Suchergebnisse

Una versión previa de este artículo fue presentada en el Institute for Comparative Literature and Society de la Universidad de Columbia. Queremos hacer constar nuestro agradecimiento a Marianne Hirsch y a los asistentes por sus comentarios y sugerencias. ; En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo un análisis de uno de los textos más influyentes de la literatura mexicana reciente, Antígona González (2012) de Sara Uribe. En un primer momento, se expone el contexto social, político y estético en el que la pieza de Uribe fue escrita, para después proceder a estudiar las estrategias textuales de que se sirve Uribe para generar una autoría colectiva, con especial atención a las aportaciones teóricas llevadas a cabo por Cristina Rivera Garza y su concepto de "desapropiación". Por último, el artículo propone una interpretación de la obra tanto en sus aspectos formales como en su aspecto éticopolítico, desarrollando su vínculo con las propuestas de Judith Butler. El presente trabajo relaciona ambas dimensiones, al ubicar la obra en una tradición de escritura militante cuyo objetivo es llevar a cabo el duelo por los desaparecidos en la frontera norte de México. ; This paper analyses one of the most influential texts in recent Mexican literature, Antígona González (2012) by Sara Uribe. At first, the social, political and aesthetic context in which Uribe's piece was written is presented, and then the textual strategies used by Uribe to generate collective authorship are studied, with special attention to the theoretical contributions made by Cristina Rivera Garza and her concept of "disappropriation". Finally, the article proposes an interpretation of the work both in its formal aspects and in its ethical-political aspect, developing its link with Judith Butler's proposals. The present study relates both dimensions, locating the work in a tradition of militant writing whose goal is to carry out the mourning for the disappeared in the northern border of Mexico. ; El presente trabajo es parte de los resultados de los proyectos de investigación "Sujetos-emociones-estructuras: Para un proyecto de teoría social crítica" (FFI 2016-75073-R) y "El Amor y sus reversos. Pasión, deseo y dominio en las relaciones sentimentales a través del arte contemporáneo. Investigación y creación artística" (PGC2018.093404.B.100), financiados por el Ministerio de Innovación, Ciencia y Universidades.

This research analyses the nature of 2015 unofficial blockade in Nepal and finds out the impacts of it. For analysing the nature, the perception and experience of the respondents, Indian responses for blockade allegation and the ground on which blockade was lifted were analysed. The impacts of the blockade were discussed on political, social and economic aspects of the country. The study adopts qualitative research design. The data collected through semi structured interviews and document analysis and content analysis was the main technique used in data analysis. This study is based on colonial hangover perspective of postcolonial lens. So, it tries to see that if the legacy of colonialism persists in social, political and cultural aspects even after the political independence of colonized nations. The adoption of colonizers power to dominate and supress by colonized in the search of independence as discussed by Freire (2000) was seen to have been materialized in 2015 blockade in Nepal. Normally the colonized countries are said to have been oppressed and undergone severe difficulties during their colonial period. India in this sense, could not have been exception. In an attempt of overcoming this inferiority, India was seen seeking the ability to influence others. The nature of the blockade, the consequences, the proposed amendments in the constitution, support given to the dissatisfied groups, division among the people within the country, etc. show that India wished to establish indirect rule in Nepal. From the analysis it is found that in 2015 unofficial blockade in Nepal Madhesis protestants were seen on the ground actively involved blocking supplies to Nepal for putting pressure to address their grievances through constitution amendment. However, despite the repeatedly denial of allegation from Indian side, the political leaders in executive and most of the respondents believed that India had hand behind the blockade. Blockade influenced policy making and external relation of the country. Not only on household, educational and medical sectors, the impacts of blockade were seen in agriculture, environment and social psychology as well. Major impacts of blockade were seen in the economy of the country. When state mechanism was about to cease to function, black market flourished, and many business industries were closed. The economic growth was lowered beyond the expectation. These all consequences of the blockade indicate that India seems to have followed colonizer's culture for keeping influence in its neighbouring state. ; M-IR

