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AbstractDespite the traditional independence in academia between the science and social science traditions, science is, essentially, a social pursuit, intertwined with social conditions, structures, and processes. If science can be pictured as a form of human cultural activity, practiced by people called 'scientists,' then it should be regarded in sociological terms. Given the rapid growth of science in Asia, more sociological studies are thus needed there to unravel the interplay between science and society, and how scientists do science. The present study reports the findings of in-depth open-ended interviews with scientists in various universities and research institutes in Singapore. The overall research question was: How do scientists in Singapore do their work in a social world? The underlying questions were designed to explore the social complexity of scientists' work. The findings showed that the workings of science were drawn together, and directed by, non-science elements. They included the market, which controls research agendas and fashions; economics, which determines the availability of funding and encourages collaboration; bureaucratic administration, which provides the resources available to do science; and fashions, which persuade researchers to pursue topics considered acceptable by their peers. The associations between science and non-science are also not harmonious. Various tensions were reported in the interviews. What can be done to remedy the colliding worlds of science and non-science? The answer lies in more sociological studies. The sociological study of science is a relatively new item on the academic agenda, and there is a paucity of research in the Asian context. This study identifies several avenues for further enquiry, and serves as a primer for further research.

The Straits of Malacca are of strategic importance for world trade and regional development. They are vulnerable to social, political and natural disasters, but also bear great opportunities for economic and social development. Most of European trade with China and Japan is shipped through the Straits of Malacca. Most of the energy requirements of Japan depend on oil shipments from the golf states through the Straits of Malacca. The Straits have for centuries connected the Indian subcontinent with East and Southeast Asia as well as Europe with China as an alternative to the Northern 'Silk Road'. The states bordering the Straits, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore form the core of the ASEAN region, one of the growth poles of the developing world. The areas bordering the Straits are themselves rich in natural resources from fisheries, to mangrove swamps and rain forests, from tin mining to gas and oil fields, but also beset by problems of tidal destruction (Tsunami), pollution through shipping and industries. The Straits are beset by problems of poverty, cross straits illegal migration and depletion of its natural resources. The very political stability of the Straits region is at stake through the civil war in Northern Sumatra (Aceh), unrest in Riau and South Thailand as well as widespread piracy. The growth potential is enormous and is partly realized in the SIJORI growth triangle of Singapore, Johore (Malaysia) and Riau (Indonesia); in the industrial growth of the Western part of Malaysia bordering the Straits; the industrial area around Penang (Malaysia) and the international tourism development on the islands of Langkawi (Malaysia) and Phuket (Thailand).

Studies the marketing system of the Manila International Container
Terminal (MICT) in the Philippines. The data collection methods
comprised overseas trips to carry out unstructured field observation and
interviews, a nine‐item structured questionnaire, and unobtrusive
measures from Government statistical publications in four different
countries. In the data‐analysis process, the questionnaire data were
used to rank the importance of services required by major shipping lines
in order to formulate the appropriate marketing strategy. The Government
statistics data were used to test a hypothesis that Manila is more
cost‐effective as a transshipment centre compared with three other major
Asian ports. Testing of the hypothesis was based on the theory of
General Equilibrium. A response rate of 60 per cent was obtained from
the 30 mailed questionnaires. Finds that the most important services
required by the major shipping lines were: (1) berth availability, (2)
efficient operation, (3) cost. On the transshipment economics analysis,
the alternative hypothesis: It is more cost‐effective to use Manila as a
transshipment centre compared with Hong Kong, Kaohsiung and Singapore,
was found to be sustained. Notes, however, that, although Manila is
found to be the most cost‐effective on the whole system, Singapore is
the cheapest, when considering stevedoring cost only, while Hong Kong is
the cheapest when considering port charges and vessel‐steaming cost. On
the whole, the existing marketing strategy of MICT, as observed during
the various trips, was found to be sound and well‐justified.
Nevertheless, makes recommendations, based on the findings in this
study, aimed at increasing berth availability, ensuring efficient
operation and being cost‐competitive and effective.

