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AbstractFood security is a multidimensional problem that covers economic, social and legal aspects. This economic problem arises from the existence of commodity aspects in food resources that correlate with the social conditions of the community related to research and use of food, also to the law which becomes the guiding rule in its function to protect the constitutional rights of research and use of food. In this paper, the research covers food availability and affordability, while utilization covers production to food consumption. Availability and affordability of food needs have been done through food diversification, among others by genetic engineering, which then at the utilization level will result in acceleration of the food security program. The interdisciplinary approach results a humanist legal concept of research and utilization by not leaving human aspects and the survival of biological resources, so that in the research and utilization of food resources the existence of life values cannot be reduced by commodity factors. The strengthening of research regulations and the utilization of food resources is carried out by constructing legislation at the level of applicable Government Regulations with the revitalization of the Food Security Institution at the regional level that performs the function of controlling and evaluating research and food resources in the regions within the frame of humanity and justice.Keywords: endurance; food; natural resourcesAbstrakKetahanan pangan adalah masalah multidimensi yang mencakup aspek ekonomi, sosial dan hukum. Masalah ekonomi ini muncul dari adanya aspek komoditas dalam sumber daya pangan yang berkorelasi dengan kondisi sosial masyarakat terkait dengan penelitian dan penggunaan pangan, juga hukum yang menjadi pedoman aturan dalam fungsinya untuk melindungi hak-hak konstitusional penelitian dan menggunakan makanan. Dalam makalah ini, penelitian mencakup ketersediaan dan keterjangkauan pangan, sedangkan pemanfaatan mencakup produksi untuk konsumsi makanan. Ketersediaan dan keterjangkauan kebutuhan pangan telah dilakukan melalui diversifikasi pangan, antara lain oleh rekayasa genetika, yang kemudian pada tingkat pemanfaatan akan menghasilkan percepatan program ketahanan pangan. Pendekatan interdisipliner menghasilkan konsep hukum humanis penelitian dan pemanfaatan dengan tidak meninggalkan aspek manusia dan kelangsungan hidup sumber daya hayati, sehingga dalam penelitian dan pemanfaatan sumber daya makanan keberadaan nilai-nilai kehidupan tidak dapat dikurangi oleh faktor-faktor komoditas. Penguatan peraturan penelitian dan pemanfaatan sumber daya makanan dilakukan dengan membangun undang-undang di tingkat Peraturan Pemerintah yang berlaku dengan revitalisasi Lembaga Ketahanan Pangan di tingkat daerah yang melakukan fungsi mengendalikan dan mengevaluasi penelitian dan sumber daya makanan di wilayah dalam bingkai kemanusiaan dan keadilan.Kata kunci: ketahanan; pangan; sumber daya alam

In this article we tried to extend and clarify some aspects of our previous research concerning the linguistic taboo. We selected examples belonging to the political, social or current speech from communist-era Romanian language, but also to the international vocabulary. We proposed two theoretical criteria of classification of the linguistic taboo. One of them is functional and it reflects the relationship between the cause and the effect involved with the taboo creation. The other is a pragmatic criteria, it is based on the premise that the linguistic taboo could be considerated a speech act and it expresses the relationship between its success and failure. We also identified some paradoxical features of the taboo. As a result, we noticed that a ban language (not saying x) often generates, in response, stylistic loaded words and phrases. There, where it was supposed to be a lack, the vocabulary enriches itself by new words or paraphrases. At the pragmatic level, the full success of the act of prohibition involves the silence. Or, by excellence, the linguistic taboo manifests itself as lexical form. ; Dans cet article, nous avons étendu la recherche dans le domaine du tabou linguistique et nous avons rendu plus clairs certains aspects liés à ce sujet, aspects identifiés et présentés, partiellement, dans l'une de nos études précédentes. Pour illustrer notre description théorique, nous avons choisi des exemples appartenant au discours politique et social de la langue roumaine de l'époque communiste, de la langue roumaine actuelle, mais aussi au vocabulaire international. Nous avons proposé deux critères théoriques de classification du tabou linguistique. L'un d'eux est de nature fonctionnelle et il reflète la relation entre la cause et l'effet impliqués dans la création du tabou. L'autre est un critère pragmatique et il repose sur le principe que le tabou linguistique pourrait être considéré comme un acte de discours qui exprime la relation entre son succès et son échec. Nous avons également identifié certaines caractéristiques paradoxales du tabou. En conséquence, nous avons remarqué qu'un langage d'interdiction (ne pas dire x) génère souvent, en contrepartie, des mots et des phrases chargés stylistiquement. D'un côté, là où il était censé être un manque, le vocabulaire s'enrichit de nouveaux mots ou de paraphrases. D'un autre côté, au niveau pragmatique, le succès total de l'acte d'interdiction implique le silence. Or, par excellence, le tabou linguistique se manifeste comme une forme lexicale.

