Suchergebnisse

An excessive proportion of adventive (="non-indigenous") species in a community has been called "biological pollution." Proportions of adventive species of fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals in southern Florida range from 16% to more than 42%. In Florida as a whole, the proportion of adventive plants is about 26%, but of insects is only about 8%. Almost all of the vertebrates were introduced as captive pets, but escaped or were released into the wild, and established breeding populations; few arrived as immigrants (= "of their own volition"). Almost all of the plants also were introduced, a few arrived as immigrants (as contaminants of shipments of seeds or other cargoes). In contrast, only 42 insect species (0.3%) were introduced (all for biological control of pests, including weeds). The remainder (about 946 species, or 7.6%) arrived as undocumented immigrants, some of them as fly-ins, but many as contaminants of cargoes. Most of the major insect pests of agriculture, horticulture, human-made structures, and the environment, arrived as hitchhikers (contaminants of, and stowaways in, cargoes, especially cargoes of plants). No adventive insect species causing problems in Florida was introduced (deliberately) as far as is known. The cause of most of the so-called biological pollution is the public's demand for "pet" animals and "ornamental" plants of foreign origin, the public's environmental irresponsibility in handling these organisms, the dealers' willingness to supply these organisms for cash, and governments' unwillingness to stem the flow of a lucrative commerce. The cause of almost all of the remaining part is flight, walking, swimming, and rafting from adjoining states and from nearby countries in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America. The introduction of specialized insect biological control agents, although it contributes to biological pollution, appears to be an environmentally-sound solution to the much greater biological pollution caused by immigrant insects and introduced plants in Florida. Greater concern for insects as living things, or as integral parts of nature, coupled with increased understanding of how problem insects get into Florida, may foster a more even-handed approach to the reduction of biological pollution.

An excessive proportion of adventive (="non-indigenous") species in a community has been called "biological pollution." Proportions of adventive species of fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals in southern Florida range from 16% to more than 42%. In Florida as a whole, the proportion of adventive plants is about 26%, but of insects is only about 8%. Almost all of the vertebrates were introduced as captive pets, but escaped or were released into the wild, and established breeding populations; few arrived as immigrants (= "of their own volition"). Almost all of the plants also were introduced, a few arrived as immigrants (as contaminants of shipments of seeds or other cargoes). In contrast, only 42 insect species (0.3%) were introduced (all for biological control of pests, including weeds). The remainder (about 946 species, or 7.6%) arrived as undocumented immigrants, some of them as fly-ins, but many as contaminants of cargoes. Most of the major insect pests of agriculture, horticulture, human-made structures, and the environment, arrived as hitchhikers (contaminants of, and stowaways in, cargoes, especially cargoes of plants). No adventive insect species causing problems in Florida was introduced (deliberately) as far as is known. The cause of most of the so-called biological pollution is the public's demand for "pet" animals and "ornamental" plants of foreign origin, the public's environmental irresponsibility in handling these organisms, the dealers' willingness to supply these organisms for cash, and governments' unwillingness to stem the flow of a lucrative commerce. The cause of almost all of the remaining part is flight, walking, swimming, and rafting from adjoining states and from nearby countries in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America. The introduction of specialized insect biological control agents, although it contributes to biological pollution, appears to be an environmentally-sound solution to the much greater biological pollution caused by immigrant insects and introduced plants in Florida. Greater concern for insects as living things, or as integral parts of nature, coupled with increased understanding of how problem insects get into Florida, may foster a more even-handed approach to the reduction of biological pollution.

