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In this work, in accordance with international and European legal standards, the regulatory development and issues of institute of forms of work organisation in Lithuania are analysed. The basic form of work organisation is a non-term employment contract. From other forms of employment it is distinguished by the following characteristics: the relations between parties are bilateral (employee and employer), constant, based on remuneration, subordination and are performed in the premises of employer. These abovementioned relations can be called as typical and conventional. It should be noted that they reflect the best interests of both parties. However, due to the changes of labor market in the 21st century, standard rules, created in the first half of the 20th century, are dysfunctional and must be adapted to the modern labor relations. The development of flexible employment policy of the European Union, the economic globalization and related changes of employment, the need to promote employment, to integrate women, young and elderly people into the labor market and various other socio-economic factors inspire the emergence and implementation of flexible forms of organisation of work in the Lithuanian labor law. Next to a common employment contract more flexible forms of employment are distinguished in Labour Code of Republic of Lithuania. These forms are analysed in this work as well: a part-time work, fixed-term contracts, teleworking, etc. Legal regulation of the employment through temporary employment agencies and such work relations is also the intention. Due to the practical need for more flexible forms of employment, the aim of this thesis is to find our whether international standards and European Union regulations, governing major non-standard forms of work organisation, are properly implemented. The work is comprised of three parts that consistently owerview the main aspects of forms of employment: the concept of forms of work organization, the main legal form of employment is identified, the evolution of forms of legal regulation is summarized and factors that influence the emergence of new forms of forms of employment. The paper mostly focuses on the analysis of legal framework of flexible forms of organisation of work, the peculiarity and the problems. The need of obvious and accurate regulation of forms of employement organisation is presented. The analysis and conclusions submitted should be useful for further examination of theoretical and practical issues of forms of work organization, the regulatory challenges in pursuit for the harmonization of national legislation with the international and European law, as well as for the development and improvement of national legislation.

In this work, in accordance with international and European legal standards, the regulatory development and issues of institute of forms of work organisation in Lithuania are analysed. The basic form of work organisation is a non-term employment contract. From other forms of employment it is distinguished by the following characteristics: the relations between parties are bilateral (employee and employer), constant, based on remuneration, subordination and are performed in the premises of employer. These abovementioned relations can be called as typical and conventional. It should be noted that they reflect the best interests of both parties. However, due to the changes of labor market in the 21st century, standard rules, created in the first half of the 20th century, are dysfunctional and must be adapted to the modern labor relations. The development of flexible employment policy of the European Union, the economic globalization and related changes of employment, the need to promote employment, to integrate women, young and elderly people into the labor market and various other socio-economic factors inspire the emergence and implementation of flexible forms of organisation of work in the Lithuanian labor law. Next to a common employment contract more flexible forms of employment are distinguished in Labour Code of Republic of Lithuania. These forms are analysed in this work as well: a part-time work, fixed-term contracts, teleworking, etc. Legal regulation of the employment through temporary employment agencies and such work relations is also the intention. Due to the practical need for more flexible forms of employment, the aim of this thesis is to find our whether international standards and European Union regulations, governing major non-standard forms of work organisation, are properly implemented. The work is comprised of three parts that consistently owerview the main aspects of forms of employment: the concept of forms of work organization, the main legal form of employment is identified, the evolution of forms of legal regulation is summarized and factors that influence the emergence of new forms of forms of employment. The paper mostly focuses on the analysis of legal framework of flexible forms of organisation of work, the peculiarity and the problems. The need of obvious and accurate regulation of forms of employement organisation is presented. The analysis and conclusions submitted should be useful for further examination of theoretical and practical issues of forms of work organization, the regulatory challenges in pursuit for the harmonization of national legislation with the international and European law, as well as for the development and improvement of national legislation.

Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that differ significantly from traditional employment. Some of these forms of employment transform the relationship between employer and employee while others change work organisation and work patterns. They often involve locations other than the usual employer's premises, and or extensive use of information and communications technology. This report identifies nine forms of employment that are either new or have become increasingly important in Europe since the year 2000. All of the nine forms discussed are aimed at increasing flexibility for employers and/or employees. Some may benefit employers and employees equally, but in a few cases there are concerns regarding their impact on working conditions and the labour market. The report highlights the need for awareness of potential problems and of safety nets for workers.