This research aims to establish the difficulties presented by local authorities in the municipalities of 3rd to 6th category in implementing the Standard Model of Internal Control -MECI, considering that this model is the tool that allows the development of Internal Control Policy in Colombia and constitutes the foundation for achieving the institutions objectives. Based on the diagnosis aspects to improve or adjust this model are determined, in order to correct its implementation and in the medium term these entities can improve their corporate governance. The research takes concepts of the New Public Management (NPM); from this approach is observed and analyzed aspects relatedto good governance and the vocation for public service by state officials, the mechanisms for democratization of public administration and finally the basic principles of social responsibility. The research is applied and used as a model methodology CIPP (contextinput-process-products) so that the results, analysis and recommendations are shown through four stages or levels. The main findings and conclusions point to confirm the hypothesis; flaws in the implementation of the model were determined due to methodological aspects on which improvement or adjustment points are generated. ; La presente investigación tiene como propósito establecerlas dificultades que presentan las entidadesterritoriales pertenecientes a los municipios de 3ª a 6ªcategoría en la implementación del Modelo Estándarde Control Interno–MECI, teniendo en cuenta queeste modelo es la herramienta que permite el desarrollode la Política de Control Interno en Colombia y seconstituye en el eje fundamental para el logro de losobjetivos de las instituciones. Con base en el diagnósticose determinan los aspectos para mejorar o ajustar a dicho modelo, con el propósito de corregir su implementación y que a mediano plazo estas entidades puedan mejorar su gestión institucional. La investigación toma conceptos de la Nueva Gestión Pública –NGP (o New Public Management –NPM); de este enfoque se observan y analizan aspectos relacionados con el buen gobierno y la vocación por el servicio público por parte de los funcionarios del estado, los mecanismos para la democratización de la administración pública y finalmente los principios básicos sobre la responsabilidad social. La investigación es aplicada y utiliza como metodología el modelo C.I.P.P. (contexto-insumosprocesos- productos) por lo que los resultados, análisis y recomendaciones se muestran a través de sus cuatro etapas o niveles. Los principales hallazgos y conclusiones apuntan a confirmar la hipótesis planteada; se determinaron fallas en la implementación del modelo, debido a aspectos metodológicos, sobre los cuales se generan puntos de mejora o ajuste.

About two-thirds of the Philippine population reside in the rural areas, earning an average family income of only half of their urban counterparts. It is, therefore, not surprising that much interest has been expressed in the progress of rural development strategies,the impact they have had on rural communities, the means by which they can be made more effective, and the various alternatives that exist. This timely book by Gelia Castillo deals with a number of contemporary and, to some extent, controversial issues regarding Philippine rural development. More specifically, it looks into two important aspects of rural development, namely: rural institutions and people's participation. The former is about institutional changes in the rural areas : changes in the way things are being done, as well as changes in social organization and in the relationships among the actors in that setting.Whether these changes are deliberately designed and created, e.g., Samahang Nayon, Masagana99, compact farms, etc., or result spontaneously from social, economic and political changesthat take place over time, e.g., the relationships between farmer and hired farm labor, and between landlord and tenant, they nonetheless form part and parcel of the Philippine rural setting. Thus, to fully understand rural development in the country, one must appreciate these institutional changes. The other aspect of rural development which Castillo examines is that of people's participation. Who should participate? Who are "the people"? Are they interested in participating? What constitutes participation? Does participation make a difference? What experience have we had in the practice of people's participation? These are some of the questions that the author grapples with in her work. The coverage alone, as well as the complexity of the issues involved, suggests how courageous the author had been in venturing into this study. Her work demanded that she personally sieve through volumes upon volumes of research reports,,evaluative studies, surveys, graduate theses, etc., organize their findings into an integrated, readable form, and derive insights from many otherwise apparently innocent observations. Through this book, the author has done for us a great service. Not only do we now have access to the results of scattered studies on important aspects of rural development in the country. We can also appreciate them from the vantage point the author has taken, as well as enjoy her fluid, thought-provoking and insightful style. Gelia Castillo has, indeed, made another valuable contribution to our better understanding of Philippine rural society.