In the Catalan context that emerged with the outbreak of the crisis in the winter of 2008, the debate on water management has become important to the point where it is a central part of the political programs that the new candidacies that emerged after the square occupations in 2011 prepared for the local council elections of 2015. This process has run altogether with the social changes that took place after May 2011, with the citizen movement known as 15M, a fact that is verified in different aspects, such as: the message, change of subjects and treatment of water; As well as an important shift of a strategy focused on non-privatization, towards a demand of the increase of the capacity of the citizens in taking decisions on water management at the municipal scope. Moving from a national and / or regional struggle to a local scale. This article describes those aspects that give rise to the question: What conception of the common are listed articulates the new stage of struggle for municipal water and what empirical forms adopted. ; En el contexto social y político catalán surgido tras el estallido de la crisis de finales de 2008, el debate sobre la gestión del agua ha ido tomando relevancia pública hasta el punto de ser parte central en los programas políticos que las nuevas candidaturas electorales surgidas después del movimiento conocido como 15M prepararon para las elecciones municipales de 2015. Este proceso ha ido en paralelo con los cambios sociales acontecidos después del 15 de mayo de 2011, hecho que se constata en distintos aspectos. Algunas de las características que marcan este periodo son los cambios en el discurso, el cambio de algunos de sus protagonistas, el trato de la gestión del agua; así como la sustitución progresiva de una estrategia centrada en la no privatización, hacia el reclamo del aumento de la capacidad de decidir de la ciudadanía en la gestión del agua en el ámbito municipal. Pasando de una lucha a escala estatal y/o autonómica a una a escala local. En este artículo se enumeran aquellos aspectos que dan pie a la pregunta: ¿Qué concepción del común articula el nuevo escenario de lucha por el agua municipal y qué formas empíricas adquiere?

Geography education in Latin America, demands an updateThematic and methodological issues that respond, not only to the current circumstancespolitical, economic, technological and cultural aspects of the globalized world,but, more importantly, to the realities and interests of the students. AtIn this regard, this article seeks to open a debate on the relevanceconceptual and methodological aspects of geography teaching based onreflection on the conceptualization of education and didactics inthe social context and the specificity of these two categories in the field ofschool geography. For this purpose, and as an example, theplace of Colombian geography within the legislation that regulates the practicesocial science education, and then present the educational relevanceof some concepts and strategies resulting from the pedagogical and research experiencein Ibero-America, specifically from the Inter-Institutional Groupof Geopaideia Research in Colombia, referring to works thatinvolve the spatial trialectics, the territory, the city, the imaginaries, the literature,inclusion and school texts, as references to re-signifyunderstanding of geographical space in the school context. ; La educación geográfica en América Latina, demanda una actualización temática y metodológica que responda, no solo a las actuales circunstancias políticas, económicas, tecnológicas y culturales del mundo globalizado, sino, y aún más importante, a las realidades e intereses de los estudiantes. En este sentido, el presente artículo busca abrir un debate respecto a la pertinencia conceptual y metodológica de la didáctica de la geografía a partir de la reflexión en torno a la conceptualización de la educación y la didáctica en el contexto social y la especificidad de estas dos categorías en el campo de la geografía escolar. Con este propósito, y a manera de ejemplo, se esboza el lugar de la geografía colombiana dentro de la legislación que regula la práctica educativa de las ciencias sociales, para luego presentar la pertinencia didáctica de algunos conceptos y estrategias fruto de la experiencia pedagógica e investigativa en Iberoamérica, de manera especifica, del Grupo Interinstitucional de Investigación Geopaideia en Colombia, haciendo referencia a trabajos que involucran la trialéctica espacial, el territorio, la ciudad, los imaginarios, la literatura, la inclusión y los textos escolares, como referentes para re-significar la comprensión del espacio geográfico en el contexto escolar.

