Suchergebnisse

As the arrangement of the species is fundamentally important to guarantee the effectiveness of agroforestry systems, it is important to test different combinations of species with varying levels of economic potential. The study was based on the analysis of the initial development of an agroforestry system formed by native tree species and other plants of economic interest, intercropped with green manure species under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Nova Xavantina in Mato Grosso, central Brazil. The study was conducted in an experimental plot on the Nova Xavantina campus of Mato Grosso State University. The plot was arranged in randomized blocks, in a simple agroforestry system of the alley type, with the plants arranged in rows, in a 4x2 factorial design (four fruit species x two legumes). The fruiting species included five trees – Bixa orellana, Spondias lutea, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich, Pouteria ramiflora, and Theobroma grandiflorum, and the banana, Musa sp. (the "BRS Princesa" cultivar). Two combinations of legume species were tested – (i) Cajanus cajan and Vigna unguiculata,and (ii) Mucuna aterrima and Canavalia ensiformis. Tree growth was assessed based on four phytometric parameters – plant height, stem diameter, the number of leaves, and percentage survival, while for Musa, the parameters were height and pseudostem circumference, and the number of active leaves and shoots. Bixa orellana and S. lutea were the species best adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions found in the experimental plot, with all (100%) of the Bixa plants surviving throughout the study, and a survival rate of over 70% in S. lutea.

1. En route in the cultural society : an introductory dialogue / Lisbeth Lindeborg and Lars Lindkvi -- 2. Nordic culture : an asset with many facets / Peter Aronsson -- 3. Turning the tide with 'Woman on a cart' : the amazing case of Holstebro / Lisbeth Lindeborg -- 4. The role of culture festivals in regional development : the Festival of Tordenskiold in Frederikshavn / Anne Lorentzen -- 5. Culture as a generator of regional development and economic growth : Skagen and Horsens / Lise Lyck -- 6. The Roskilde Festival and its importance for regional industrial and cultural development / Jon Sundbo -- 7. Translating global ideas into local practices : Creative Tampere Programme / Niina Koivunen -- 8. Great expectations : Turku as the European Capital of Culture 2011 / Alf Rehn. [et al.] -- 9. The essential power of culture : museums and the Archipelago Trail in the Southwest Finland Archipelago / Katrina Siivonen -- 10. Creativity and post-original : Maritime Centre Vellamo and Kotka-Hamina Region / Saara L. Taalas -- 11. How to develop a region through culture and creativity : the foundation Cultiva in Kristiansand / Trine Bille -- 12. Site-specific strength : the regional power of historical plays and place sponsoring / Anne-Britt Gran -- 13. In culture we trust : beliefs in culture as an instrument for development in the Stavanger region / Hilmar Rommetvedt -- 14. Culture and value creation : an economic analysis of Vara Concert Hall and the Nordic Watercolour Museum / John Armbrecht and Tommy D. Andersson -- 15. Brilliant combinations of art and nature : learning points from the world of opera and classical music / Per Frankelius -- 16. An innovation lost : the Ice Dome Concert Hall Project in Pitea / Hans Gelter and Jennie Gelter -- 17. 'Finding the spiritus loci' : cultural planning in the Kronoberg Region / Lars Lindkvist. [et al.] -- 18. Cultural entrepreneurship and creative points of intersection : the Island of Furillen / Lars Lindkvist -- 19. Fragile creativity : lessons from the rise and fall, and rise again, of Sweden's biggest rock festival / Tobias Nielsen -- 20. 'Where the roads begin' : a northern renaissance around the Barents Sea : the Barents Euro-Arctic Region / Lisbeth Lindeborg -- 21. The role of arts and culture in regional cooperation : mid-Scandinavian regions Jamtland and Trondelag / Stig Westerdahl and Wilhelm Skoglund.

The 1970s looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, Thomas Borstelmann creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. He demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more--and less--equal. Borstelmann explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, The 1970s shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today. Some images inside the book are unavailable due to digital copyright restrictions.