The article of Andreas Hildenbrand, Geographer and Political Scientist and Officer in the Department of Agriculture of the Andalusian Regional Government. analyses the regional planning policy of the German Länder over the recent decades and following the unification of the country in 1990. Its aim is to highlight those elements which may be of most interest as regards the putting into effect of this policy in the Spanish Autonomous Regions (Comunidades Autónomas/CC. AA.). A comparative approach is felt to show up the high level of similarity between Germany and Spain as regards the territorial organization of the State and the territorial dimension of their regions. Therefore of all international experiences, that of the Länder surely offer the most valuable point of reference for the CC.AA. for the formulation and implementation of regional planning policies it is further argued. The analysis focuses on the administrative organization and its coordination with those sectorial policies having territorial impacts. The author rounds off his paper by stating that in the field in question any sufficient answer to demands must needs come from an efficient planning and administration for the territory as such. ; El artículo analiza la política de ordenación del territorio en los Länder alemanes durante las últimas décadas y desde la unificación del país en 1990. Su intención es resaltar aquellos elementos que puedan ser de mayor interés para la práctica de esta política en las CC.AA. Debido al alto grado de comparabilidad entre Alemania y España en cuanto a la organización territorial del Estado y la dimensión territorial de sus regiones, se estima que dentro de la experiencia internacional son las experiencias de los Länder las que ofrecen el punto de referencia más valioso para la formulación e implementación de políticas de ordenación del territorio por las CC.AA. El análisis se centra en la organización administrativa de esta política y en su coordinación con las políticas sectoriales de incidencia territorial. De soluciones adecuadas en este campo dependerá, a juicio del autor, en gran parte la eficacia de la ordenación del territorio.

An excessive proportion of adventive (="non-indigenous") species in a community has been called "biological pollution." Proportions of adventive species of fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals in southern Florida range from 16% to more than 42%. In Florida as a whole, the proportion of adventive plants is about 26%, but of insects is only about 8%. Almost all of the vertebrates were introduced as captive pets, but escaped or were released into the wild, and established breeding populations; few arrived as immigrants (= "of their own volition"). Almost all of the plants also were introduced, a few arrived as immigrants (as contaminants of shipments of seeds or other cargoes). In contrast, only 42 insect species (0.3%) were introduced (all for biological control of pests, including weeds). The remainder (about 946 species, or 7.6%) arrived as undocumented immigrants, some of them as fly-ins, but many as contaminants of cargoes. Most of the major insect pests of agriculture, horticulture, human-made structures, and the environment, arrived as hitchhikers (contaminants of, and stowaways in, cargoes, especially cargoes of plants). No adventive insect species causing problems in Florida was introduced (deliberately) as far as is known. The cause of most of the so-called biological pollution is the public's demand for "pet" animals and "ornamental" plants of foreign origin, the public's environmental irresponsibility in handling these organisms, the dealers' willingness to supply these organisms for cash, and governments' unwillingness to stem the flow of a lucrative commerce. The cause of almost all of the remaining part is flight, walking, swimming, and rafting from adjoining states and from nearby countries in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America. The introduction of specialized insect biological control agents, although it contributes to biological pollution, appears to be an environmentally-sound solution to the much greater biological pollution caused by immigrant insects and introduced plants in Florida. Greater concern for insects as living things, or as integral parts of nature, coupled with increased understanding of how problem insects get into Florida, may foster a more even-handed approach to the reduction of biological pollution.

National audience ; An analysis of French cattle farms according to their stock densities is afforded by the sample of the Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN), which describes 4,200 cattle farms, i.e. an extrapolated population numbering 310,600 production units. Using an appropriate typology, the RICA takes into account the diversity of the technical systems in use and recognises four levels of stock density : under 1, from 1 to 1.5, from 1.5 to 2 and over 2 herbivore GCU per hectare of SFP. For identical technical systems, the extensive farms have greater useful agricultural and forage surface areas than the intensive farms. In contrast, they have smaller herds and so produce on average lower gross outputs and appreciably lower incomes. Though their cost effectiveness is lower, they manage to sustain a financial situation that is fairly similar to the more intensive farms. This is mainly due to lower taxation. The study shows that 75,500 production units, i.e. one cattle farm in four, are eligible for the grass subsidy provided for in the plan accompanying the reform. This aid concerns three million hectares, i.e. more than one third of all France's grassland. This measure is especially beneficial to farms using the "Naisseur" and "Lait-Spécialisé-Herbe" systems, two thirds of which are located in difficult agricultural areas and which are on average low carners. Over three quarters of cattle and suckler farms are under the 1.4 density threshold, which determines entitlement to community subsidies for extensification. The CAP reform helps to restrict intensification by prompting farmers to remain under this threshold. Yet it does not encourage any real extensification since only 10 to 15 % of all cattle farms have any incentive to extensify to obtain extra direct aid. Simulation of the effects of the CAP reform were carried out using the PECARI programme of the Assessment and Planning Office of the Ministry of Agriculture. These simulations were conducted at constant structure and productivity up to 1996. ...

