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China is now Brazil's largest trade and investment partner, with Brazil's exports dominated by primary products such as iron ore, soy and crude oil. China and Brazil have also become major players in international environmental debates as emerging powers, reflecting their contribution to carbon emissions and their vulnerability to climate change and environmental disasters such as droughts, floods, deforestation, landslides and pollution. In environmental terms, Brazil's exports to China have led to changes in land use focused on export agriculture, the construction of infrastructure in vulnerable areas such as the Amazon region and a growing need for cheap, renewable energy to fuel transport, consumption and industrial development. In the context of these intensifying trade and economic connections between Brazil and China, this article examines the environmental dimensions of this relationship, focusing in particular on the contradictions created by renewable energy production. Paradoxically, given Brazil's key role in the international climate change debate, one of the most controversial aspects of the country's development agenda is the promotion of renewable energy as evidenced in the conflicts around hydro-electric power generation. The latter have provoked protests against the dams' social and environmental effects among local communities and international environmental groups. Little studied compared to the more well-known aspects of Sino-Latin American relations, such as infrastructure and trade, the article argues that Chinese involvement in hydropower in Brazil reinforces an increasingly unsustainable domestic development agenda, as reflected in the asymmetry between arguments about the general benefits of hydropower and the negative effects on local communities.

China is now Brazil's largest trade and investment partner, with Brazil's exports dominated by primary products such as iron ore, soy and crude oil. China and Brazil have also become major players in international environmental debates as emerging powers, reflecting their contribution to carbon emissions and their vulnerability to climate change and environmental disasters such as droughts, floods, deforestation, landslides and pollution. In environmental terms, Brazil's exports to China have led to changes in land use focused on export agriculture, the construction of infrastructure in vulnerable areas such as the Amazon region and a growing need for cheap, renewable energy to fuel transport, consumption and industrial development. In the context of these intensifying trade and economic connections between Brazil and China, this article examines the environmental dimensions of this relationship, focusing in particular on the contradictions created by renewable energy production. Paradoxically, given Brazil's key role in the international climate change debate, one of the most controversial aspects of the country's development agenda is the promotion of renewable energy as evidenced in the conflicts around hydro-electric power generation. The latter have provoked protests against the dams' social and environmental effects among local communities and international environmental groups. Little studied compared to the more well-known aspects of Sino-Latin American relations, such as infrastructure and trade, the article argues that Chinese involvement in hydropower in Brazil reinforces an increasingly unsustainable domestic development agenda, as reflected in the asymmetry between arguments about the general benefits of hydropower and the negative effects on local communities.

Последние десятилетия в России отмечены острой конфронтацией либеральных и консервативных ценностных установок. Политики либеральной ориентации, с 1991 г. оказавшись у власти, во многом определяли и социальный курс. Однако постепенно в обществе стали возобладать установки консерватизма. В статье рассматриваются причины изменения прежнего курса, дается анализ специфических консервативных ценностей в России. Отмечается глобалистский аспект этого феномена. Новизна статьи связана с попыткой показать политические и социокультурные сдвиги в общественном сознании России и сравнить их с аналогичными культурными ориентациями в других крупных странах, прежде всего Китае и США. Автор доказывает, что, несмотря на сходство общих консервативных устремлений в современной политике, в каждой стране они приобретают особый облик, связанный с реальной политической и экономической ситуацией.The recent decades in Russia witnessed a sharp confrontation between liberal and conservative values and attitudes. The liberally orientated politicians that came to power in 1991 in many respects determined the social developmental course as well. But the conservative attitudes gradually came to the foreground in the society. The article discusses the reasons of the change of the previous course, as well as analyzes the specific conservative values in Russia. The globalist aspect of this phenomenon is also pointed out. The novelty of the article is related to an attempt to show the political and sociocultural shifts in the public consciousness of Russia and compare them with analogous cultural orientations in other large countries, first of all, in China and the USA. The author demonstrates that despite the similarity of common conservative strivings in modern politics, they have differing aspects associated with the real political and economic situation.

