Suchergebnisse

A coalition of Ethiopian coffee producers and the Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office (EIPO) set up a programme to acquire trademarks in important export markets, with a view to increasing the profits on these brands for the producers. In March 2005, the Ethiopian government filed its first US trademark applications for three contested coffee names. After 15 months the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed that the name Sidamo was generic and therefore could not be trademarked. This led to an outcry by some commentators, including NGOs and Intellectual Property Rights professionals. Yet, the arguments in favour of protecting indigenous knowledge under international trade rules as a linchpin for economic development and poverty eradication has been forcefully put forward by African countries and other developing countries in both regional trade negotiations and at the World Trade Organization. With the Ethiopian and Starbucks dispute in mind, James Watson and Jeremy Streatfeild eloquently explain in this piece how geographical indications can be used to enhance the capacity of farmers and economic development in Africa and other least developed countries.

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between governance and migration in the case of a South-North partnership, using the tools of economic analysis. We will analyse both the governance of migratory phenomenon (i.e. the control of South-North migration, as much as the control of rural-urban or internal migration) and the consequences of internal and/or international migrations on a broader problem which is the compatibility of economic liberalization, political stability and other objectives which are pursued by governments (such as avoiding the deterioration of social capital, or a social dumping). In a first section we develop an original Harris-Todaro model in order to resolve the question of the compatibility of different policies. In a second section we will consider four possibilities to enrich the Harris-Todaro model, which are to take into account the cost of migration, the attitude toward risk, the relative deprivation hypothesis, and the relation between migration and social capital. In each case, our attention will be focused on the policy recommendations we can formulate as a result of every approach.

Document de recherche - DR LEO 2006-10 ; The aim of this paper is to study the relation between governance and migration in the case of a South-North partnership, using the tools of economic analysis. We will analyse both the governance of migratory phenomenon (i.e. the control of South-North migration, as much as the control of rural-urban or internal migration) and the consequences of internal and/or international migrations on a broader problem which is the compatibility of economic liberalization, political stability and other objectives which are pursued by governments (such as avoiding the deterioration of social capital, or a social dumping). In a first section we develop an original Harris-Todaro model in order to resolve the question of the compatibility of different policies. In a second section we will consider four possibilities to enrich the Harris-Todaro model, which are to take into account the cost of migration, the attitude toward risk, the relative deprivation hypothesis, and the relation between migration and social capital. In each case, our attention will be focused on the policy recommendations we can formulate as a result of every approach.

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between governance and migration in the case of a South-North partnership, using the tools of economic analysis. We will analyse both the governance of migratory phenomenon (i.e. the control of South-North migration, as much as the control of rural-urban or internal migration) and the consequences of internal and/or international migrations on a broader problem which is the compatibility of economic liberalization, political stability and other objectives which are pursued by governments (such as avoiding the deterioration of social capital, or a social dumping). In a first section we develop an original Harris-Todaro model in order to resolve the question of the compatibility of different policies. In a second section we will consider four possibilities to enrich the Harris-Todaro model, which are to take into account the cost of migration, the attitude toward risk, the relative deprivation hypothesis, and the relation between migration and social capital. In each case, our attention will be focused on the policy recommendations we can formulate as a result of every approach.

Document de recherche - DR LEO 2006-10 ; The aim of this paper is to study the relation between governance and migration in the case of a South-North partnership, using the tools of economic analysis. We will analyse both the governance of migratory phenomenon (i.e. the control of South-North migration, as much as the control of rural-urban or internal migration) and the consequences of internal and/or international migrations on a broader problem which is the compatibility of economic liberalization, political stability and other objectives which are pursued by governments (such as avoiding the deterioration of social capital, or a social dumping). In a first section we develop an original Harris-Todaro model in order to resolve the question of the compatibility of different policies. In a second section we will consider four possibilities to enrich the Harris-Todaro model, which are to take into account the cost of migration, the attitude toward risk, the relative deprivation hypothesis, and the relation between migration and social capital. In each case, our attention will be focused on the policy recommendations we can formulate as a result of every approach.

Titelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\. Einleitung 2\. Theoretische Rahmung, Fragestellung und Verortung 21 2.1 Theoretische Rahmung 22 2.1.1 Pragmatismus: Das nichtrepräsentative Sprachverständnis 22 2.1.2 Pragmatismus und Erkenntnis 34 2.1.3 Terminologische Anmerkungen 37 2.2 Fragestellung und Vorgehen 40 2.3 Pragmatismus in den Internationalen Beziehungen 48 3\. Der Zerfall Jugoslawiens und der Weg zur Anerkennung 56 4\. Sinn und Widersinn der Anerkennung Kroatiens 73 4.1 Die Anerkennungsdiskurse in Deutschland und den USA 75 4.1.1 Meinungsbildung in Deutschland 75 4.1.2 Meinungsbildung in den USA 84 4.1.3 Zusammenfassung 92 4.2 Situationsdeutungen 94 4.2.1 Rahmenerzählungen 95 4.2.2 Völker als homogene Akteure 103 4.2.3 Episoden des Jugoslawienkonflikts: Herrschaftswilleund Unvernunft 116 4.2.4 Kulturelle Grenzziehung: Wir und die Anderen 127 4.3 Rechtfertigungszusammenhänge der Anerkennung/Nicht-Anerkennung 136 4.3.1 Rechtfertigungszusammenhang »Nationalitätenkonflikt« 139 4.3.2 Rechtfertigungszusammenhang »Selbstbestimmungsrecht« 160 4.3.3 Rechtfertigungszusammenhang »Angriffskrieg« 179 4.4 Alternative Sichtweisen 201 4.5 Fazit: Sprache und Handeln 212 4.5.1 Narrative Grundstruktur und Anerkennung 214 4.5.2 Die Reduzierung von Komplexität 220 4.5.3 Die Anrufung von Normen 226 4.5.4 Die eine »Wirklichkeit«: ein unlesbarer Wegweiserdes Handelns 229 5 Zum Nutzen eines pragmatischen Blickes 234 Anmerkungen 238 Literatur 287 ; Am Beispiel der Auseinandersetzungen um die diplomatische Anerkennung Kroatiens zeichnet der Autor nach, wie die Handlungslogik politischer Akteure von ihren Beschreibungen, Erzählungen und den damit einhergehenden Deutungen abhängt. Sprache wird hier nicht als ein Instrument angesehen, mit dem eine vorhandene Wirklichkeit mehr oder weniger richtig erfasst werden kann. Sprache gleicht eher einem Pinsel, mit dem sich Akteure ihre Wirklichkeit malen, indem sie Ereignisse in Jugoslawien benennen, in Zusammenhänge stellen und sie auf diese Weise mit Bedeutung versehen. Sprache ist somit die ...

Despite the many accomplishments of the Atlantic alliance, the transatlantic relationship is currently under enormous strain. The fall of the Berlin Wall & collapse of the Soviet empire increased the scope for disagreements between the US & Europe, while the shift in US grand strategy after 9/11 & the Iraq War, which lacked a single adversary or guiding concept to encourage resolution of differences & was the first crisis to take place without an agreed upon danger, raised critical questions over the evolution of the transatlantic relationship. Yet neither 11/9 nor 9/11 altered the fundamental fact that Europeans & Americans share common interests, & should reaffirm their commitment to a common purpose, focusing on priorities of world safety, rule of law, & quality of life elsewhere, despite differences in leadership style & domestic & foreign policies. A successful alliance requires a common strategy & respect of complementarities, which must be maintained through active domestic political leadership that seeks to defuse the rising level of rhetoric on all sides. Further, the purpose & benefits of European integration & transatlantic economic cooperation must be clarified & reinforced, & the alliance must be revitalized within the broader international system. L. Kehl

Objective. This study investigates the trends in the distribution of environmental aid from the US Agency for International Development (USAID), US foundations, & a multilateral donor, the Global Environmental Fund (GEF), to determine whether aid is driven by donor interests or recipient need. Methods. Data from USAID, the Foundation Center, GEF, & other secondary sources are analyzed using logistic & OLS regressions. Results. Traditional donor interests (politics, economics, & security) & donors' environmental interests (those favoring "global" environmental concerns over local ones) explain which nations receive environmental aid & which do not & how much nations receive. In general, the allocation of environmental aid differs from that of official development assistance. The United States does not demonstrate a middle-income bias; multilateral aid is not more "humanitarian" than bilateral aid. Foundations' allocation patterns favor traditional donors interests. Conclusions. Environmental aid does not target the nations that are most in need of abating local pollution. Instead, environmental aid donors favor nations with whom they have had prior relations (economic & security), nations that are democratic, & nations with unexploited natural resources. In short, donor interests outweigh recipient need. 2 Tables, 45 References. Adapted from the source document.

