Suchergebnisse

The internet is the backbone of our digital world. It creates the conditions for economic development and prosperity worldwide. Yet, this critical common good - the open, global, and trustworthy internet - is under threat. As digital connectivity penetrates every aspect of economic, political, and social life, it has become a central object of geopolitical maneuvering. Preserving an open, global, and trustworthy internet infrastructure must thus be a priority for global leaders. The technical bodies that govern the internet are currently ill-equipped to address the political fault lines that put the global internet at risk. The G20 and G7 should actively work to mitigate these political fault lines so that technical bodies can continue to effectively administrate and develop an internet that works for the global common good.

The 1944–1949 Greek civil war between the supporters of the monarchy with the right-wing government and the left-wing forces with the Democratic Army of Greece resulted in the death of approximately 100,000 people and forced partisans and their families to migrate to countries of "people's democracy." It is estimated that the Polish People's Republic accepted approximately 14,000 people (children and adults). The article describes the genesis of the conflict that led to the outbreak of the civil war as well as the increasing polarization of the Greek population. It presents the (political and social) complexity of the processes of emigrating from Greece to the people's democracies and selected aspects of the organization of the Greek community's life in the Polish People's Republic.

The current social context (overconsumption, planned obsolescence, etc.) will be presented in this paper to illustrate the need for the European Consumer Law to be more aligned with sustainability objectives. To this end, the relatively recent Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods will be analysed to conclude that it does not reflect any of the guidelines contained in the two Action Plans for the circular economy (2015 and 2020). Despite the fact that this Directive (EU) 2019/771 aims at full harmonization, a certain margin of manoeuvre is (fortunately) granted in favour of the Member States. Finally, a reference to the possibility of the market moving towards circularity (as there is now a greater demand for sustainable products) will also be made.

The subject of the article is the use of language and linguistic aspects of social behavior within the protest discourses that took place after the results of the presidential elections in Belarus were falsified in August 2020. The author considers the concept of protest discourse, referring to scientific literature and comparing its interpretation by various researchers. The analysis of around 500 posters, chosen from the corpus of a first month of Belarusian numerous and various protesting activities, is focused on both rhetoric and language means of protesting communicative actions, namely on lexical nomination and code switching, wordplay and structural modifications, neologisms, paronomasia, irony, graphic operations and others, which, in the format of peaceful demonstrations (on behand of the demonstrators) actualizes the features of carnivalization and the acratic type of discourse.

AbstractUnemployment is a pervasive and stubborn feature of contemporary social and economic life. This review article focuses on the meaning and experience of contemporary white‐collar unemployment in the United States. After explaining the empirical and theoretical rationales for the focus on white‐collar workers, this review delves into three aspects of white‐collar unemployment: who loses jobs; what unemployment means for one's sense of self, marital relationships, parent‐child relationships; and how the process of job‐searching and re‐employment unfold for unemployed white‐collar workers in the US. Throughout, I take an intersectional approach, identifying how sensitivity to structural location in the labor market and the family can augment our sociological understandings of these important issues. I close by suggesting directions for future research.

The article considers one of the aspects of adaptation of the population to the natural conditions and landscape of the developed territory of the left-bank forest-steppe, taking into account social and household needs and occupations. For the first time ever, a comprehensive study of the available materials from the excavation of ashhill 28 from the Western Bilsk fortified settlement and application of layout and spatial modeling method have offered various options for the scientific reconstruction of a dugout as a residential center of sedentary population. The volumetric-spatial construction of a residential building is based on planigraphic, stratigraphic observations, and the conclusions of researchers about the climatic, topographic features of the microregion. The manor existed in the first quarter of the 6 th century BC.

The Trianon Peace Treaty had a profound effect on the social and governmental structure of Hungary. These changes, of course, also influenced the field of corrections and actually altered some of its key aspects as well. The author will recall several key penological concepts and ideas from the era to provide an introduction to the philosophical foundations of the establishment of correctional legislation and the resulting substantive changes that occurred. Moreover, a detailed analysis will be provided on the system of enhanced severity workhouses, an emblematic punitive measure that addressed the unfavourable criminological tendencies of the 1920s, which emerged as consequences to the Trianon Peace Treaty. The essay will conclude with deducing the generalized historical, legal, and moral lessons and conclusions pertaining to this peculiar period of Hungary.

AbstractThis article introduces the notion of 'accumulated homelessness' to account for the repeated loss and lack of home experienced by many migrants in Europe today. Through the lens of home and homelessness, we argue that the debate on protracted displacement—often applied only to developing countries—should be extended to Europe. Going beyond the idea of shelterlessness, we consider homelessness as a multidimensional and multiscalar condition which encompasses material and emotional aspects. By analysing two life histories of Eritrean men living in Italy and in the Netherlands, we examine the set of structural, social, and individual conditions leading them to lose home in different places and times as well as their attempts—such as finding accommodation, establishing a community organisation, or moving onwards—to reconstruct home.