The process of institutionalization of alternative freedom content in the discourse of political theory has been considered. The influence of the early Karl Marx ideas and concepts at the process of formation of the essential aspects of leftist visions of critical theory of social organization has been analyzed. The regularities of transformation of theoretical constructs of the liberal theory of freedom and practice of institutional and socio-cultural aspects of modern democracies under the influence of Marxism and its theoretical legacy of the second half of the twentieth century have been revealed. The essential features of neo-Marxist interpretation of the human freedom within the political discourse and within the institutions of the modern state have been analyzed, democracy is considered the best form of its organization at this stage of formation of the developed liberalism. Key words: democracy, Marxism, neo-Marxism, freedom, capitalism, man, actor, discourse. ; Розглянуто процес інституалізації альтернативного змісту свободи у дискурсі політичної теорії. Виявлено закономірності трансформації теоретичних конструктів ліберальної теорії свободи й практики інституційних та соціокультурних аспектів сучасних демократій під впливом марксизму та його теоретичного спадку другої половини ХХ сторіччя. Проаналізовано сутнісні особливості неомарксистського трактування свободи людини у рамках навколо політичного дискурсу та у межах інститутів сучасної держави, кращою формою організації якої на даному етапі становлення країн розвинутого лібералізму вважається демократія. Проаналізовано вплив ідей та концептів раннього К. Маркса на процес становлення сутнісних аспектів лівих візій критичної теорії соціальної організації. Ключові слова: демократія, марксизм, неомарксизм, свобода, капіталізм, людина, актор, дискурс.

In this paper, there is the review of some of the most important admissions in the field of creativity and innovation in the context of development of contemporary education. Although it is very complex field, there is the tendency to see it as a major driving force of economic and social progress. The creativity is seen, at the same time, as the process and the product, and also as individual and general capability. The different approaches are not exclusive. That is the reason why the contemporary education can be approached from different aspects. On the other hand, the legal and other acts that have planned the development of creativity and innovation in education and the status in the practice, are analyzed critically. There is, also, taken in examination, the relationship of educational plans toward creativity and innovation in the sense of balance between : a) different fields b) different levels of education c)respect for the certain rules and free will d)individual interests and potentials of students. All the previous aspects are illustrated by the earlier research. Even though, there are positive results, the contemporary curriculum allow little space for the activities that could stimulate creative potential. It is necessary to plan the more creative forms of teaching in defining the various forms of education. The education and stimulation of teachers to apply innovative ways of teaching and new technologies could improve the process of studding and the advancement of the quality of teaching.

Pope Francis's "ecological encyclical" is an event which&mdash;whether taken from a religious, ethical, social, or political point of view&mdash;is of planetary importance. Considering the enormous influence of the Catholic Church worldwide, it is a crucial contribution towards the development of a critical ecological consciousness. It was received with enthusiasm by the true defenders of the environment; however it aroused uneasiness and rejection among religious conservatives, representatives of capital, and ideologues of "market ecology." It is a document with a great richness and complexity, one that proposes a new interpretation of the Judeo-Christian tradition, a rupture with the "promethean dream of dominion over the world," and a profoundly radical reflection on the causes of the ecological crisis. Many aspects of liberation theology&hellip;can be seen as a source of inspiration here, particularly the inseparable.&hellip; In the following brief notes, I am interested in emphasizing the aspect of the encyclical that explains the resistance it has found in the economic and media establishment: its <em>anti-systemic </em>character.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-7" title="Vol. 67, No. 7: December 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

Abstract. Objective: New technologies and modern media play an important role in the daily life and communication of young people. The objective of the EU-funded project "Click for Support" is to develop a guideline for effective web-based interventions for young people in the field of selective drug prevention, with a special focus on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances. The target group is young drug consumers between 14 and 21 years. A second objective is to promote the application of new technologies like social networks by prevention professionals. Method: The project is divided in two main parts: The first phase includes research on web-based interventions and assessment workshops with the target group, and the second phase consists of actual guideline development, based on the previously gained results and knowledge. A Delphi study serves to determine recommendations and statements that were discussed ambiguously. Conclusion: Following completion of the first project phase we now have a large amount of information and knowledge concerning the current supply of web-based interventions in many European countries as well as important elements and aspects the offers should include – and most importantly, the preferences and needs of the target group. Based on this knowledge we plan to develop the guideline during the next project phase. We will use a Delphi study to discuss uncertain aspects together with a panel of experts in two rounds. The final guideline will be available in July 2015 and will be translated into ten different languages.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify aspects of leadership and evaluate their contribution to safeguarding vulnerable adults in healthcare organisations through conducting a critical review of literature. To identify or adapt a leadership framework to contribute to safeguarding vulnerable adults in healthcare organisations through analysis of the literature.


Design/methodology/approach
– The methodology was qualitative and inductive. It was based on constructivism and an interpretive theoretical perspective, beginning without hypothesis. Themes emerged during the process. A critical review of literature was undertaken to answer the research question. Literature was sourced from a variety of health and social care databases and grey literature. All inclusions underwent rigorous critical appraisal and a total of 18 papers were explored.


Findings
– The importance of clear leadership and direction was a common theme across the majority of sources. Aspects of leadership that can safeguard vulnerable adults in health care organisations include organisational culture, implementation of policies, procedures and frameworks, and reinforcing strong values and ethics around empowering individuals and delivering person-centred care. Through the meta-synthesis of findings, a model of leadership emerged.


