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Last century was significant for the public international law, which has developed rapidly, bringing some improvements regarding protecting human right despite the fact, it faces huge challenges regarding its effectivity. Through descriptive, normative and critical methods of research the article attempts to show, that there is a need for paradigm change in order to make public international law more effective. But what should be a new paradigm? What can increase the effectivity of the public international law? To answer these questions, the detailed inspection of the term of effectivity, as well as creation and the enforcement processes of the public international law norms is needed. Research shows common consent of states, legitimate constitutive act, authority as well as appropriate enforcement are pillars, based on which the public international law can uphold its effect. However, it will take some time.

Published also in French. ; Title taken from portfolio. ; In portfolio. ; At head of title: Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. X. Congress--Milan, 1905. ; 1. Rapid increase in the dimensions of steamers and sailing vessels. Draught of water of these. Effect of the increase on the harbours, canals and approaches. 4 v.--2. The use of liquid fuel for purposes of navigation. 2 v.--3. The transport of cargo by "ferryboats". 4 v.--4. Report of the most recent works carried out in the principal seaports. 13 v.--5. Responsibility of ship owners in regard to private parties or public administrations. 3 v.--6. Coast signals, lightships, wireless telegraphy. 5 v.--7. Measures adopted by the different governments for the protection of ocean navigation. Bounties, reduced railway tariffs for merchandise intended to be transported by sea. 5 v. ; Mode of access: Internet.

We revisit and empirically evaluate crucial yet under-examined arguments articulated in "God Gave Physics the Easy Problems" (2000), the authors of which emphasized that, in International Relations (IR) predictions, predominant nomothetic approaches should be supplemented with concrete scenario thinking. We test whether the IR predictive toolkit is in fact dominated by nomothetic generalizations and, more broadly, map the methodological profile of this subfield. We build on the TRIP database, supplementing it with extensive original coding to operationalize the nuances of predictive research. In particular, we differentiate between nomoscopic predictions (predictive generalizations) and idioscopic predictions (predictions for concrete situations), showing that this distinction is not reducible to other methodological cleavages. We find that even though in contemporary IR an increasing number of articles seek to provide predictions, they consistently avoid predictions about concrete situations. The proportion of idioscopic predictions is stably small, with an even smaller proportion of predictions that develop concrete narratives or specify any determinate time period. Furthermore, those idioscopic studies are mostly limited to a niche with specialized themes and aims. Thus, our research shows that the critical claims from 20 years ago are still relevant for contemporary IR, as the "difficult problem" of developing predictive scenarios is still consistently overlooked in favor of other objectives. Ultimately, the types of predictions that IR scholars develop depend on their specific aims and constraints, but the discipline-wide result is a situation in which international studies' ambition to provide predictions grows, but they tend to reproduce the same limitations as they did in 2000.

For the first time, this new collection brings together country specialists, researchers on the European Union, and leading international relations scholars to tackle a crucial question: how compatible are today's new patterns of 'policy networks' and 'multi-level' governance with democratic standards? This important question is attracting attention both in political science and in political practices. In political science, the question is mainly dealt with in separated sub-disciplines, which focus on different levels of politics. So far, no serious exchange has actually taken.