Explaining the expansion of the modern State in the 20th Century is one of the greatest challenges for social scientists. This article aims to systematize the prominent historical, political, ideological and economic components in literature, concluding that, even though these components are fundamental in some countries, we can't find aspects that allow us to develop a general explanation. Historians and Economists raising this question –considering these general elements– must analyze which one explains the modern State expansion in each economy. ; Explicar la expansión del Estado moderno en el siglo XX constituye uno de los principales desafíos de los científicos sociales. En este artículo nos proponemos sistematizar los componentes históricos, políticos, ideológicos y económicos que han destacado en la literatura, concluyendo que si bien estos elementos son fundamentales en algunos países, no podemos encontrar aspectos que nos permitan desarrollar una explicación general, y que los historiadores y economistas que se planteen este interrogante deberán –tomando en cuenta estos elementos generales–, analizar cuál de ellos explica la expansión del Estado moderno en cada economía. ; Expliquer l'expansion de l'État moderne au XXe siècle est l'un des principaux défis des sciences sociales. Dans cet article, nous voulons systématiser les composants facteurs historiques, politiques, idéologiques et économiques qui ont été mises en évidence dans la littérature, concluant que même si ces éléments sont essentiels dans certains pays, on ne peut pas trouver des aspects qui nous permettent de développer une explication générale, les historiens et les économistes qui se posent cette question devraient tenir compte ces éléments généraux, pour ainsi analyser lequel d'entre eux explique l'expansion de l'État moderne dans chaque économie. ; Explicar a expansão do Estado moderno no século XX constitui um dos principais desafios dos científicos sociais. Neste artigo nos propomos sistematizar os componentes históricos, políticos, ideológicos e econômicos que têm destacado-se na literatura, concluindo que : se bem estes elementos são fundamentais em alguns países, não podemos encontrar aspectos que permitam –nos desenvolver uma explicação geral, e que os historiadores e economistas que proponham-se este interrogante deverão –considerando estes elementos gerais–, analisar qual deles explica a expansão do Estado moderno em cada economia.

In this paper we present a new study about the Amiadoso plaque (Allariz, Ourense) has been developed, in which this Roman object has been analysed from an interdisciplinary point of view based in the combination of stylistic and archaeometric studies of its material. Consequently, we have linked up the analysis of the different artistic phases of this piece from a formal study with the identification of the marble used, which confirms a local provenance (O Incio area). These new data provide essential information, given the exceptional nature of this object, to recognize aspects related to technical quality of local workshops and consequently about social, economic and political implications of this type of productions in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. ; En este artículo se presenta un nuevo estudio sobre la placa de Amiadoso (Allariz, Ourense), que consiste en un análisis interdisciplinar en el que se combina la perspectiva estilística con el estudio arqueométrico del soporte material. De esta manera, a la contextualización cronológica de las diferentes fases de la pieza a partir de su estudio formal, hemos unido la identificación del mármol utilizado, cuyo resultado confirma un origen local (área de O Incio). Este nuevo dato aporta información esencial, dada la excepcionalidad de la pieza, para conocer aspectos vinculados a la calidad técnica de los talleres locales, y consecuentemente sobre las implicaciones económicas, sociales y políticas de este tipo de producciones dentro del noroeste de la Península Ibérica. In this paper we present a new study about the Amiadoso plaque (Allariz, Ourense) has been developed, in which this Roman object has been analysed from an interdisciplinary point of view based in the combination of stylistic and archaeometric studies of its material. Consequently, we have linked up the analysis of the different artistic phases of this piece from a formal study with the identification of the marble used, which confirms a local provenance (O Incio area). These new data provide essential information, given the exceptional nature of this object, to recognize aspects related to technical quality of local workshops and consequently about social, economic and political implications of this type of productions in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to understand, more deeply, what the field of citizenship education stands for, in both theory and practice, historically and currently, and especially, in relation to the new Australian Curriculum: Civics and Citizenship. The authors have drawn on the backgrounds in social studies/social education, multicultural education, democracy education and Indigenous studies, in order to more deeply and profoundly understand "civics and citizenship education" and what it represents today in Australia.