When in 1974 the decision was taken to build a power station, the parish of BSL is characterised as follows. Its ecosystem is made of two complementary biotopes : marshes and land. Its history is marked by big capitalistic projects such as the drain of the marshes in the 17th century. The inhabitants' social identity is inherited from the first settlers, who were and still are Gabayes that is « strangers » in Gasconny. The idea of complementarity is also found in the ways of life, in social organisation and in political phylosophy based on what seems to be a consensus. The inhabitants of Braud do not perceive the power station as something fundamentaly dangerous nor as being symbolic of some state decree, but as a new element to be integrated in their everyday life. The station is the subject of two different sets of ideas related to two different groups of speakers whose positions within the community are antagonist(ic). As a result their respective territorial claims and identity processes also differ eventhough both groups act according to a shared cultural element : their territory, basis on their identity. One group tries to maintain their rights to this territory while the other, the leading citizens, are using the station as a means of access to another more valorized territory, society at large. ; L'implantation d'une centrale nucléaire ne suscite pas inévitablement la mobilisation. D'une part, l'action collective n'est pas la seule manière de signifier son opposition ; d'autre part, le refus catégorique n'est pas la seule réaction possible à l'installation d'un tel équipement. En 1974, date de la décision de la construction d'une centrale nucléaire, Braud - et - Saint Louis compte 991 habitants qui se consacrent, en majorité, à une agriculture extensive, mise en oeuvre sur de petites exploitations morcelées. La commune se caractérise par un écosystème constitué de deux biotopes complémentaires : le marais et la "terre ferme", une histoire marquée par une grande opération capitalistique : le dessèchement ...

Perameles gunnii was greatly affected by the introduction of European agriculture to the volcanic
plains in Victoria. At Hamilton, agricultural areas possessed little structural complexity and
supported a fairly homogeneous composition of pasture species that were generally shorter than
100 mm because of heavy stock grazing. No P. gurznii were caught in agricultural areas at
Hamilton. At the Hamilton Municipal Tip, most captures and nest sites occurred where food
resources and structural complexity were greatest. Descriptions of 16 diurnal nest sites indicated
that a range of natural and artificial materials was used for shelter, including fallen branches,
sawn timber, cement culverts, galvanised iron, and scrap metal. Earthworms were most frequently
observed in faecal and stomach material, while beetles and crickets were also common. Optimal
habitat for P. gunnii was defined by high structural complexity and habitat heterogeneity. Older
P. gunnii may usurp optimal habitat and force subordinate adult females into sub-optimal habitat.
Associated with their occupation of optimal habitat, older P. gunnii may utilise smaller nocturnal
foraging areas.
Analysis of the movement of P. gunnii within the Hamilton Municipal Tip indicated that
males occupied significantly larger nocturnal foraging areas than females. Mean female and
male home ranges (defined by Minimum Convex Polygon analysis) were 1.6 ha (n = 13, range
0.02-5.9 ha) and 4 ha (n = 18, range 0.8-9.0 ha), respectively. Also, nocturnal foraging areas
were analysed on the basis of pattern of use of an area, and these were referred to as utilisation
distributions. The mean utilisation distributions (defined by Minimum Area v. Probability [0.95]
analysis) for females and males were 0.64 ha (n = 13, range 0.01-4.7 ha) and 4.0 ha (n = 18,
range 0.01-19.6 ha), respectively. Mean female and male observed range lengths were 173 m
(tz = 26, range 0-364 m) and 249 m (n = 34, range 50430 m), respectively. Mean ( +/-s.e )
observed range length (214+/-20, n = 60, range 50-430 m) was less than half the grid width
(500 m), which suggests that grid size did not negatively bias the calculated home-range sizes.

