence on the sustainability issue in
Pakistan using the time series data over the period 1960 to 2012. From
the perspective of both the approaches, Pakistan's current account
deficit is on a sustainable path and the macroeconomic policies of the
country remained effective in securing it from any external sector
crisis. JEL Classification: C32, F32, F41 Keywords: Current Account
Deficit, Intertemporal Budget Constraint, VAR Model,
Cointegration

Pakistan is an agrarian based developing country, and like
many other developing countries, its agriculture sector is subjected to
domestic forces of demand and supply and changes in prices at
international level, as well. More specifically, in the late 1990s, the
World Trade Organisation (WTO) emerged as one the major players
affecting such market changes more vigorously at international arena.
The WTO's Agreement on Agriculture, which was established as a result of
the 1986-94 Uraguay Round talks, requires, for both developed and
developing countries, to initiate a process of reforms in their agrarian
economies with the objective of establishing a fair and market oriented
agricultural trading system through multilateral trade negotiations.
This Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) specifically asks for major
reductions in export subsidies, domestic support and import barriers on
agricultural products to achieve this objective, the WTO's Agreement of
Agriculture [WTO (2001)] had set the following quantitative targets for
cuts in each of the three specified area, namely import tariffs,
domestic supports and export subsidies.

Movement of the people within the geographical and
administrative boundaries of a country is known as internal migration.
Researchers regard the movement to urban areas from both rural and
less-advanced urban areas as more important, yet studying the dimensions
of movement between rural areas is worth investigating. Scholars assert
economic incentives as the main motive behind the rural-urban movement;
various unforeseeable factors, however, may also stimulate the human
flows. In Pakistan, the phenomenon of internal migration is as old as
the inception of the country as Helbock (1975a) maintained, while
studying life-time migrants in 12 largest cities of the country in 1961,
that almost every 7th person residing in these cities had come from a
different district

One of the most significant developments in the current
economic scene in Pakistan has been the sharp increase in the rate of
inflation. The annual average rate of increase in the wholesale price
index (WPI) during the first seven months (July-January 1994-95) of the
current fiscal year has been about 19 percent as opposed to 11.3 percent
during the same period last year. A similar increase was also witnessed
in the consumer price index (CPI) which accelerated to 13 percent as
opposed to 11.1 percent during the previous period. Such a sharp
increase in prices in recent months has not only caused alarm in the
academic circles but has equally disturbed the country's chief
executive, the Prime Minister. The recent surge of inflation is a matter
of serious concern for a variety of reasons. First, Pakistan has been a
low-inflation country as it has experienced price stability during the
last three decades. The rate of inflation, as measured by an increase in
the WPI, averaged 2.6 percent during the 1960s. The components of the
WPI, i.e., food, raw materials, manufactures, and fuel and lubricants,
also grew by an average rate ranging from 2.0 to 3.4 percent p.a. during
then 1960s (see Table 1 for relevant statistics). The rate of inflation
crossed the single-digit threshold during the 1970s. The WPI and its
components increased at an annual average rate ranging from 12 to 18
percent. The double-digit inflation during the 1970s has been the result
of two major oil shocks, a massive devaluation of currency, and
devastating floods destroying agricultural crops. Pakistan returned to
the fold of the single-digit inflation during the 1980s. The rate of
inflation remained at the single-digit level during the first three
years of the 1990s with the exception of 1990-91, when the rate of
inflation increased to 11.7 percent as a result of the Gulf War. It is
only during the outgoing fiscal year and in the current year that the
rising inflation is posing a major threat to macroeconomic
stability.

Bei dem bemerkenswerten »Dinner for three« am 27. September 2006 in Washington setzte Präsident Bush im Einvernehmen mit dem afghanischen Präsidenten Hamid Karzai den pakistanischen Präsidenten Pervez Musharraf erneut unter Druck, härter gegen terroristische Basen im pakistanischen Grenzland vorzugehen. Da sich Musharraf wegen seiner engen Zusammenarbeit mit den USA im Antiterrorkampf wachsendem innenpolitischem Protest ausgesetzt sieht, ist sein Spielraum jedoch begrenzt. Das illustriert auch das am 5. September 2006 unterzeichnete Abkommen von Miranshah zwischen dem Gouverneur der pakistanischen North West Frontier Province (NWFP) und den Stämmen in Nord-Waziristan in den Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Diese gelten seit langem als Rückzugsgebiet von ausländischen Terroristen und Neo-Talibangruppen, die von dort aus nach Afghanistan einsickern und die Regierung von Präsident Karzai und die internationalen Militärtruppen bekämpfen. Der pakistanischen Armee ist es seit dem Beginn ihrer militärischen Offensive in Süd-Waziristan im Frühjahr 2004 nicht gelungen, die Stammesgruppen zu kontrollieren, die Infiltration von Taliban nach Afghanistan zu stoppen und die FATA in den pakistanischen Staat zu integrieren. Das Abkommen mag zwar in Nord-Waziristan eine Beendigung der Kampfhandlungen bringen, doch könnte der Kampf gegen den Terrorismus in Afghanistan und Pakistan dadurch einen Rückschlag erlitten haben. (SWP-aktuell / SWP)

This study used the bilateral trade data of export and import of Pakistan with ten major trading partners in terms of the disaggregated model to empirically test the Marshall Lerner condition. Previous studies tested the Marshall Lerner condition in terms of the aggregated model, but the aggregated model often gives mixed results due to aggregation bias. In terms of disaggregated approach, the Marshall-Lerner condition holds only for seven countries, i.e. Japan, China, Kuwait, Germany, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Italy. Concluding that on average the competitive real effective exchange rate or depreciated value of Pakistan currency (PKR) improved the bilateral trade balance with said trading partners except for the United Kingdom, France, and Turkey. Furthermore, solely the PKR depreciation with three European countries i.e. France, the United Kingdom, and Turkey will not improve the bilateral trade balance with these countries. Government should take supply-side and precautionary measures also to ensure the favorable bilateral trade balance with these European countries.

This study used the bilateral trade data of export and import of Pakistan with ten major trading partners in terms of the disaggregated model to empirically test the Marshall Lerner condition. Previous studies tested the Marshall Lerner condition in terms of the aggregated model, but the aggregated model often gives mixed results due to aggregation bias. In terms of disaggregated approach, the Marshall-Lerner condition holds only for seven countries, i.e. Japan, China, Kuwait, Germany, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Italy. Concluding that on average the competitive real effective exchange rate or depreciated value of Pakistan currency (PKR) improved the bilateral trade balance with said trading partners except for the United Kingdom, France, and Turkey. Furthermore, solely the PKR depreciation with three European countries i.e. France, the United Kingdom, and Turkey will not improve the bilateral trade balance with these countries. Government should take supply-side and precautionary measures also to ensure the favorable bilateral trade balance with these European countries.