Design/methodology/approach
– Methodologically, the authors see epistemological spaces as discursive productions from post-structural/post-modern and critical perspectives. These positions draw upon the notion of discourse as an absent power that can validate/legitimize vs negate/de-legitimize. The authors employ a meta-level analysis that historicizes the spaces made possible/impossible for those in deviant subject positions through a critique of the current literature juxtaposed with a presentation and analysis of "citizenship snapshots" of the authors. In this way, the authors attempt to move beyond conceptions of deviant citizenship based on curricular content and instructional method, and explore the realms of epistemology through the study of exclusion/inclusion.


Findings
– Reflecting the highly personal and individualized nature of the type of research required to be conducted in this aspect of national and personal identity, each of the authors draws here on personal experiences with aspects of citizenship that are not noticeably present in the current national curriculum. Specifically, the three "citizenship snapshots" at the heart of this paper's discussion and analysis – snapshots constructed by academics who both understand and resist the racialised/classed privilege bestowed upon them by nation states – are: "The boomerang citizen", "privileged and non-privileged citizen immigrants", and "Indigenous citizenship, sovereignty & colonialism".


Originality/value
– Drawing both on the current international scholarship on citizenship, power and social changes and the critical/post-structuralist qualitative methodology set forth by the authors, this work describes and problematizes the evolving "citizenship identities" in an attempt to critically assess the new civics and citizenship component of the Australian curriculum; understand the ongoing development of national, regional and global "trans/international" citizenship youth identities; and make connections between citizenship education, identity development and the global youth "occupy"/liberation movements.

There is currently an increasing interest in Indigenous tourism in Australia. Policies in Australia often use the rhetoric of sustainability, but position Indigenous tourism as a means for economic growth and development (Whitford & Ruhanen, 2010). This study shows that interpersonal relationships, cultural and social interactions, and learning are key to achieving the goals of Indigenous tourism providers or "hosts," and to the experiences of tourists. This article explores tourist experiences of activities run by the Indigenous-owned tour company Bawaka Cultural Enterprises (hereafter BCE) in North East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. BCE is an example of an Indigenous tourism business that aims to achieve social change by sharing of Indigenous ways of being, knowledges, and practices with non-Indigenous people during tours, whilst also ensuring that the business is sustainable and manageable for the family who runs it. In this sense, BCE's tourism activities can be understood as an attempt to "culturalise commerce," rather than commercialising culture (Bunten, 2010). In this article, we contribute to growing literature on transformative learning theory and tourism by considering tourists' narratives of their experiences with BCE. We focus on the way in which tourists are transformed by an increased connection to their hosts and their country. We argue that BCE's activities consciously introduce different ways of being to tourists and visitors. A growing awareness, understanding, and respect for these ways of being can inspire a sense of collective purpose and identity, and a deep emotional response to tours. Connection, however, is not always smooth and easy. Central to the process outlined in Mezirow's (1978) transformative learning theory are encounters and engagements with other people and different and unfamiliar contexts, which may lead to disorienting feelings and experiences. We argue that the practical aspects of being at Bawaka, combined with the new skills, task requirements, and political realities that commitment to new ways of being bring, can be disconcerting and disorienting for tourists. The availability of spaces and processes to reflect on these points of disorientation may determine whether these experiences challenge and/or contribute to personal transformation. These factors highlight areas for further exploration in developing a theory of transformative learning in the Indigenous context, and a need for policies to move beyond a narrow focus on economic aspects of tourism to consider the social and educational aims of both tourism ventures and tourists themselves.