Non-tariff technical barriers to trade in agriculture are one of the numerous issues addressed by the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement. A non-tariff barrier to trade may be "any law, regulation, policy, or practice of a government, other than an import duty, that has a restrictive effect on trade," and may include health standards if they inhibit the importation of foods that do not meet designated standards. article 708 of the FTA addresses itself to reducing barriers resulting from technical regulations, by committing both nations to work toward harmonizing – a term which is defined in the Agreement as "making identical" – their technical regulations, taking into account appropriate international standards or, where harmonization is not feasible, to make equivalent their respective technical regulatory requirements. The parties additionally agree to work toward the elimination of technical regulations and product standards that are arbitrary, unjustifiable, or disguised barriers to bilateral trade. A most significant aspect of article 708, however, provides that the nations' commitment to work toward harmonization will be consistent with the legitimate need for standards that protect human, animal, and plant life, thus creating an exception for technical standards that are based on legitimate national health and sanitary concerns. As a result, a Canadian or United States requirement that prohibits the use of a given pesticide for health reasons, to use the example that will be taken up in this paper, may be exempted from the objective of harmonizing under the FTA. article 708:2(a), however, which speaks to arbitrary or disguised standards, would oppose a nation's reliance on the human health exception if the standard is unjustifiable. In such a case it would be inconsistent with the objectives of the FTA. How these provisions apply to the Canadian export of lowbush blueberries to the United States, which has been impeded by a United States pesticide regulation, is the focus of the Note and Comment. The state of Canadian-U.S. harmonization of technical regulations, of which the Nova Scotian blueberry issue is just one reflection, is considered throughout.

Metadata only record ; The study reviews experiences in the formation of pastoral institutions in government-sponsored, World Bank-assisted development projects in Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal, with the particular objective of assessing their potential as custodians of natural resources and participants in sustainable resource management. In each case, the programme for pastoral organization and training was one component of a multi-component development project with a broader focus on 'livestock' or 'agriculture'. This report is based on project documents, recent literature on issues pertaining to pastoralism and natural resources management in the Sahel, and fieldwork in the countries concerned. A major constraint was the lack of basic data on the formation and performance of pastoral organizations (POs) in any of the four projects. None of the projects had a proper monitoring and evaluation system for the PO component. Efforts to collect quantitative data on POs when they were visited in the course of fieldwork were limited by the absence of records and lack of time. Sandford's definition (1983) is followed: pastoralists derive most of their income or sustenance from keeping domestic livestock in conditions where most of the feed eaten by their livestock is natural forage, not cultivated fodders and pastures. In its broader sense 'pastoralism' refers to the way of life of pastoralists, their socioeconomic institutions and land-use systems. The definition adopted here covers 'pure' pastoralism, and other mixed forms in which the pastoral component is dominant, for example agro-pastoralism and agro-sylvo-pastoralism. 'Pastoral organizations' (POs) is used as a generic term to cover all types of institutional arrangements that regulate individual and collective actions by pastoralists to safeguard and promote their economic, social, cultural, and political interests. The findings indicate that the formation and operation of pastoral associations must still be regarded as a pilot development activity, although valuable lessons and recommendations can be deduced, even at this early stage. The challenge now is to incorporate these lessons and recommendations in the design of future projects that aim to establish viable sustainable pastoral institutions and resource management activities. (CAB Abstract)

