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This book explores the close interconnection that exists between sociological and philosophical scholarship in relation to peace studies. Through an examination of the thought of nine leading philosophers and sociologists in their historical and geographical context, the author considers notions of nonviolent resistance, pacifism and reverse strike, as well as violence theories of conflict, theories of conflict resolution, the problem of war, and political transitions towards democratization. Engaging with the work of Thoreau, Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, Capitini, Dolci, Bobbio, Galtung, Sharp and Weil, and considering the institutionalisation of peace research, this volume will appeal to scholars and students of sociology, politics and philosophy with interest in peace and security studies, and conflict.

The linguistic diversity within the European Union is an expression of the multiculturalism and plurality which is the basis of today's Europe. That is why the EU institutions have adopted various regulations aimed at the promotion, preservation and protection of the languages used by EU citizens, especially those of so-called regional or minority groups. Though implementing this protection is delegated to Member States themselves, the EU authorities for their part have also taken decisive steps in order to ensure the continued health of the languages that enrich the idiosyncrasies of both the Member States and of the Union itself. While the protection of minorities at a Community level was not an initial priority at the outset of the EU given the greater importance of economic and political considerations. However, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht there has been a significant change in this respect; the recognition of minority rights has now become a reality. This recognition is now given due consideration as evidenced by the provisions of both the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Treaty of Lisbon. This paper has outlined the progress that has been made in the protection of linguistic minorities at the EU community level, without forgetting the work within other extra-Eu institutions, as it is the case of the Council of Europe, among others, without whose work the levels of protection of existing minority languages not have reached today. ; The linguistic diversity within the European Union is an expression of the multiculturalism and plurality which is the basis of today's Europe. That is why the EU institutions have adopted various regulations aimed at the promotion, preservation and protection of the languages used by EU citizens, especially those of so-called regional or minority groups. Though implementing this protection is delegated to Member States themselves, the EU authorities for their part have also taken decisive steps in order to ensure the continued health of the languages that enrich the idiosyncrasies of both the Member States and of the Union itself. While the protection of minorities at a Community level was not an initial priority at the outset of the EU given the greater importance of economic and political considerations. However, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht there has been a significant change in this respect; the recognition of minority rights has now become a reality. This recognition is now given due consideration as evidenced by the provisions of both the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Treaty of Lisbon. This paper has outlined the progress that has been made in the protection of linguistic minorities at the EU community level, without forgetting the work within other extra-Eu institutions, as it is the case of the Council of Europe, among others, without whose work the levels of protection of existing minority languages not have reached today.La diversidad lingüística existente en el seno de la Unión Europea supone una expresión de la multiculturalidad y de la pluralidad que no es sino la base de la Europa actual. Es por ello que desde las instituciones han sido adoptadas distintas normativas tendentes a la promoción, conservación y protección de la lenguas utilizadas por los ciudadanos comunitarios, especialmente de las denominadas regionales o minoritarias, ya que si bien es verdad, que esta protección ha de ser llevada a cabo por los propios Estados miembros, las autoridades comunitarias han dado pasos decisivos en aras a garantizar la no desaparición de las lenguas que enriquecen la idiosincrasia tanto de los Estados como de la propia Unión. La protección en el ámbito comunitario de las minorías no supuso en los indicios de la andadura comunitaria un hecho prioritario, pues en aquellos primeros momentos se incidió en otros aspectos, como el económico o el político que se consideraron más importantes. Sin embargo, con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Maastricht se produjo un cambio significativo en este aspecto, ya que el reconocimiento de los derechos de las minorías va a convertirse en una realidad. Desde entonces se va a incidir mucho en su protección como queda patente en el tratamiento que de él hace la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales o el Tratado de Lisboa. En este trabajo vamos ha hacer un recorrido por la evolución que ha sufrido la protección de las minorías lingüísticas en el ámbito comunitario, sin olvidar la labor realizada en el seno de otras instituciones extracomunitarias, como es el caso del Consejo de Europa entre otras, sin cuya labor no se hubieran alcanzado los niveles de protección de las lenguas minoritarias existentes en la actualidad.

The article explores the specifics of philosophizing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Various versions of comprehension of a new reality, expressed by famous thinkers, are analyzed. The specificity of social and personal life is shown in the context of the theory of viral modernity in combination with the experience of global digital control. The modern pandemic situation has been rethought as an extraordinary event, which, in contrast to the temporality of familiar experience, radically changes the sense of time in the conditions of daily life of covid.

This exciting new text presents the first overview of Jean Jacques Rousseau's work from a political science perspective. Was Rousseau—the great theorist of the French Revolution—really a conservative? This original study argues that the he was a constitutionalist much closer to Madison, Montesquieu and Locke than to revolutionaries. Outlining his profound opposition to Godless materialism and revolutionary change, this book finds parallels between Rousseau and Burke, as well as showing how Rousseau developed the first modern theory of nationalism. The book presents an integrated political analysis of Rousseau's educational, ethical, religious and political writings, and will be essential reading for students of politics, philosophy and the history of ideas.

