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"A systematic reassessment, by two leading figures in the field, of the paradigm of international development in both theory and practice. It offers an overview and critique of development theory and strategy, and a new framework for the analysis of global inequality, poverty and development in an era of globalization"--

AbstractThis paper brings the notion of translation into dialogue with the growing literature on international hierarchies and the historical origins of the modern international order. Leveraging on the writings of Karl Marx, I draw parallels between the exchange of commodities and the translation of linguistic signs in order to unmask the inequalities and asymmetries that pervade the practice of translation. I then deploy these theoretical insights to illuminate the global constitution of the modern international order. In this Marx-inspired reading, the modern international order is cast as the 'universal equivalent' that has crystallized out of the asymmetries and contradictions that pervaded the global political economy of conceptual exchange in the long 19thcentury. As universal equivalent, the modern international order effectively functions as the socially recognized 'metalanguage' that undergirds the miracle of global translatability and makes international/interlingual relations possible on a global scale. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the analysis for the future of international/interlingual hierarchies and world order.

The author discusses the applicability of international law concerning armed conflicts & especially the provisions about war crimes & crimes against humanity in the war in Croatia. After presenting the relevant information about the origin & the course of the war in Croatia, he argues that all rules prohibiting international crimes (war crimes & crimes against humanity) are applicable irrespective of the status of armed conflicts in Croatia. Every international crime remains a crime irrespective of the date & place of its commission. Therefore, it must be expected that both authorities of Serbia & Montenegro & the commanders of the Federal Army must be held responsible & prosecuted for the crimes committed by the regular Army forces as well as by irregular Serbian paramilitaries which they supplied with food, arms & ammunition. Adapted from the source document.

The General Agreement on Trade in Service calls for members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to further liberalize and expand opportunities for international trade in services. With legal services included in this mandate, requests for specific commitments and offers have been made by WTO Member States. While services as components of international trade is new to many of the WTO Member States, free movement of services has been addressed by the European Union (EU) since the inception of the European Economic Community. Thus EU directives, declarations, codes and case law serve as valuable resources to WTO Member States as they seek to liberalize the provision of legal services. Within the EU, lawyers from EU Member States can work temporarily or permanently in another EU Member State by complying with the provisions of the Lawyers' Services Directive or the Lawyers' Establishment Directive. The EU, however, proposes handling cross-border practice with lawyers from non-EU Member states who are WTO members through Foreign Legal Consultant recognition, something considerably more restrictive than what is accorded lawyers from EU Member States. In that the EU is looked to as a leader in facilitating the provision of legal services, it seems the EU is missing an opportunity to shape the globabilization of the legal profession by further expanding liberalization opportunities for international trade in legal services.

402International organizations — Immunity from jurisdiction — International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ("IBRD") — IBRD Articles of Association — Agreement between Austria, IBRD, International Finance Corporation and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Regarding the Establishment of Liaison Offices in Vienna, 2011 — Relevance of dispute settlement provisions in treaties for questions of immunity of international organizations — Implicit waiver — Obligation to pay court fees in civil proceedings — Treaty interpretation — Treaty authenticated in several languages — Whether Article VII Section 9 of IBRD Articles of Agreement and Article 10(3) of Establishment Agreement providing for an exemption to pay court fees — Whether Austrian authorities having jurisdiction over matterTreaties — Interpretation — Agreement between Austria, IBRD, International Finance Corporation and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Regarding the Establishment of Liaison Offices in Vienna, 2011 ("Establishment Agreement") — Dispute settlement provisions — Relevance for questions of immunity of international organizations — Treaty authenticated in several languages — Meaning of terms — Whether Article VII Section 9 of IBRD Articles of Agreement and Article 10(3) of Establishment Agreement providing for an exemption to pay court fees — The law of Austria