SummaryTHE NATURE AND CHANGE OF PEASANT ECONOMIESPart I presents a general type of peasant economy. It discusses the major specific aspects of this: the family farm production‐consumption unit, the village as an economic organization, the market and money in the peasant economy, the political economy of peasant societies. It ends with a conceptual differentiation of the scholars sharing the assumption of a specific peasant economy but divided over the hierarchy of the interlinked qualities so defined.Part II is devoted to the diversity of peasant economies, while focusing on the typical patterns of their change included under the umbrella term of modernization. It reviews in these terms the aspects of the peasant economy delineated in Part I. In addition it presents the issue of the processes responsible for the 'spontaneous' disintegration of the peasant economy under the impact of urban centred and market‐directed national economies, while recalling those opposing processes which, often simultaneously, restructure and re‐establish specifically peasant social characteristics.Part III turns to agrarian policies and the impacts of state intervention on peasant economies. It deals with the aims of such interventions, with land reform, and with the major programmes of reconstruction and transition of peasant economies today: 'betting on the strong', collectivization, and the transformation of the peasant into a 'modem' farmer.ResuméNATURE BT EVOLUTION DES ECONOMIES PAYSANNESCet article est une prtséntation des principaux caractéres des économies paysannes: l'exploitation familiale, unité de production et de consommation, le village, infrastructure économique, le marché et la monnaie, la politique économique dans les sociétés paysannes. Cette analyse se termine par une classification, en fonction de leur systéme d'interprétation, des spécialistes, qui, soutenant l'idée d'une économie paysanne spécifique, sont divisés sur la hiérarchisation des interrelations évoquées.La seconde partie est consacrée a la diversité des économies paysannes et insiste plus particuliérement sur les modtles d'évolution caractéristiques, inclus sous le terme général de «modernisation», en intégrant les différents aspects, analysés prcédemment, de l'économie paysanne. Enfin, l'article présente l'aboutissement de processus responsables de la désintégration «spontanée» de l'économie paysanne sous l'impaa d'économies nationales orientées vers l'urbanisation et l'économie de marché, tout en rappelant l'existence de tendances opposées‐et parfois simultanées‐qui restructurent et réinstaurent des caractéristiques sociales paysannes spécifiques.Une troisiéme partie aborde le probléme des politiques agraires et de l'impact des interventions de 1'Etat sur les économies paysannes: buts de ces interventions, réformes agraires, principaux programmes de restructuration et de transition (aide préférentielle a l'élite agricole, collectivisation, transformation du paysan en «fermier moderne»).

Zeugenschaft ist heute wichtiger denn je – und das nicht trotz, sondern vielmehr gerade wegen der gewachsenen Möglichkeiten, jederzeit und überall das Geschehen technisch aufzunehmen und einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Zeugenschaft ist jedoch nicht nur eine epistemische Praxis, sondern auch eine Form sozialen Engagements, wie die sozialen Protestbewegungen der letzten Jahre gezeigt haben. In den aktuellen Debatten um Zeugenschaft ist allerdings eine gewisse Verengung hin auf die epistemischen Aspekte des Zeugnisgebens zu beobachten. Dagegen versucht der Artikel, Praktiken der Zeugenschaft auf ihre ethischen und politischen Implikationen hin zu befragen. Dabei gilt es, kritisch auf die Normen zu reflektieren, die Zeugenschaft ermöglichen oder verhindern. Zugleich impliziert jedes Zeugnis ein politisches Moment, insofern sich das Wahrsprechen des Zeugen bzw. der Zeugin selbst als politischer Akt interpretieren lässt. Zeugnisgeben erweist sich damit, so die These, nicht nur als eine epistemische, sondern auch als eine ethische und politische Praxis, ohne dass diese Elemente aufeinander reduzierbar wären. ; Witness testimony is more important than ever – and not in spite of, but rather because of the growing opportunities to record the experienced events technically and to make them accessible to the general public. However, testimony is not only an epistemic practice, but also a form of social engagement, as recent protest movements show. In present debates, testimony is mostly restricted to its epistemic aspects. In contrast, this articles aims to scrutinize the ethical and political implications of testimony. In ethical terms, we have to critically assess the ethical and epistemic norms, which govern our practice of testimony in certain contexts: Do they enable witnesses to give testimony, or do they rather contribute to a suppression of certain witnesses and their claims for justice? At the same time, every testimony contains a political moment, insofar as the witness's truth-telling can be interpreted as a political act. Witnessing is thus not only an epistemic, but also an ethical and political practice, without these elements being reducible to one another.