In the debate about smart cities, an alternative to a dominant top-down, tech-driven solutionist approach has arisen in examples of 'civic hacking'. Hacking here refers to the playful, exploratory, collaborative and sometimes transgressive modes of operation found in various hacker cultures, this time constructively applied in the context of civics. It suggests a novel logic to organise urban society through social and digital media platforms, moving away from centralised urban planning towards a more inclusive process of city-making, creating new types of public spaces. This book takes this urban imaginary of a hackable city seriously, using hacking as a lens to explore examples of collaborative city-making enabled by digital media technologies. Five different perspectives are discussed. Hacking can be understood as (1) an ethos, a particular articulation of citizenship in the network era; (2) as a set of iterative and collaborative city-making practices, bringing out new roles and relations between citizens, (design) professionals and institutional actors; (3) a set of affordances of institutional structures that allow or discourage their appropriation; (4) a critical lens to bring in notions of democratic governance, power struggles and conflict of interests into the debate on collaborative city-making; and (5) a point of departure for action research. After a discussion of these themes, the various chapters in the book are briefly introduced. Taken together they contribute to a wider debate about practices of technology-enabled collaborative city-making, and the question how city hacking may mature from the tactical level of smart and often playful interventions to a strategic level of enduring impact.

The fiscal deficit in developing countries is a major problem that has prompted government efforts to increase tax revenues. There is a positive relationship between tax and PDB. With tax buoyancy, the total response of tax revenue to changes in PDB can be measured by policy changes in the tax or administrative system. This study aims to identify analysis of tax buoyancy in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) in 2002-2016. The analysis method in this study uses panel data regression analysis. Panel data regression analysis with the Commond Effect Model method is used to analyze the influence of the share of manufacturing sector, share of agricultural sector, share of import sector, share of service sector, budget deficit, corruption, and tax reform to tax buoyancy in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand in 2002-2016. The data used in this research is secondary data. The panel data regression results show that share of manufacturing sector, share of import sector, share of service sector, budget defici, corruption, and tax reform have a significant effect to tax buoyancy. The share of manufacturing sector with a coefficient of 1.30 as dominant factor affecting tax buoyancy. While for the share of agricultural sector has a coefficient -0.60 and insignificant effect on tax buoyancy in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) in 2002-2016. Defisit fiskal di negara-negara berkembang adalah masalah besar yang mendorong upaya pemerintah untuk meningkatkan pendapatan pajak. Ada hubungan positif antara pajak dan PDB. Dengan apung pajak, total respons penerimaan pajak terhadap perubahan dalam PDB dapat diukur dengan perubahan kebijakan dalam sistem perpajakan atau administrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi analisis daya apung pajak di negara-negara ASEAN-5 (Indonesia, Filipina, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand) pada tahun 2002-2016. Metode analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi data panel. Analisis regresi data panel dengan metode Commond Effect Model digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pangsa sektor manufaktur, pangsa sektor pertanian, pangsa sektor impor, pangsa sektor jasa, defisit anggaran, korupsi, dan reformasi pajak terhadap kemampuan pajak di Negara-negara ASEAN-5 (Indonesia, Filipina, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand pada tahun 2002-2016. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Hasil regresi data panel menunjukkan bahwa pangsa sektor manufaktur, pangsa sektor impor, pangsa layanan sektor, defisiensi anggaran, korupsi, dan reformasi pajak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap daya apung pajak. Pangsa sektor manufaktur dengan koefisien 1,30 sebagai faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi pajak apung. Sedangkan untuk pangsa sektor pertanian memiliki koefisien -0,60 dan pengaruh tidak signifikan tentang daya apung pajak di negara-negara ASEAN-5 (Indonesia, Filipina, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand) pada tahun 2002-2016.

Many treatments have been identified that confer robust cardioprotection in experimental animal models of acute ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, translation of these cardioprotective therapies into the clinical setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for patient benefit has been disappointing. One important reason might be that AMI is multifactorial, causing cardiomyocyte death via multiple mechanisms, as well as affecting other cell types, including platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. Many cardioprotective strategies act through common end-effectors and may be suboptimal in patients with comorbidities. In this regard, emerging data suggest that optimal cardioprotection may require the combination of additive or synergistic multitarget therapies. This review will present an overview of the state of cardioprotection today and provide a roadmap for how we might progress towards successful clinical use of cardioprotective therapies following AMI, focusing on the rational combination of judiciously selected, multitarget therapies. This paper emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225. ; This paper is based upon work FROM COST ACTION EU-CARDIOPROTECTION CA16225 supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Dr. Davidson was supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. Dr. Ferdinandy has been supported by the the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (NVKP_16-1-2016-0017; OTKA KH 125570; and OTKA 115378) and by the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary, within the framework of the Therapeutic Development thematic programme of the Semmelweis University. Dr. Bøtker was supported by The Danish Council for Strategic Research (11-108354), Novo Nordisk Foundation (Conditioning Based Intervention Strategies–ConBis), and Trygfonden. Dr. Heusch was supported by the German Research Foundation (SFB 1116, B 08). Dr. Ovize has been supported by the OPeRa (ANR-10-IBHU-0004 OPeRa) and the RHU MARVELOUS (ANR-16-RHUS-0009) programs. Dr. Schulz was funded by the German Research Foundation SFB/CRC 1213/B05. Dr. Hausenloy was supported by the British Heart Foundation (FS/10/039/28270), the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Duke-National University Singapore Medical School, Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its Clinician Scientist-Senior Investigator scheme (NMRC/CSA-SI/0011/2017) and Collaborative Centre Grant scheme (NMRC/CGAug16C006), and the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 2 (MOE2016-T2-2-021). Dr. Garcia-Dorado was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERCV-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (grant CB16/11/00479 to DGD, cofunded with European Regional Development Fund-FEDER contribution), and grants PIE/2013-00047 and PI 17/1397 ; Sí