P. Caron, invité par l'IICA (Institut Interaméricain de Coopération pour l'Agriculture), a participé au Premier Forum International sur le Développement Territorial à Fortaleza, forum rassemblant 500 personnes. Les participants majoritairement brésiliens y ont discuté une stratégie inter-institutionnelle de développement territorial. Les principaux organisateurs étaient, outre l'IICA: le Ministère brésilien du Développement Agraire, la Banque du Nordeste, l'EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria). Le Ministre du Développement Agraire et quatre Secrétaires d'État ont assisté aux débats. P. Caron a participé à la première table ronde, celle dédiée au cadre théorique et conceptuel. La mission a permis d'avancer dans la formulation d'une stratégie et d'un programme de coopération avec l'IICA à propos du thème développement territorial, impliquant essentiellement Tera pour le Cirad et le département du développement durable pour l'IICA. Cette stratégie concerne les travaux à réaliser dans quatre pays (Brésil, Colombie, Costa Rica et Mexique), ainsi que la mise en place et l'animation de réseaux régionaux d'échanges et de coopération. Par ailleurs, une coopération entre le Cirad Tera et l'Université du Rio Grande do Sul (École Doctorale sur le développement rural) a été discutée.

Emerging constitutionalism & its inherent concept of "higher law" brought about a fundamental change of the institutional setting of many states in the 19th & 20th centuries, significantly increasing the power of the judicial branch & introducing a new concept of the separation of powers doctrine. Courts, formerly subservient to the legislature, have commenced to exert new powers of judicial review, imposing new checks on the legislative & executive branches. Ratified international treaties become part of the Croatian legal order that national courts are bound to enforce, & the European Human Rights Convention is granted constitutional protection before the Constitutional Court. This Court, having the power to strike down unconstitutional legislation, has a chance, at least in theory, to impose significant checks on the legislative & executive branches. Moreover, the Constitutional Court has clarified that ordinary courts have to treat the Convention as entrenched, "higher law" in a manner similar to the one accorded to constitutional provision; in other words, the Convention is directly applicable in the Croatian legal order & enjoys a quasi-constitutional rank. Adapted from the source document.

The Government of India and the United States Agency for International Development began the Innovations in Family Planning Services Projects (IFPS) in Uttar Pradesh under the management of the State Innovations in Family Planning Services Agency (SIFPSA). IFPS's objectives are to increase access to family planning (FP) services, improve the quality of health care services, and promote contraceptive use. While achieving these goals, the IFPS project will support service innovations in the public and nongovernmental sectors, and contraceptive social marketing mechanisms. Baseline information being sought includes desired family size and sex preference among mothers, utilization of health services and immunization of mothers and children, maternal and child health care and delivery practices, contraceptive information and services and satisfaction with health providers, contraceptive use and unmet need, and media exposure and the role of the media in promoting small-family norm. The Operations Research Group, at the request of SIFPSA, has carried out the present baseline survey in the district of Shahjahanpur. The information will be used as the reference for the measurement of improvements in contraceptive use.

The Government of India and the United States Agency for International Development began the Innovations in Family Planning Services Projects (IFPS) in Uttar Pradesh under the management of the State Innovations in Family Planning Services Agency (SIFPSA). IFPS's objectives are to increase access to family planning (FP) services, improve the quality of health care services, and promote contraceptive use. While achieving these goals, the IFPS project will support service innovations in the public and nongovernmental sectors, and contraceptive social marketing mechanisms. Baseline information being sought includes desired family size and sex preference among mothers, utilization of health services and immunization of mothers and children, maternal and child health care and delivery practices, contraceptive information and services and satisfaction with health providers, contraceptive use and unmet need, and media exposure and the role of the media in promoting small-family norm. The Operations Research Group, at the request of SIFPSA, has carried out the present baseline survey in the district of Sitapur. The baseline information will be used as the reference for the measurement of improvements in contraceptive use.