Sign in sign language, equivalent to the word, phrase or a sentence in the oral-language, can be divided in linguistic units of lower levels: shape of the hand, place of articulation, type of movement and orientation of the palm. The first description of these units, which today is present and applicable in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), was given by Zimmerman in 1986, who found 27 shapes of hand, while other types were not systematically developed or described. The target of this study was to determine the possible existence of other forms of hand movements present in sign language in B&H. By the method of content analysis, the 425 analyzed signs in sign launguage in B&H, confirmed their existence, but we also discovered and presented 14 new shapes of the hand. This way, we confirmed the need of implementing a detailed research, standardization and publishing of sign language in B&H, which would provide adequate conditions for its study and application, as for the deaf, and all the others who come into direct contact with them.

In the wake of mounting disasters of the last century, poets and philosophers de­veloped the notion of the total arbitrariness of history. In the wording of Karl Löwith, "the skeptic and the believer have a common cause against the easy reading of history and its meaning. Their wisdom, like all wisdom consists not the least in disillusion and resignation, in freedom from illusions and presump­tions". The Hegelian claim that history has an ultimate meaning, or final pur­pose, or goal was vehemently rejected, as well as Plato's utopia of a "just city". In his essays and poems, Brodsky postulates the randomness of history. He bor­rowed the notion of randomness from the book by Lev Shestov "The Apotheosis of Groundlessness". Shestov promoted the idea of mental nomadism, or freedom from causal thinking and scientism. For Brodsky, being a nomad mentally meant to escape from both rationalist interpretation of history and the theological idea of Providence. He believed that rationalism's greatest casualty was individual­ism. Besides, the doctrine of historical determinism and the notion of Provi­dence's general benevolence translated itself into a patient waiting for a Storm Trooper. Seeing problems with such patient waiting in place, such as deportation of Jews to death camps, Brodsky suggested that it would be much better to be­come a nomad. Brodsky developed his ideas against the foil of the Bible, the Re­public of Plato and Hamlet by Shakespeare. He described nomadism as Israel's Exodus from Egypt and the expulsion of poets from Plato's Just City.

This article takes up Winch's exploration of a certain dialectic in philosophical accounts of social inquiry, the poles of which I refer to as the under-laborer and over-laborer conceptions of philosophy. I argue that these conceptions, shown in Risjord and Reed, respectively, are caught in a dialectic of treating philosophy's roles as either modestly clarifying or broadly determining the claims of social science. A third conception of philosophy, the therapeutic conception, is exemplified by Read et al.'s "New Wittgensteinian" interpretation of Winch's work as a way out of the dialectic. Discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the latter, I conclude that a stronger development of the therapeutic approach is needed to move past the dialectic.

This article focuses on the issue of language as an interstate migration barrier in India. Nowadays, in the era of progressive globalization, when the term "global village" is accurate as never before, more and more attention is paid to the problems regarding migrations. As the result of its internal diversity and multilingualism - Indian society struggles with interstate migration barrier that is nearly non-existent in other countries. Language barrier. There are more than twenty different regional languages being used across India as official languages of particular states, but none of them could be described as the "national" language. As a consequence of that, many Indians are heavily limited in choosing their place of living and managing their education and career. The article provides detailed analysis of the roots of the problem, both historical and legal ones, as well as the evaluation of legislative measures taken in order to resolve it. 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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the most frequent countries and prevalent discourses in the context of homosexuality in the headlines of Arabic-language media outlets.Design/methodology/approachThis study combined both corpus linguistic (CL) quantitative and critical discourse analysis (CDA) qualitative approaches to analyse five thousand two hundred news headlines that were retrieved from the Factiva news database from 2010 to 2019.FindingsThere were six main categories of subjects covered by the media in the context of homosexuality, namely crime, extremist groups, legislation, authority figures and scandals, culture and countries. The analysis showed that the countries whose laws criminalize homosexuals were more frequent than those seen to be supportive of homosexuals. The findings revealed that homosexuals are under-covered in the Arab media, and whenever they are present in the news reports, they are depicted negatively.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examined the representation of homosexuals in Arabic headlines from 2010 to 2019. Future researchers may investigate their construction in the body of the articles in different periods and languages.Practical implicationsThe present research has implications regarding the necessity of objectivity in covering news about minority groups without being influenced by the stock of ideas circulating in the culture where media outlets report.Social implicationsThe social implications include enhancing the principles and values of solidarity and respecting all groups in society.Originality/valueAlthough there is considerable literature on the representation of homosexuals in media outlets, the number of articles that investigated the same concept in the Arab region is relatively limited to the best knowledge of the researchers. Therefore, this study can add great significance to existing knowledge as it tackles a limitedly investigated topic in the Arab world.