Research limitations/implications
– The critical review utilised only one reviewer and the proposed leadership framework has not been empirically tested.


Practical implications
– The paper proposes a leadership framework that can be applied within healthcare organisations to safeguard vulnerable adults.


Originality/value
– This paper fulfils the need for evidence that supports the belief that strong leadership can safeguard vulnerable adults. It provides a comprehensive review of existing literature in this area.

Purpose– This paper aims to identify developmental issues associated with women entrepreneurship, with the Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as a base. Subsequently, the paper also aims to devise certain stratagems and new policies for ensuring women entrepreneurial growth.Design/methodology/approach– An overview of the issues surrounding women entrepreneurship development in Malaysia is provided, drawing on the extant literature. The issues comprise cultural barriers, lack of spousal support, gender inequality, lack of confidence, weak social and business networking, few laws to support working families and neglected women entrepreneurs in the cottage industry, as well as domestic help and home-based childcare.Findings– Based on the issues identified, strategies are proposed to address them, contextualising on the gender aspect of women entrepreneurship.Practical implications– A summary is provided on the research and practical gaps from the perspective of strengthening women entrepreneurship and with the aim of encouraging further research in this area. The paper posits that an understanding of the gender aspect on issues related to the development of women entrepreneurship in Malaysia is required if policy measures are to be constructive in assisting women entrepreneurs in achieving their full entrepreneurial potential.Originality/value– Very limited studies have been undertaken in the past to assess the issues faced by women entrepreneurs in the context of overall development of women entrepreneurship. This is of great value to an SME-dominated economy such as Malaysia where the paper provides a comprehensive summary of the strategies and policy measures required to strengthen women entrepreneurship development.

In XXI century a new faze has begun in Russian-lndonesian relations which are based on pragmatism and supremacy of nations interests of both sides. Cooperation in the political, military, trade, investment, social and cultural spheres is strengthening, cooperation on international and regional arenas is widening. In relations with Indonesia, as well as with other Southeast Asian states Russia's main purpose is stability based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and benefit according to the international law. Indonesia's foreign policy maintains its free and active character. Russian-lndonesian relations in the 21 century are marked with intensive political dialogue. Political ties are developing steadily. Mutual presidential visits has become regular. Close cooperation has been established between state institutions on various levels. The most successful cooperation is developing in scientific, technological and military spheres. Thie cooperation is especially important for Indonesia in order to diminish its dependence on the West in these aspects. Relations in trade and economic spheres are not very intensive, but are stable and have a positive dynamics. Indonesia was always a good trade partner for Russia. Direct business con tacts are now developing between the two countries and this fact in very significant for the future economic cooperation. Nowadays Russian regions have begun to establish direct ties with Indonesian regions. Humanitarian sphere constitute an important aspect of Russian-lndonesian relations. Cooperation in education is going on successfully. A new phenomenon represents friendly contacts between religious leaders of both countries. In general mutually beneficial and fruitful cooperation between Russia and Indonesia is steadily progressing and opening brilliant perspectives.

Thirty years of civil war in Sri Lanka has affected economic, political, social, cultural and psychological aspects of the society significantly. This paper presents an overview of postwar development strategies in Sri Lanka and compares it with the prewar economy from a political economic perspective. The paper specifically examines the progress of the overall postwar development in the war affected Northern Province of Sri Lanka. Using mixed methodologies data was gathered on critical aspects related to political economy. According to the current study, no clear progress has been made in the areas of economic growth, FDI growth, household income, and poverty and income inequality in the postwar economy of Sri Lanka when compared with the prewar economy. Government fiscal policy targets the postwar reconstruction works while monetary policy enjoys the amalgamation of North and East provinces to countrys aggregate supply apart from introducing very few loan schemes. Security phobia of the government of Sri Lanka limits local, national, regional and international none-government organizations especially in the North and East. There is a considerable amount of progress made in the area of infrastructure development and resettlement of displaced persons. However, primary data from the study indicates these strategies lack conflict sensitivity and public trust. This study emphasizes that postwar economic development strategies should address the critical determinants of sustainable recovery, peace and development aiming at protecting human rights, ensuring rule of law, establishing efficient public service system and finally offering constitutional reforms in Sri Lanka.

