Suchergebnisse

In the last decade, the EU's policy on cybersecurity has changed significantly, both as to its referent objects and priority level. While the 2013 Cybersecurity Strategy focused almost exclusively on the importance of cybersecurity for the proper functioning of the single market, its 2017 version also contained an analysis of malicious cyber activities that threaten the political integrity of Member States and the EU as a whole. As the field's level of complexity grows and forward-looking initiatives are constantly being proposed in order to promote cyber resilience across the EU, it is increasingly challenging the Union in the process of coordinating and implementing the planned actions. Cybersecurity has also become a national security issue entangling private and public, external and internal, civilian, and military issues making it necessary, but very challenging to widen and deepen ties among stakeholders in the EU. Yet cybersecurity governance is fragmented at the EU level, and there is an evident lack of trust that prevents effective cooperation among stakeholders on crucial aspects of the process. This contribution argues that as a result, cybersecurity policy in the EU remains unsystematic and predominantly reactive in nature, addressing the issuespecific incidents that have already occurred, although in our technology-dependent societies more emphasis should be placed on prevention. Therefore, in a natural scholarly quest for explanations, this chapter focuses on the development and main elements of the EU's cybersecurity policy, followed by mapping the attitudes of cybersecurity stakeholders and their normative objectives in the context of EU integration in this domain. ; peer-reviewed

This book assesses the use and limitations of the principal-agent model in a context of increasingly complex political systems such as the European Union. Whilst a number of conceptual, theoretical and methodological challenges need to be addressed, the authors show that the principal-agent model can still provide deeper insights into a wide range of political phenomena. Through an empirical analysis of multiple principal-agent relations in the EU, covering a variety of policy fields and political actors, the volume refines our theoretical understanding of the politics of delegation and discretion in the EU. It will appeal to scholars in interested in EU politics and policy, public administration and governance, and international organisations. The chapter 'Multiple principals preferences, different types of oversight mechanisms, and agent's discretion in trade negotiations' is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.--

1. The European Union humanitarian aid policy -- 2. Cooperation and delegation in the international context -- 3. Intervention strategies in crisis contexts -- 4. Data, measurement and method -- 5. Intervening in humanitarian crisis contexts : the choice between unilateralism, partial and total delegation.

The paper reports on a survey into the linguistic needs of law professionals in four European countries, with the aim of identifying their views on the importance and their use of foreign language skills as well as their preferences for ELP course content. The data, obtained from a questionnaire survey of 536 legal professionals from Poland, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Germany, show that while the respondents agree on many of the major points, there are also some differences conditioned by the respondents' age and the specific tasks they perform in the legal profession. The article argues that these variables have to be taken into consideration in the LSP context because they determine some of the specific needs that need to be addressed in Legal English instruction. It is suggested that the findings about the lawyers' self-perceived importance and preferred styles of learning are highly relevant for LSP practitioners, particularly when designing Legal English programmes and testing materials. ; Artykuł stanowi badanie potrzeb lingwistycznych osób wykonujących zawody prawnicze w krajach europejskich, w celu określenia ich poglądów co do ważności i użytkowania przez nich języków obcych oraz pod kątem treści kursów prawniczego języka angielskiego. Analizowane w artykule dane pochodzą z ankiety wypełnionej przez 536 prawników w Polsce, Czechach, Chorwacji i Niemczech. Wskazują one, że respondenci są zgodni w zakresie głównych kwestii, jednakoż istnieją wśród nich pewne różnice poglądowe, które zależą od ich wieku oraz określonych aktywności realizowanych w danym zawodzie prawniczym. W artykule podjęto polemikę nad faktem, iż takie różnice winny być uwzględnione w zakresie nauczania języków specjalistycznych, ponieważ identyfikują określone potrzeby i z tego względu należy je brać pod uwagę w nauczaniu prawniczego języka angielskiego. Autorki sugerują, że wskazania indywidualnej oceny roli języków obcych i preferowanego stylu uczenia się powinny być aplikowane podczas opracowywania programów nauczania i oceny języka specjalistycznego, a szczególnie języka prawniczego angielskiego, kierowanego do prawników.

On foreign economic relations between European Union and India on the premises of WTO regulations; contributed articles presented at an international seminar at School of International Studies, JNU

Europe in search of legitimacy : strategies of legitimation assessed / Erik Oddvar Eriksen and John Erik Fossum -- Legitimising the Euro-"polity" and its "regime" : the normative turn in EU studies / Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione -- The new Europe : a federal state or a confederation of states? / Daniel J. Elazar -- The EU as a consociation : a methodologial assessment / Olivier Costa and Paul Magnette -- EU legitimacy revisited : the normative foundations of a multilevel polity / Nicole Bolleyer and Christine Reh -- We, the peoples of Europe? / Kalypso Nicolaidis -- Why Europe needs a constitution / Jürgen Habermas -- The idea of a European constitution / Pavlos Eleftheriadis -- The democratic costs of constitutionalisation : the European case / Dieter Grimm -- The constitutional conundrum of the European Union / Sergio Fabbrini -- Europe's "democratic deficit" : the question of standards / Giandomenico Majone -- The myth of Europe's democratic deficit / Andrew Moravcsik -- Why there is a democratic deficit in the EU : a response to -- Majone and moravcsik / Andreas Follesdal and Simon Hix -- Legitimacy in the multilevel European polity / Fritz W. Scharpf -- Beyond a constraining dissensus : the role of national parliaments in domesticating and normalising the politicization of European integration / Sandra Kröger and Richard Bellamy -- An emerging European public sphere / Erik Odvar Eriksen -- A theory of collective identity : making sense of the debate on a European identity / Klaus Eder -- Must Europe be Swiss? : on the idea of a voting space and the possibility of a multilingual demos / Joseph Lacey -- Civil society and EU democracy : "astroturf" representation? / Beate Kohler-Koch -- Whither European citizenship? : eros and civilisation revisited / C. Shore -- Why European citizenship? : normative approaches to supranational union / Rainer Baubock -- Citizenship, immigration, and the European social project : rights and -- Obligations of individuality / Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal -- Solidarity in the European Union / Andrea Sangiovanni