In recent years, increasing attention has been dedicated to the hazardous and volatile situation in the Middle East, a crisis which has pushed many to flee their countries and seek refuge in neighboring countries or in Europe. In describing or discussing these tragic events, labels such as "European migrant crisis" and "European refugee crisis" started being widely used by the media, politicians, and the online world alike. The use of such labels has the potential to dictate the ways in which displaced people are received and perceived. With this study, we investigate label use in social media (specifically YouTube), the emergent patterns of labeling that can cause further disaffection and tension or elicit sympathy, and the sentiments associated with the different labels. Our findings suggest that migration issues are being framed not only through labels characterizing the crisis but also by their describing the individuals themselves. Using topic modeling and sentiment analysis jointly, our study offers valuable insights into the direction of public sentiment and the nature of discussions surrounding this significant societal crisis, as well as the nature of online opinion sharing. We conclude by proposing a four-dimensional model of label interpretation in relation to sentiment—that accounts for perceived agency, economic cost, permanence, and threat, and identifies threat and agency to be most impactful. This perspective reveals important influential aspects of labels and frames that may shape online public opinion and alter attitudes toward those directly affected by the crisis.

La investigación analiza el tratamiento informativo que le dieron dos medios gráficos italianos (La Repubblica y Corriere della Sera) a los sucesos que se llevaron a cabo en Argentina durante Diciembre de 2001 y Enero de 2002, ligados a la gran crisis económica, política e institucional. Se trabajó con una grilla de relevamiento en la que se cuantifican la cantidad de días en los que se trató el tema, el posicionamiento de notas en función de páginas pares o impares, la superficie utilizada para mostrar la temática en la tapa de los diarios, la cantidad de fotografías sobre el tema y otros aspectos sobre los diferentes artículos publicados en los días que se reflejó el suceso. ; The research analyzes the treatment of information that was given two Italian print media (La Repubblica and Corriere della Sera) to the events that took place in Argentina during December 2001 and January 2002, linked to the great economic, political and institutional crisis. We worked with a survey grid in which quantifies the number of days in which the issue was discussed, the positioning of notes pages according to odd or even, the area used to display the theme on the cover of newspapers, the number of photos on the subject and other aspects of the various articles published in the days that reflected the event. ; Fil: Tenaglia, Pablo Rubén. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Escuela de Ciencias de la Información; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Auteur, acteur, compositeur et interprète, Ziyad Rahbani est une figure singulière du mouvement théâtral libanais moderne. Bien inscrite dans l'histoire de cette discipline, la trajectoire de cet artiste la déborde aussi largement. Son engagement politique se présente comme le moteur de sa pratique théâtrale et illustre en cela un état transitoire du champ théâtral libanais moderne où esthétique et politique de même que théâtre et chanson se mêlent en une même discipline. Cet article tente de replacer l'œuvre théâtrale de cet auteur libanais dans le contexte d'une production où l'art est, par de nombreux aspects, subordonné au politique.

Auteur, acteur, compositeur et interprète, Ziyad Rahbani est une figure singulière du mouvement théâtral libanais moderne. Bien inscrite dans l'histoire de cette discipline, la trajectoire de cet artiste la déborde aussi largement. Son engagement politique se présente comme le moteur de sa pratique théâtrale et illustre en cela un état transitoire du champ théâtral libanais moderne où esthétique et politique de même que théâtre et chanson se mêlent en une même discipline. Cet article tente de replacer l'œuvre théâtrale de cet auteur libanais dans le contexte d'une production où l'art est, par de nombreux aspects, subordonné au politique.