Book reviewed in this article:Rashid Amjad (ed.). Human Resource Planning: The Asian Experience.Richard Hosier (ed.), Energy, Environment and Development in Africa. Uppsala, Sweden: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies in association with the Beijer Institute and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Vol. 9, Zimbabwe: Energy Planning for National Development, 1986, xii + 206pp; Vol.10, Zimbabwe: Industrial and Commercial Energy Use, 1988, 142pp; Vol. 11, Energy for Rural Development in Zimbabwe, 1988, 248pp. SEK 70/SEK 40 for Third World countries, hardback.David Burch, Overseas Aid and the Transfer of Technology.T.N. Srinivasan and Pranab K. Bardhan (eds). Rural Poverty in South Asia.John Iliffe, The African Poor: A History.E. Wayne Nafziger, Inequality in Africa: Political Elites, Proletariat, Peasants and the Poor.Randolph C. Kent, Anatomy of Disaster Relief: The International Network in Action.War Wounds: Development Costs of Conflict in Southern Sudan. Sudanese People Report on Their War.A.G.M. Ahmed and Gunnar M. Sørbo (eds), Management of the Crisis in the Sudan: Proceedings of the Bergen Forum 23–24 February 1989.Donald A. Wilwhite and William E. Easterling (eds), with Deborah A. Wood, Planning for Drought: Toward a Reduction of Societal Vulnerability.Keith McLachlan, The Neglected Garden: The Politics and Ecology of Agriculture in Iran.Philip Rallies, Modernising Hunger: Famine. Food Surplus and Farm Policy in the EEC and Africa.Roger Jeffery, The Politics of Health in India.Ben Wisner, Power and Need in Africa: Basic Human Needs and Development Policies.Herlbert Adam and Kogila Moodley, South Africa Without Apartheid: Dismantling Racial Domination.John Suckling and Landeg While (eds). After Apartheid: Renewal of the South African Economy.William Cobbett and Robin Cohen (eds), Popular Struggles in South Africa: Review of African Political Economy.Ann Seidman, The Roots of Crisis in Southern Africa.Peler H. Katjavivi, A History of Resistance in Namibia.Irene Silverblatt, Moon, Sun and Witches. Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru.David Rock, Argentina 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsin.Barry Ames, Political Survival. Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America.Abel Aganbegyan, The Challenge: Economics of Perestroika.Ronaldo Munck, The New International Labour Studies. An Introduction.

Current economic theory describing the behavior and performance of agricultural cooperatives is not capable of addressing many of the crucial issues facing these institutions in todays environment of declining government involvement in price and income support of U.S. agriculture. This dissertation seeks to incorporate those factors which uniquely define a cooperative as different from other forms of organizing business activity into a model of cooperative investment behavior. In this study, the set of property rights governing ownership and control of cooperatives is identified and formally built into a neoclassical model of firm investment. The property rights approach is used to establish the core of a theory of cooperatives. This theory is used to construct a set of hypotheses about cooperative behavior, particularly with respect to investment behavior and the relative competitive position of cooperatives and competing forms of business organization. The approach lends insight into the economic incentives for forming cooperatives and the reasons why cooperative corporation ownership and control structures are unique from those observed in investor owned corporations. The resulting analysis indicates four key issues impacting the cooperative institutions ability to compete with investor owned firms in the agribusiness sector of the economy. These issues are (1) the decision control problem, (2) the common property problem, (3) the investment portfolio problem, and (4) the residual horizon problem. These conditions, if active, will act so as to restrain cooperatives from investing at the same rate and scope as investor owned firms. Policy makers interested in promoting the role of cooperatives as an organizational form to assist and protect the interests of entrepreneurs such as farmers and at the same time provide an orderly and efficient flow of goods and services to consumers, need to understand the precise conditions of competitive environment, economic sector type, and investment requirements in which cooperatives will be able to fulfill these dual roles and those in which they cannot. Empirical research into these areas will require both case study and traditional quantitative approaches which permit in depth analysis of the hypotheses generated by this study which seek to explain and predict cooperative business organization behavior. ; Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to identify the teaching competencies of adult literacy teachers as perceived by supervisors and teachers of adult literacy in Kenya. The two research questions that guided the survey focused on perceptions that respondents considered to be most important in enabling the literacy teachers to be effective; and commonalities between supervisors' and teachers' perceptions. The questionnaire was the main method of gathering data. The instrument for the study was developed via teachers, supervisors, and administrators who were familiar with adult literacy in Kenya. The research instrument was pilot-tested. From the Department of Adult Education records, a sample of 86 supervisors and 328 teachers was selected. A 67 percent rate of return was attained. The participants of the study ranked the attributes on a 7 point Likert scale according to the degree to which they perceived these attributes to be important for teachers to function effectively in a Kenyan setting. Findings are reported by mean scores and descriptive narrative. The results of the study indicated that the following competencies were critical for effective teacher performance: (a} thorough knowledge of subject matter in: child care and child development, family planning, nutrition, family health and agriculture; (b) keeping class records; (c) making and using lesson plans; (d) being confident while teaching and outside the classroom; (e) not being late for class; (f) ability to work with community leaders and government employees; (g) identifying the students' learning needs; (h} teaching students at their levels of understanding; and (i) encouraging students to participate during the teaching process. Teachers indicated that literacy teachers who believe in students' potential were more likely to be successful in teaching whereas supervisors viewed teacher behavior to be critical in influencing teaching effectiveness. Administrative constraints that need to be improved to enhance teacher effectiveness, and the implications of the findings are discussed. Recommendations on how to improve the teacher training program, and research considerations for further studies in literacy development are made. ; Ed. D.