Design has been in a period of change for the last decade but design education and more specifically design educators haven't kept up with these transformations. As a result design students continue to learn outdated methods and techniques. A designer needs to understand processes methods and mediums of design. At all of these levels the process is the same while methods may change slightly and the medium differs dramatically. Without expertise in mediums a designer is only able to facilitate what others do ; they become a means or a manager a step in communication repeating existing content without adding value. This makes such an individual easily replaceable. Design education usually places an emphasis on medium usually at the expense of methods and processes. Students learn a process but they quite often learn without comprehending. They are unable to negotiate the steps necessary to adjust to the realities of the environment and in the end that reality may be troubling for such an idealistic student. Without understanding the design process design students have no way of understanding a design problem or how to add constraints in order to better shape the problem into something that is manageable. We need to find a way to educate future designers providing them with a firmer grasp of design processes and a variety of methods - in other words comprehensive expertise of a medium. This implies a longer course of study than a simple undergraduate degree and a few years of graduate work ; most professionals receive this training more by actually doing design work and skipping formal design education. While some of the inability to keep up with changes is due to the difficulty of revising the curriculum the largest issue appears to in terms of subject matter methods theory and the reluctance of educators to give up what they learned and have been teaching for decades so that they can make room for new material. Design students of the future must learn design during their formative years studying both the abstract and tactical. This approach challenges the traditional system in which educators who have repeated the same tired exercises for years may find themselves teaching something that it is without an audience and as a result they may well find themselves without a role to play. But the new approach will create a cadre of competent designers for industry government and the non-profit sector where design thinking and detailed knowledgeable design is fundamental to address the complex and dynamic qualities of our world. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Ayse Cakir Ilhan

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to consider whether syllabuses of tourism related courses reflect the newest trends in scientific research, and respond to challenges posed by economic practice. Method. An attempt is made to specify research drivers evident in scientific studies, and to classify the most important issues from the perspective of economic practice. By analysing the content of internet sites, the teaching programmes and syllabuses of tourism courses offered at 11 of the largest and best Polish universities were studied. Findings. It was found that the best harmonization of didactic programmes with the thinking of leading scientific research is evident at universities offering Tourism Economy degree courses. The course syllabuses of the investigated universities best reflect the issues of communication forms with the client, the application of information technologies in business (relations with clients and B2B), and also macroeconomic issues, such as satellite accounts, the multiplier and the impact of tourism on GDP (GNP). We note, however, that many trends observable in scientific research and the many needs of business practice are not sufficiently reflected in tourism syllabuses offered by the leading universities in Poland. Research and conclusion limitations. The investigated universities represent diverse teaching profiles (geography, economics or physical education). This reflects the long-lasting traditions or specificity of individual higher education institutions. For this reason, it is understandable that individual universities make references to particular basic sciences in their teaching programmes, which results in different syllabus contents of degree programmes with identical names. We realize that gradation of the most important themes in scientific research and the most interesting issues from the perspective of economic practice cannot be fully objective. Therefore, we attempted to present the most convincing arguments to support our conclusions (examples of specific research studies, market observation and opinions of business representatives). Practical implications. The paper identifies important interest areas of tourism economic practice. These interests focus on innovation, entrepreneurship, tourism destination management and new forms of communication with the client. We show how these areas of interest are reflected in tourism teaching programmes offered by leading Polish universities. Originality. Despite intense competition among higher education institutions offering tourism related courses, so far there have been no attempts to evaluate teaching programmes from the perspective of synchronization with new trends in scientific research and the needs of economic practice. Type of paper. Illustrative review paper.

AbstractUnacceptable forms of work (UFW) have been identified as an "area of critical importance" for the ILO as it approaches its centenary. Yet there is currently no comprehensive elaboration of the dimensions, causes or manifestations of UFW. This article reports on a research project that has proposed such a framework. The article first investigates and reconceptualizes key discourses on contemporary work to identify their contribution to an analytically rigorous conception of UFW. It then outlines a novel Multidimensional Model that has been designed for use by local policy actors in identifying and targeting UFW in countries across a range of income levels.

The colonial system is a system of social relations based on the political and economic domination of backward peoples by imperialist powers, in a world divided territorially and economically. The colonial régime is a monopoly exercised by the bourgeoisie of an imperialist country, based on economic and extra-economic pressure in a dependent country. This imperialist monopoly has two basic functions: on the one hand, it exploits the colonies; on the other hand, it maintains and develops the political enslavement necessary for its own existence.

Digitalisation, automation and technological change have brought about shifts in the occupational structure, the place and the timing of work, and career patterns, putting a further strain on the standard employment relationship. In the recent research on digitalisation, scant attention has however been paid to the gender impact of these changes. This article addresses this gap by developing a gender perspective on digitalisation, considering how these developments interact with existing social inequalities and gender segregation patterns in the labour market. We identify two broad areas in which digitalisation has thus far had a pronounced effect on employment: the structure of employment (including occupational change and the task content of jobs) and forms of work (including employment relationships and work organisation). We find that, despite the profound changes in the labour market, traditional gender inequalities continue to reassert themselves on many dimensions. With standard employment declining in significance, the policy challenge is to include new forms of work in effective labour protection frameworks that promote equal access of women and men to quality jobs and their equal treatment at work.