PurposeGiven the increased awareness about the social issues in organisations and the need for more research, particularly in the area of employee voluntary activities, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the motivations that lead employees to agree to participate in the corporate volunteering activities promoted by their companies, as well as to assess their level of satisfaction and happiness with the activity of volunteering.Design/methodology/approachThis research had the collaboration of a company to develop the case study about its volunteering programme and for the collection of data through an electronic questionnaire.FindingsThe results indicate a similar hierarchical organisation of the motivations when compared with some previous studies. The volunteers' experience is satisfactory in all aspects, and is positively related to feelings of happiness. However, the results evidence a weak/moderate relation between volunteers' motivations and happiness/satisfaction.Practical implicationsMore efforts are needed to improve the volunteers' training and formation, which was pointed as the less satisfactory aspect (similarly to other studies). Thus, it is necessary to question the methods usually used in the training provided, which may involve the restructuring of the training plan to adapt it to the employees' needs and to guarantee the quality of the work.Originality/valueA great part of the existent research is focused on the motivations of "conventional" volunteers which collaborate occasionally with non‐profit organisations. Thus, present study will expand the research in the area of corporate volunteering, contributing to better understand what really motivates, satisfies and makes volunteers happy with this activity.

The latter half of the 20th century in Central and Eastern Europe was the time of the birth of dissident thought searching for social and political formulas capable of facing up to the doctrine as well as the binding forms of Leninist-Stalinist versions of Marxism in their totalitarian and post-totalitarian shapes. Possible conditions for these formulas, as well as their more or less crystallised propositions were worked out by thinkers and activists of the democratic opposition in the Eastern Block countries; by the people striving to rebuild the subjectivity of the individual and the society, as well as the areas of autonomous activity which are due to them, and which constitute the basic attributes of the civil life – the prerogatives consistently destroyed by the totalitarian and post-totalitarian system. In the present sketch, not intending to take up an analysis of the philosophical aspects of all the trends of the Central-European dissident thought of the 1970s, which differently formulated both the issue of the subjectivity of the individual and society as well as the issues of the space of civil involvement in the sphere of public life , we intend to make the subject of this sketch an attempt at capturing, in a comparative manner, some of the aspects of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's thought, which seem to have made an inspirational contribution to the development of the European dissident thought of the latter half of the 20th century within the above-delineated scope of our research.

При классификации видов общественной информации нужно исходить, прежде всего, из положения о том, что эта информация является аспектом социального отражения. Само по себе исходной философской категорией является установление биполярного характера общественной информации, оказывающей существенное влияние на определение рассматриваемого понятия. Все компоненты человеческой деятельности имеют информационный аспект и свою информацию, поскольку общественная информация рассматривается в самом широком ракурсе. При рассмотрении специально коммуникативных процессов, которые по традиции считаются информационными, обнаруживаются те же самые компоненты, и, следовательно, могут быть тем основанием, по которому имеет смысл выделить различные виды (формы) информации. Такие виды общественной информации, как политическая, эстетическая, этическая, начали уже обстоятельно исследоваться. Остановимся кратко на некоторых чертах основных видов информации, классифицируемых по формам общественного сознания. ; At classification of types of public information it is necessary to proceed, first of all, from situation that this information is aspect of social reflection. In itself initial philosophical category is establishment of bipolar character of the public information having essential impact on definition of considered concept. All components of human activity have information aspect and the information as public information is considered in the widest foreshortening. By consideration of specially communicative processes which by tradition are considered information, the same components are found, and, therefore, can be that basis on which it makes sense to allocate different types (forms) of information. Such types of public information as political, esthetic, ethical, started being investigated already in details. Let's stop briefly on some lines of main types of information classified by forms of public consciousness.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 4(7), 2013 ; It is self-evident that the game changer of our modern world – the "internet" has endowed the twenty first century man with enormous potentials and possibilities. Ranging from enhanced capabilities in business (e-business), governance (e-governance), politics, social interaction and information exchange. The internet has indeed shrinked the global distance that once posed a great barrier and limited man's endeavours in the preceding centuries. Amidst the great advantages derivable from the use of internet for various purposes lie inherent security threats. To a large extent, these security hindrances have been addressed in advanced nations of the world, as a result, internet phenomenon has pervaded all aspects of the advanced nations economy. This is evident in different electronic platforms that are available for the delivery of various products and services. On the contrary, the application of internet in various aspects of commerce has been hampered by the challenges of security limitations due to identity issues in the developing/emerging economies. Due to these security threats, business owners and the general public in less-developed world demonstrate great sense of apathy in the use of available electronic options for the purpose of commerce. Against the backdrop of the above, and the poor infrastructure basis of the developing nations, this research paper analyses and proposes the implementation of multimodal biometric technology frameworks with novel server architecture to tackle the security threats inherent with e-commerce in the developing world. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume4No7/Paper_27-Multimodal_Biometric_Technology_System_Framework_and_E-Commerce_in_Emerging_Markets.pdf