This study is aimed to analyse interpersonal communication on politics among Russian migrants in Finland, and to find an answer to the question: What are the essentials of the interpersonal communication on politics among Russian migrants in Finland? The study presents an exploration of scientific discussion on political communication. The research focuses political communication among citizens on interpersonal level, and considers different approaches, theories and findings in that field. Works of Huckfeldt et al. 2003, Kim and Kim 2008, Merelman 1998, Scheufele 2000, Schudson 1997 etc. were analysed and applied to current research. There is a considerable lack of research which would look at an intersection of political communication in interpersonal communication among migrants. This study attempts to fill in this theoretical gap. This study seeks to contribute to the research field by investigating the following three aspects: first, the correlation between migrants' use of mass media and communication about politics within their social network; second, the tone of conversation in their social network and third, focus of their interest in the field of politics. Primary qualitative data was gathered among Russian migrants in Finland with interpersonal and group interview method. The findings were investigated with the purpose of discovering to what extent political issues are a subject of interest of Russian migrants in Finland. The aspects of interpersonal communication of migrants about politics were analysed: discussions with social circles (family, friends, at work), approach towards mass media and political behaviour. Analysis was based on qualitative research method. One of the most important findings of this analysis is that communication about politics among Russian migrants in Finland is various, and its focus depends on the field of one's interest and is limited by communication competence, especially language skills. Also it was necessary to build a new framework for future studies since the material available on the topic is limited. The following types of migrants were identified in terms of their approach towards politics: active, idle and blocking. While use of internet, newspaper and active deliberation was typical for active migrants, TV and home discussion were the most prominent instruments neutral and neither use of media nor discussions were utilised by those with a negative relation towards politics.

The research combines both qualitative and quantitative methodologies with thefollowing objectives; (1 ) to study the problems of holistic potential-development of theabused underprivileged children (2 ) to study patterns of activities for holistic potentialdevelopment for abused underprivileged children (3 ) to propose patterns of activities for holistic potential-development for abused underprivileged children. The selected groups of representative sample were: (1 ) the management team and community leaders who work with underprivileged children from both government and private sectors (14 people). (2 ) the workers with underprivileged children from both government and private sectors (6 people). (3) abused underprivileged children under care of government, private and public sectors (36 people). Tools used in this study were questionnaires, interviews, non-participant observation, conference discussions and informal discussions. Data was analyzed by qualitative content analysis and analysis of quantitative data with percentage and average results. The results of this study were concluded as follows: (1) Problems for potential development of the abused underprivileged children; in government sectors: there are not enough workers, workers lack of the skills of working with underprivileged children. In private sectors: parents do not have time to care for their children; children imitate the bad behavior and are at risk, lack of cooperation in helping the abused underprivileged children. (2) The current patterns of activities for holistic potential-development for the abused underprivileged children in government agencies, private sectors and public sectors mostly do not meet the needs of the children and do not focus on the holistic potentialdevelopment of children in the following aspects; physical, academic learning, social, emotional, mental, moral, spiritual, and life skills to solve problems through the crisis. (3) The researcher has proposed the patterns of activities for development of following aspects; physical, academic learning, social, emotional, mental, moral, spiritual and life skills to solve problems through the crisis. The results show that the children understand and have an awareness of physical development at the highest level while they understand the development of learning, social, emotional, mental, moral, spiritual and life skills to solve problems through the crisis at a high level. The researcher proposed a model for the holistic potential-development for abused underprivileged children in a "4 P's concept" which consists of Preparing / Providing / Protecting / Promoting.

Sustainable development is a goal which was started to implement the last decade of the twentieth century. Sustainable development theory was emphasized for several decades and it is being examined not only domestically, but also globally. Attention is paid to relevance and coherence of the domestic and international policies in order to achieve united purpose: to meet the today's needs with the lowest possible cost and environmental impact. To achieve the sustainable development of Lithuania, it is important to choose the correct development policy and for evaluation it is important to select appropriate measures for sustainable development. In order to reach this goal, new sustainable development indicator, which is consistent with development policy, is needed. The object of the study is economic development of Lithuania in the context of sustainability. In order to achieve the main objective of the study, the following tasks were formulated: to review the literature on the theoretical aspects of sustainable development; to analyze the main Lithuania's economic, social and environmental indicators in the context of the European Union and the Baltic countries; after fulfilling comparatively analysis of the economic, social and environmental indicators, to evaluate economic development of Lithuania in the context of sustainability; based on methodological calculations of sustainable development indicator, to evaluate trends of sustainable development of Lithuania. Work structure. Work consists of three main parts. In the first part theoretical aspects of sustainable development are analyzed; in the second part the statistical comparative analysis of selected statistical indicators were made, assessing Lithuania's situation in the context of the European Union and the Baltic countries; in the third part Lithuania's sustainable development indicator was calculated, trends and prospects assessed. Working volume: 71 pages, 7 tables, 24 figures and 46 references used: 12 Lithuanian and 34 foreign authors. A new sustainable development index calculation methodology allowed choosing appropriate indicators to evaluate each sphere of Lithuania's sustainable development separately and all together. According to the carried study, hypothesis, stating that the development of Lithuania is sustainable in three priority areas, was adopted. The assessment of indicator showed that the of overall performance of the economic, social and ecological changes for the years 2002-2008 have reached the goal of sustainability.