E-commerce offers immense challenges to traditional dispute resolution methods, as it entails parties often located in different parts of the world making contracts with each other at the click of a mouse. The use of traditional litigation for disputes arising in this forum is often inconvenient, impractical, time-consuming and expensive due to the low value of the transactions and the physical distance between the parties. Thus modern legal systems face a crucial choice: either to adopt traditional dispute resolution methods that have served the legal systems well for hundreds of years or to find new methods which are better suited to a world not anchored in territorial borders. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), originally an off-shoot of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), takes advantage of the speed and convenience of the Internet, becoming the best, and often the only option for enhancing consumer redress and strengthening their trust in e-commerce. This book provides an in-depth account of the potential of ODR for European consumers, offering a comprehensive and up to date analysis of the development of ODR. It considers the current expansion of ODR and evaluates the challenges posed in its growth. The book proposes the creation of legal standards to close the gap between the potential of ODR services and their actual use, arguing that ODR, if it is to realise its full potential in the resolution of e-commerce disputes and in the enforcement of consumer rights, must be grounded firmly on a European regulatory model.Introduction 1. Consumer Protection and Access to Justice in the E-Commerce Era: A European Perspective 2. Online Dispute Resolution as a Consumer Redress Strategy 3. Consumer Adjudicative Processes Supported by ICT: Court Processes and Arbitration 4. Online Mediation for Consumers: The Way Forward 5. The Need for a Legal Framework to Develop Consumer ODR in the EU

Intro -- TITANIC 2010? THE EUROPEAN UNIONAND ITS FAILED LISBON STRATEGY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- AUTHOR'S BIOGRAPHY -- ABSTRACT -- GLOSSARY AND CONVENTIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- ON THE LISBON TRAIN - SOME SECOND THOUGHTSON THE EUROSTAT APPROACH, BASED ON A SINGLEFACTOR MODEL -- IS THERE NO SINGLE LISBON PROCESS AT ALL?A FOUR-FACTOR MODEL -- SOME NOTES ON THE CAUSALITY OF THE LISBONPROCESS ON THE EUROPEAN LEVEL -- ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THEEUROPEAN REGIONS -- BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE AND GLOBALDEVELOPMENT - THE THEORY -- BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE AND GLOBALDEVELOPMENT - THE RESEARCH DESIGN -- "DESTRUCTIVE CREATION" AND GLOBALDEVELOPMENT - PRESENTING AND INTERPRETINGTHE NEW EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE -- TITANIC 2010 - THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, R&D,THE PROLONGED WORKBENCH AND THAT OTHERLISBON RACE -- POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS -- STATISTICAL APPENDIX -- THE BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE INDEX -- A PATH MODEL WORLD GROWTH AND SOCIALDEVELOPMENT -- ENHANCING SOCIAL EUROPE - THE MINISTERIALDECLARATION OF THE "12" FOR A SOCIAL EUROPE -- ANNEXSOME HINTS FOR FUTURE WORK -- THE OTHER LISBON RACE:THE SHANGHAI UNIVERSITY RANKING OF THEWORLD'S TOP 500 UNIVERSITIES -- DATA SOURCES -- TUITION FEES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION -- SELECTED REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Construction of the idea of "Europe" throughout history and the attempts for unification -- Ambiguous boundaries of Europe and the European Union -- Construction of "European identity" and its "other's" -- Social constructivism and European identity -- Comparison between social constructivism and essentialism in terms of analysing European identity -- Analysing construction of European identity on the basis of social constructivism -- "European identity" and "EU identity" -- And cultural European identity -- The construction process of European identity within the European Union -- The role of the political elites in construction of European identity -- The role of the institutions of the European Union in construction of European identity -- The gap between the elites and the general public -- The interactions between Turks and Europe -- The role of European identity in Turkey-EU relations. - The comparison between the membership of Turkey and the Central and Eastern European countries -- The perceptions of the elites of the European Union about Turkey's membership in terms of European identity -- Public opinions in the member states of the European Union about Turkey's membership -- Discussions on Turkey's membership in terms of compatibility of Islam and European identity -- The influence of the interactions between Turkey and the European Union on the construction of European identity

Minsky's institutional analysis of the development of the economy and how financial regulation fits in it -- Recent proposals of change in financial regulation inspired by Minsky -- Basel III : the revised capital requirements, the leverage ratio, and total loss absorbing capacity -- Two additional regulatory metrics : the liquidity coverage ratio and the net stable funding ratio -- Main consequences of the interaction between new regulatory rules (risk weighted capital requirements, leverage ratio, liquidity ratio, net stable funding ratio) and the new mandatory resolution regime for banks -- Financial fragility in the European crisis : three episodes -- Deleveraging in European banking and financial stability 2010-13 -- Italy's banking crisis -- Index.