Abstract
Conventional wisdom highlights civil society as an integral component of a democratic society. Due to the dominance of the state in all aspects of life, civil society was largely absent in Uzbekistan until the change of government in 2016. The new President Mirziyoyev's liberalization policy towards media gave birth to a strong group of opinion formers visible on social media platforms, otherwise known as "bloggers". This paper seeks to identify how Mirziyoyev's liberalization policy affects Uzbekistan's path to consolidate its democracy. It argues that the recent political liberalization showed early signs of the emergence of civil society groups. To support this argument, the paper uses the case of two unrelated incidents: large scale demolition of people's properties by the khokimiyat in Urganch, and forced labor of public servants in the Bukhara region.

The paper aims to study a problem of gender stereotypes present in the academic community, harming particular researchers (especially women). In the article chosen methods of stereotypes' counteraction are focused and analysed in terms of their risks of stereotype preservation. The concept of feminatives as a proposition of gender equalization is reflected and presented from the perspective of their drawbacks in the field of social functioning. The gender stereotypes' influence on research participants is treated as a special aspect of the problem, peculiarly in the area of human sexuality research due to specific feedback and results' bias. The problem is analysed then both from the systemic (contextual) perspective of academia and the particular situation of research, showing that gender may but does not have to influence scientific work.

В статье рассматриваются этические проблемы электронного образования. Нравственная регуляция учебного процесса от­носится ко всем его этапам и формам. Подходы к исследованию моральных аспектов образования связаны с социально-философс­ким представлением о человеке, его миссии в обществе, социаль­ных ролях и профессиональных статусах. В условиях дистанцион­ного образования наибольшую значимость приобретает нравст­венный контекст образовательных коммуникаций и дискурса.
The article deals with the ethical problems of e-education. The moral regulation of the educational process applies to all its stages and forms. Approaches to the study of the moral aspects of education are related to the socio-philosophical concept of a person, his mission in society, social roles and professional statuses. In the context of distance education, the moral context of educational communications and discourse is of the greatest importance.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the duties of local government units under the legal conditions related to access to the ICT network in Poland. Establishing public-private partnerships in the telecommunications sector, which is a field closely tied with cybersecurity, seems inevitable and necessary. The need to cooperate is the consequence of the development of information and communication technologies, which leads to their increasingly wide application in all aspects of social life. The tasks of local government involving network access have become key to the process of broadband network development. That is why public funding becomes particularly important in its absence, justified by the need to provide conditions for internet access as a human right. This has become especially topical as we face the challenges of COVID-19.

This article analyzes migrant narratives on masculinity through an intersectional perspective that is sensitive to spatial aspects. Drawing on research with migrants in Berlin and Munich in Germany, we unpack how (self-identified) Polish men in these cities negotiate their gender identities vis-à-vis other people whom they perceive as ethnic, religious, gender, and sexual others. We address how their social and ethnic backgrounds shape their narratives on foreign masculinities and femininities at the intersection of ethnicity and gender. In particular, we draw attention to how these negotiations are entangled with local discourses over the presence and visibility of various immigrant groups and cosmopolitan queer communities in the cities. The intersectional approach helps us to formulate how masculine identities change within the context of migration.

In this commentary piece, I combine insights gained from the various contributions to this special issue with my own research and understanding to trace the (dis)connections between, on the one hand, (post-)nationalism and its underlying concept of belonging and, on the other hand, cosmopolitanism and its underlying concept of becoming. I pay special attention to the human (im)mobilities mediating these processes. This critical thinking exercise confirms that the relationship between place, collective identity and socio-cultural processes of identification is a contested aspect of social theory. In the discussion, I suggest four points to be addressed in the future if we want to make existing theories about post-national formations and processes of cosmopolitanization more robust against the huge and complex challenges humankind is facing.

This article focuses on building and designing smart cities due to the abundance of traffic and congestion in local areas. Currently, urban planning is facing environmental, economic, social and other aspects of the problem, the main reason for which is that the city has not become a self-regulating and sustainable development system. Therefore, the future of urban development must follow a combination of several sustainable development paths. This is where the smart city's concept was born. Governments at home and abroad are actively involved in building smartcities, but there is still a lack of systematic thinking about the vision, architecture, and model of smart cities, what hinders the construction of smart cities in China, so it is urgent to conduct in-depth research in accordance with the national conditions of China.