Current agricultural negotiations in the World Trade Organization are grappling on how to fully integrate agriculture within the general rules for trade in goods. The notion of multifunctionality of agriculture has been suggested as a reason to justify special treatment for that sector, including the continuation of its protection and subsidization. Many developing countries are still analyzing whether the idea has something to offer them in terms of their negotiating positions and policy framework. While multifunctionality has been invoked for supporting agriculture in developed countries, a similar idea, although not called so at the time, was clearly behind support for industry in developing countries. Again in this case, the policy implication was that government intervention was required (through trade protection, subsidies, and other special policies) to develop an industrial base that contributed to society more than what market valuations alone would suggest. The debate on industrialization in developing countries was part of a broader discussion regarding nation-building, economic development, and social modernization. The current arguments around multifunctionality are similarly embedded in a larger economic, political and social matrix. This paper, although it does not present a full account of either debate, discusses some of the intriguing parallelisms in their theoretical frameworks, policy implications and economic and social impacts. The main objective is to clarify current policy issues for the agricultural sector in developing countries, highlighting possible consequences for the negotiating position of developing countries in the WTO process. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Markets and Trade ; TMD

The financial integration of Europe is both welcomed as an economic driving force and watched with concern as a catalyst of potential instability. This book highlights the achievements and challenges of the process of the financial integration of Europe, exploring a spectrum of underlying issues

AbstractObjectiveThis study elucidates relations among playtime, bedtime, and cortisol levels for children facing economic hardship.BackgroundPoverty‐related stressors overburden physiological systems that respond to stress, with implications for child health and development. The family microsystem can offer protection, yet no prior published studies have explored whether time allocated to various home activities might relate to stress levels.MethodThe study included 130 children aged 3 to 5 years who attended a Head Start preschool, and their primary caregivers. Trained research assistants completed daily telephone interviews with the caregivers across 10 days near the start of the preschool year to assess activities at home and, at a midyear time point, collected child saliva samples upon preschool arrival on 2 weekdays to assess morning levels of the stress hormone cortisol.ResultsZero‐order correlational and linear regression analyses indicated that a greater proportion of playtime and earlier bedtime relative to waketime (i.e., more sleep time) related to lower morning cortisol levels.ConclusionGreater playtime and sleep time may mitigate the tax of poverty on physiological stress response systems.ImplicationsImplications concern family strengths that might be built upon to promote the well‐being of children facing economic hardship.

В статье рассматриваются основные направления формирования совета по устойчивому развитию экономики города. С учетом опыта функционирования аналогичных советов в городах Европы и США приводятся рекомендации по улучшению результативности деятельности аналогичного совета в Москве. ; The article reviews the main directions of forming Council for Sustainable Development of Urban Economics. Taking into account the experiences of similar councils in the cities of Europe and the United States with recommendations to improve the effectiveness of a similar council in Moscow.

The meaning of "domestic resource mobilization" has become
centred on two major statistics: the share of saving and the share of
tax revenue in G.N.P. This rather specific and narrow view of "resource
mobilization" has led to a variety of results, most of them unhealthy
from the point of view of designing meaningful economic policy to
promote economic development. Development is identified with capital
formation; capital formation is attributed to saving; and, with the
government undertaking an increasing share of the leadership in
promoting development, saving has become identified with government
saving, which is, in turn, identified with increased taxation. In
Pakistan, the identification of the tax and saving problems has been
going on for some time, with emphasis on the fact that Pakistan has
relatively low ratios both of gross domestic saving and of central and
provincial taxes to gross national product. While the figures are open
to some question, the average gross saving ratio in recent years has
been between six and nine per cent1, and the combined share of central
and provincial taxes in G.N.P. has been six to eight per cent2. Both of
these ratios are low when compared with other developing countries, and
the "effort" to raise these two ratios has become a measure of the
country's desire to "help itself toward economic development.

The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of bilateral and regional cooperation in all parts of the world. The EU and South Korea have both been involved in this trend. In 2010, they launched a strategic partnership in order to strengthen their trade, economic and political ties. This partnership is underpinned by a number of important legal instruments, including the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement and the EU-Korea Framework Agreement. This book analyses the development of EU-Korea relations and the role that these treaties play in the development of the strategic partnership. The book c

At the start of the new millennium, malnutrition in Senegal was of great concern. Among children under five years of age almost one-third (30 percent) were stunted (low height for age), 10 percent were wasted (low weight for height), and 20 percent were underweight (weight for age), each of these levels categorized as high severity by the World Health Organization (WHO). Rates vary greatly, with the poor and rural, and residents of the north, south and central zones, suffering disproportionately. Malnutrition contributes to child and maternal mortality and morbidity, undermines children's prospects of reaching their physical and intellectual potential, and undercuts income-earning potential for households and overall productivity and economic development. Its two principal causes are inadequate food intake and illness. In 2001, the government of Senegal issued a new nutrition policy, supporting a 10-year goal to improve nutrition through a community-based, multisectoral approach. The policy was translated into the 10-year Nutrition Enhancement Program (NEP), financed by the government of Senegal, the World Bank, and eventually others. This report assesses the performance of three projects: (1) the NEP, (2) the Nutrition enhancement project in support of the second phase of the NEP, and (3) the Rapid response child-focused social cash transfer and nutrition security project