Sustainable development is a goal which was started to implement the last decade of the twentieth century. Sustainable development theory was emphasized for several decades and it is being examined not only domestically, but also globally. Attention is paid to relevance and coherence of the domestic and international policies in order to achieve united purpose: to meet the today's needs with the lowest possible cost and environmental impact. To achieve the sustainable development of Lithuania, it is important to choose the correct development policy and for evaluation it is important to select appropriate measures for sustainable development. In order to reach this goal, new sustainable development indicator, which is consistent with development policy, is needed. The object of the study is economic development of Lithuania in the context of sustainability. In order to achieve the main objective of the study, the following tasks were formulated: to review the literature on the theoretical aspects of sustainable development; to analyze the main Lithuania's economic, social and environmental indicators in the context of the European Union and the Baltic countries; after fulfilling comparatively analysis of the economic, social and environmental indicators, to evaluate economic development of Lithuania in the context of sustainability; based on methodological calculations of sustainable development indicator, to evaluate trends of sustainable development of Lithuania. Work structure. Work consists of three main parts. In the first part theoretical aspects of sustainable development are analyzed; in the second part the statistical comparative analysis of selected statistical indicators were made, assessing Lithuania's situation in the context of the European Union and the Baltic countries; in the third part Lithuania's sustainable development indicator was calculated, trends and prospects assessed. Working volume: 71 pages, 7 tables, 24 figures and 46 references used: 12 Lithuanian and 34 foreign authors. A new sustainable development index calculation methodology allowed choosing appropriate indicators to evaluate each sphere of Lithuania's sustainable development separately and all together. According to the carried study, hypothesis, stating that the development of Lithuania is sustainable in three priority areas, was adopted. The assessment of indicator showed that the of overall performance of the economic, social and ecological changes for the years 2002-2008 have reached the goal of sustainability.

The European brand of modernisation that was introduced to China by the force of arms in the 19th-20th centuries had some of its most basic origins in aspects of the traditional Chinese imperial system. This same system impeded China's ability to resist the imperialist aggressions of modernised "Western" powers and Japan, until the end of the 20th century. Contemporary Chinese culture studies and political, social and economic thought reexamine the "Western" model of modernity from a critical point of view and propose a new postcolonial, postmodern form of modernisation with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese critique of modernity is both a product of Chinese history and an alternative to "Western" paradigms. ; La marca europea de modernització introduïda a la Xina per la força de les armes durant els segles XIX i XX tenia alguns dels seus principis més bàsics en aspectes del sistema imperial tradicional xinès. Aquest mateix sistema dificultava la resistència de la Xina front les agressions imperialistes dels poders modernitzats d'"Occident" i del Japó, fins a finals del segle XX. El pensament polític, social i econòmic i els estudis de la cultura xinesa contemporània revisen el model "Occidental" de modernitat des d'un punt de vista crític i així es proposa una nova forma postcolonial i postmoderna de la modernització amb característiques xineses. La crítica xinesa de modernitat és alhora un producte de la història xinesa i una alternativa als paradigmes "occidentals". ; La marca europea de modernización introducida en China por la fuerza de las armas durante los siglos XIX y XX tenía algunos de sus principios más básicos en aspectos del sistema imperial tradicional chino. Este mismo sistema dificultaba la resistencia de China frente las agresiones imperialistas de los poderes modernizados de "Occidente" y de Japón, hasta finales del siglo XX. El pensamiento político, social y económico y los estudios de la cultura china contemporánea revisan el modelo "Occidental" de modernidad desde un punto de vista crítico y así se propone una nueva forma postcolonial y postmoderna de la modernización con características chinas. La crítica china de modernidad es simultáneamente un producto de la historia china y una alternativa a los paradigmas "occidentales".