http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/mb/mbd67/index.html ; This interim report and map of the detailed field and laboratory study of the soils of the St . Eustache, Springstein, Brunkild, Southwest Perimeter and La Salle River areas is one in a new series of such soil survey reports covering special interest areas in southern Manitoba . These reports reflect the growing concern by various government agencies that support the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, that a knowledge of the development and distribution of the soils of Manitoba is the key to understanding their properties, behavior and response to management . This concern requires that soils be described both in terms of their basic properties and the nature of the environmental setting in which they are found . Thus, when areas such as that in the study require delineation of land of high or low value for crop production or for other uses, the basic reference document is an accurate and reliable soil map. The land resource information included in this resurvey covers approximately 6 300 ha of land adjacent to the towns of St . Eustache, Springstein, Brunkild,the Southwest Perimeter Strip and La Salle River area . It includes only a fraction of the area covered in the former reconnaissance survey of the Winnipeg Map Sheet Area (Report No . 5, 1953) . However, the projected more intensive use of the soils for agriculture and the growing competition for other uses of land in the area has created a need for more up-to-date, more accurate and more detailed soil information . The increased examination of soils in the field, the use of current aerial photography, the use of improved methods of studying soils in the laboratory and the accumulated knowledge of the properties and uses of soils over the years have all contributed to the additional information contained in this new series of reports and maps . During the course of the resurvey of the study areas, a significant volume of site specific data for the soils mapped in the area was generated, that ...