Auteur, acteur, compositeur et interprète, Ziyad Rahbani est une figure singulière du mouvement théâtral libanais moderne. Bien inscrite dans l'histoire de cette discipline, la trajectoire de cet artiste la déborde aussi largement. Son engagement politique se présente comme le moteur de sa pratique théâtrale et illustre en cela un état transitoire du champ théâtral libanais moderne où esthétique et politique de même que théâtre et chanson se mêlent en une même discipline. Cet article tente de replacer l'œuvre théâtrale de cet auteur libanais dans le contexte d'une production où l'art est, par de nombreux aspects, subordonné au politique.

This article focuses on some of the negative aspects of cyberspace and cyberculture. First, it offers an examination of the impact of our use of social media, and Facebook in particular, on our psyches, pointing out that users of social media can be thought of as audiences. These audiences and information about them can be sold to marketers and advertisers. Next, it offers a case study of a widespread social problem in Japan, more than a million media-obsessed Japanese young men (and some young women), the hikikomori, who shut themselves off from society for months or years at a time. This is followed by a discussion of the impact of mobiles, primarily smartphones, on American adolescents, some of whom text one hundred messages a day to their friends. The effects of the enormous amount of face-time young people spend with screens - around ten hours per day - are also considered. Finally, there is an examination of the impact that Amazon.com, the leading e-commerce Internet site, has had on American shopping practices and American culture and society. The article concludes with a discussion of the work of Hubert Dreyfus about some negative effects of the Internet and, by implication, cyberspace and cyberculture, which, he argues, drain life of meaning.

"Many sparsely populated resource peripheries in developed countries are perceived to suffer from periods of demographic decline due to loss of employment opportunities and services, youth out-migration and population ageing. While these trends tend to apply at broad regional scales and for particular time periods, diverse patterns of demographic change may be apparent if different spatial, temporal and social scales of analysis are taken into consideration. Comparing the experiences of two case study regions in northern Sweden and inland South Australia, this paper proposes an alternative conceptual framework to the 'discourse of decline', which could be used to examine the nuances of demographic change within resource peripheries. The framework includes spatial scale considerations that contrast broader regional demographic patterns with the experiences of sub-regions and individual settlements. It also includes temporal scale aspects, examining demographic change over different time periods to understand the pace, duration and frequency of population growth and decline. The framework finally includes social unit considerations, emphasising that demographic change affects different social groups in different ways. The results of the case studies suggest that considering demographic change as adaptation or transformation rather than decline may be more useful for identifying new - and qualitatively different - demographic pathways that emerge over time." (author's abstract)

"Why have Latin American democracies proven unable to confront the structural inequalities that cripple their economies and stymie social mobility? Brian Palmer-Rubin contends that we may lay the blame on these countries' systems of interest representation, which exhibit "biased pluralism," a system in which the demands of organizations representing economic elites--especially large corporations--predominate. A more inclusive model of representation would not only require a more encompassing and empowered set of institutions to represent workers, but would also feature spaces for non-elite producers--such as farmers and small-business owners to ahve a say in sectoral economic policies. With analysis drawing on over 100 interviews, an original survey, and official government data, this book focuses on such organizations and develops an account of biased pluralism in developing countries typified by the centrality of patronage--discretionarily allocated state benefits. Rather than serving as conduits for demand-making about development models, political parties and interest organizations often broker state subsidies or social programs, augmenting the short-term income of beneficiaries but doing little to improve their long-term economic prospects. When organizations become diverted into patronage politics, the economic demands of the masses go unheard in the policies that most affect their lives, and along the way, their economic interests go unrepresented." - Back cover

This article offers the first systematic analysis of cross-generational and cross-organizational aspects of jihadist foreign fighter (JFF) mobilization. How are individuals fighting in Syria different from foreign fighters who fought in the previous jihadist wars? What factors distinguish the Islamic State (IS) fighters from individuals joining other jihadist groups in Syria? The article builds an original sample of 477 JFFs from Turkey spanning three decades and employs the Random Forest technique, a method with several distinct advantages over regression analysis in the study of small N conflict data. The results have substantial and practical implications and show that fighters in Syria and IS fighters have different demographic characteristics and life experiences than fighters in pre-Syria wars and non-IS fighters in Syria, respectively. They inform more empirically grounded theory building about the recruitment motives and methods of JFFs.