Bach Xuan Tran,1–3 Victoria L Boggiano,4 Long Hoang Nguyen,5 Carl A Latkin,2 Huong Lan Thi Nguyen,6 Tung Thanh Tran,6 Huong Thi Le,1 Thuc Thi Minh Vu,7 Cyrus SH Ho,8 Roger CM Ho9 1Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 2Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; 3Vietnam Young Physicians Association, Hanoi, Vietnam; 4Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; 5Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; 7Department of Immunology and Allergy, National Otolaryngology Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; 8Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; 9Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Background: Media representation of vaccine side effects impacts the success of immunization programs globally. Exposure to the media can cause individuals to feel hesitant toward, or even refuse, vaccines. This study aimed to explore the impact of the media on beliefs and behaviors regarding vaccines and vaccine side effects in an urban clinic in Vietnam.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban vaccination clinic in Hanoi, Vietnam from November 2015 to March 2016. The primary outcomes of this study were the decisions of Vietnamese subjects after hearing about adverse effects of immunizations (AEFIs) in the media. Socio-demographic characteristics as well as beliefs regarding vaccination were also investigated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with subjects' behaviors regarding vaccines.Results: Among 429 subjects, 68.2% of them said they would be hesitant about receiving vaccines after hearing about AEFIs, while 12.4% of subjects said they would refuse vaccines altogether after hearing about AEFIs. Wealthy individuals (OR=0.41; 95% CI=0.19–0.88), and those who displayed trust in government-distributed vaccines (OR=0.20; 95% CI=0.06–0.72) were less likely to display hesitancy regarding vaccination. Receiving information from community health workers (OR=0.44; 95% CI=0.20–0.99) and their relatives, colleagues, and friends (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.25–0.88) was negatively associated with vaccine hesitancy, but facilitated vaccine refusal after reading about AEFIs in the media (OR=3.12; 95% CI=1.10–8.90 and OR=3.75; 95% CI=1.56–9.02, respectively).Conclusion: Our results reveal a significantly high rate of vaccine hesitancy and refusal among subjects living in an urban setting in Vietnam, after hearing about AEFIs in the media. Vietnam needs to develop accurate information systems in the media about immunizations, to foster increased trust between individuals, health care professionals, and the Vietnamese government. Keywords: vaccination, Vietnam, media, mass media, health literacy

China has emerged as a science superpower in the first decade of the 2000s. In the world of science, where collaborative research has become the norm, China may have a great influence over the international scientific research collaboration (ISRC) network. In this exploratory study, the author focuses on the ISRC of the Little Dragons (LDs) (i.e. South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore), which have grown into advanced economies and thus emphasise science as a facilitator of further development. Using the method of cosine similarity analysis and social network analysis, the author traces the evolutionary changes in the ISRC of the LDs and the position of China within the ISRC network from 2002 to 2012. The differences among the three LDs are discussed and implications are drawn. (China/GIGA)

Biographical note: Peter G Rowe ist Professor für Architektur und Stadtplanung an der Graduate School of Design der Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Er ist Autor zahlreicher Bücher über Städte und Stadtentwicklung in Fernost, u.a.: Shanghai. Architecture and Urbanism for Modern China, Prestel 2004; East Asia Modern: Shaping the Contemporary City, Reaktion Books 2005.

This chapter considers the rationale for minority representation in the office of the Elected President. It examines the official discourse on the Head of State as a symbol of multiracialism and national unity. Institutional design plays a fundamental role in the attainment of constitutional ideals and imperatives and the well-being of societies such as the promotion of the rule of law. Proponents of electoral integration champion the creation of an electoral system that is configured to generate inducements for moderate behaviour and cross-cutting loyalties. To reiterate, electoral integration aims at nurturing a system of healthy political competition that also facilitates the development of cross-cutting cleavages and encourages inter-ethnic cooperation while making racial chauvinism and extremism politically counter-productive. The Malay Community Sub-Committee, a constituent part of the Community Committee, will determine if the applicant does indeed belong to the Malay community.