Book reviewed in this article:The Health Services Since the War Vol. i Problems of Haelth Care: The National Health Service Before 1957. By Charles Webster.Ruling Performance: British Governments from Attlee to Thatcher. Ed. by Peter Hennessy and Anthony Seldon.Advising the Rulers. Ed. by William Plowden.Ministers and Ministries By Richard Rose, with chapters by Peter Bell, Richard Parry and Ian Thomas.The Unprincipled Society. By David Marquand.Superpower Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. By Samuel M. Makinda.Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. Ed. Simon Baynham.The Militarization of South African Politics. By Kenneth W. Grundy.Endgame in South Africa? By Robin Cohen.Apartheid's Second Front. By Joseph Hanlon.Beggar Your Neighbours. By Joseph Hanlon.The Political Economy of Revolution Nicaragua. Ed. by Rose J. Spalding.Conflict in Nicaragua. A Muliidimensional Perspective. Ed. by Jiri Valenta and Esperanza Duŕn.Nicaragua, Revolution and Democracy. By Joś; Luis Cokaggio.Youth and Society: Perspectives from Papua New Guinea. Ed by Maev O'Collins.Women In Politics in Papua New Guinea. Ed Maev O'Collins.Law and Order In a Changing Society. Ed. by Louise Morauta.The Challenge: Economics of Perestroika. By Abel Aganbegyan.The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects. By Padma Desai.Soviet Agriculture. By Zhores Medvedev.The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile. By Werner HülsbergThe Green Party in West Germany: Who Are They and What Do They Really Want? By Manuel Dittmers.Prospects for Africa. A special report by Save the Children and the Overseas Development Institute.The Greening of Africa. By Paul Harrison.Imposing Aid: Emergency Assistance to Refugees. By B. E. Harrell‐Bond.The imf & Ghana. The Confidential Record. Ed. By Eboe Hutchful.The Tears of the White Man. Compassion as Contempt. By Pascal Bruckner.Politics: a Work in Constructive Social Theory. By Roberto Mangabeira Unger.Social Theory: Its Situation and its Task.False Necessity: Anti‐Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.Plasticity into Power: Comparative‐Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.Church and Politics in a Secular Age. By Kenneth N. Medhurst and George H Moyser.The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Political Conflict from 1500 to 2000 By Paul Kennedy.James Connolly: A Political Biography. By Austen Morgan.

AbstractIn this article two different patterns of farming logic are analysed. Farming consists in practice of a range of different tasks coordinated in a coherent way and, at the same time, oriented towards the specific goals of the farmer. This coordination and goal‐orientation are structured by a logical pattern. Contrary to familiar presuppositions, it can be demonstrated that within one homogeneous environment, different patterns of farming logic are used, resulting in contrasting styles of farming. Special attention is given to the structural patterns of dependency and autonomy (reflected in specific schemes of reproduction) that link farming to the economic‐institutional environment. Statistical analysis of data from North Italian dairy farming shows some interesting linkages between patterns of farming logic and the dependency on the external environment.RésuméCet article étudie deux modèles differents de logique agricole. Le travail agricole comprend en effet toute une série de tâches qui doivent être organisées de manière cohérente, en fonction des buts particuliers que ľagriculteur se fixe: cette coordination et cetteorientation des activités sont structurées par un modèle logique. Mais, en dépit des présuppositions habituelles, différents modèles de logique agricole peuvent se développer dans un même contexte et donner lieu à des styles tout à fait différents ?agriculture. Ľarticle détaille particulièrement les modèles structuraux ?autonomie et de dépendance, modèles qui concernent les liaisons de ľactivité agricole àľenvironnement économique et social, et qui se traduisent par des modes spécifiques de reproduction. Une analyse statistique de données concernant des fermes laitières dans le Nord de ľltalie montre effectivement des relations significatives entre les modèles logiques régissant ľactivité agricole et cette relation àľenvironnement socio‐économique.KurzfassungIn diesem Artikel werden zwei unterschiedliche logische Modelle der Landbewirtschaftung analysiert. Landwirtschaft als Praxis beinhaltet verschiedene Aufgaben, die in einer kohärenten Art und Weise koordiniert und gleichzeitig auf ein bcstimmtes Ziel hin, daß der Landwirt erreichen möchte, ausgerichtet werden müssen. Diese Koordination und Zielorientierung sind durch ein logisches ModellvorstrukturienJm Gegensatzzu gängigen Annahmen kann jedoch gezeigt werden, daß bei gleichen Umweltbedingungen in der Landwirtschaft unterschiedliche logische Modelle benutzt werden, die jeweils unterschiedliche Bewirtschaftungsweisen zur Folge haben. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den Strukturmerkmalen der Abhängigkeit und Selbstbestimmung geschenkt (betrachcet nach spezifischen Formen der Reproduktion), die die Landwirtschaft mit der wirtschaftlich‐institutionellen Umwelt verbinden. Die statistische Analyse von Daten norditalienischer Milchviehbetriebe zeigt einige interessante Beziehungen zwischen den logischen Modellen der Landbewirtschaftung und dieser Abhängigkeit von der äußeren Umgebung.