This paper is based on a survey of St Petersburg's elite, carried out in October 1994 for a city daily, Nevskoe Vremia (a paper with approximately 100,000 subscribers). A representative sample of 800 city dwellers were interviewed by phone, responding to mainly open questions about the city elite. Eight main indicators provided data on the general composition of the elite and lists of names by categories of influence, authority and personal fortune. Of the 150 names nominated by our respondents, all but 12 were identified and characterized in terms of their current or recent formal status, political or social‐cultural standing and/or reputation. Some general and specific problems of the study are considered: What is an elite? Is there a theoretical consensus on the nature of the ruling and non‐ruling constituents of an elite? What are the dynamics of regional or city elites in modern Russia today? Has the emergence of an elite any relevance to the system of representative democracy and to other aspects of social life? What are the mechanisms determining the formation and reproduction of an elite in public space?Cet article est basé sur un sondage de l'élite de Saint Pétersbourg, fait en 1994 pour un quotidien de la ville, Nevskoe Vremia (un journal qui a environ 100,000 abonnés). Une section représentative de 800 citadins fut interviewée par téléphone, répondant à des questions, principalement des questions ouvertes, concernant l'élite de la ville. Huit indicateurs principaux offraient des informations sur la composition des élites et des listes de noms classés par catégories d'influence, d'autorité et de fortune personnelle. Des 150 noms cités par les personnes interrogées, tous sauf 12 furent identifiés et caractérisés par leur statut formel, leur rang et/ou réputation politique ou socio‐culturel, actuels ou récents. Certains problèmes de cette étude, généraux ou spécifiques, sont examinés. Qu'est‐ce qu'une élite? Y a‐t‐il un consensus quant à la nature des éléments qui constituent une élite dirigeante et non‐dirigeante? Quelles sont les dynamiques des élites régionales ou citadines de la Russie moderne actuelle? Est‐ce que l'apparition d'une élite a un rapport avec le système de democratie représentative et avec d'autres aspects de la vie sociale? Quels sont les processus qui déterminent la formation et la reproduction d'une élite dans l'espace public?

The Precapitalistic « Hacienda » in Latin America : the Case of Ecuador.
The very large land properties, i.e. the haciendas, of the high plateaux of the Andes of Ecuador were the dominant elements of the agrarian social structure. This study discusses the economic, political and ideological conditions of the existence and the reproduction of the hacienda as a form of production within the global capitalist structure of the country. The hacienda was based on the appropriation of a ground rent in the form of labour. This rent was extorted from a specific form of extended family — the huasipungo family — which lived within the hacienda, where it possessed, for the family's reproduction, a given amount of land and the rights to pasture its animals. At the same time, this family provided salaried workers for the landowner, thanks to specific mechanisms of relative overpopulation inherent to this form of production. These workers constituted the manpower for the cultivation of the crops that were under the direct control and supervision of the administration of the large landholding. This production was sold directly on the national market. The ground rent thus realized was accumulated in other sectors of the economy and only a small part returned to the hacienda in the form of modern means of production, which served to modernize certain aspects of the work process though conserving the precapitalistic nature of this production. The form of insertion, of the hacienda and of the landowners as a social class, into the structures of the national capitalist mode of production, lead to a blockage of all possibilities of their transition. cultivation of the crops that were under the direct control and supervision of the administration of the large landholding. This production was sold directly on the national market. The ground rent thus realized was accumulated in other sectors of the economy and only a small part returned to the hacienda in the form of modern means of production, which served to modernize certain aspects of the work process though conserving the precapitalistic nature of this production. The form of insertion, of the hacienda and of the landowners as a social class, into the structures of the national capitalist mode of production, lead to a blockage of all possibilities of their transition.