Wohnbedingungen und Versorgung im Dorf und Zufriedenheit damit, Migrationsabsichten, Arbeitsbedingungen und Zufriedenheit, Aktivitäten in der FDJ, Freizeitmöglichkeiten.
Themen: Verbundenheit mit Heimatdorf; Wohndauer im Dorf; Einwohnerzahl; Zufriedenheit mit Lebensbedingungen (Skala); Absicht zum Verbleib im Dorf; Ort der Kindheit; Wohnstatus, Eigentumsverhältnisse des Wohnhauses; Größe und Charakter des gegenwärtigen bzw. gewünschten Wohnhauses; präferierte Größe für Wohn- bzw. Arbeitsort; vorwiegender Wohnort der Eltern, des Befragten, der Eltern; Zufriedenheit mit Wohnbedingungen (Skala); Einstellung zum eigenen bzw. gemeinsamen Haushalt mit den Eltern; eigene Wohnungsprobleme; Präferierung von Eigenheimbauten bzw. Um- und Ausbauten; Zufriedenheit mit Versorgungs- und Dienstleistungseinrichtungen im Dorf (Skala); Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit und den Arbeitsmöglichkeiten für den Partner; Arbeitsstelle im bzw. in der Nähe des Dorfes; benötigte Zeit für den Arbeitsweg; tägliche Arbeitsdauer; Häufigkeit der Arbeit am Wochenende; berufliche Absichten für 1987; gegenwärtige Tätigkeit im erlernten Beruf; Zufriedenheit mit Arbeitsbedingungen (Skala); Einstellung zur Entwicklung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion; Beteiligung an freiwilligen Pflege- und Erntearbeiten; Einschätzung der Kooperation zwischen Tier- und Pflanzenproduktion; Bewertung der Landwirtschaftspolitik von Partei und Regierung; individuelle Produktion und Gründe dafür bzw. dagegen (Skala); Teilnahme an Veranstaltungen, Initiativen und Aktivitäten der FDJ (Skala); Kenntnis von Dokumenten zur Jugendförderung; Teilnahme an der Ausarbeitung des Jugendförderplanes; ausgeübte Leitungsfunktionen; Teilnahme an Formen der Weiterbildung bzw. der sozialistischen Gemeinschaftsarbeit (Skala); Organisationen und Personen, die Jugendarbeit im Dorf fördern; Veränderungen der Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen durch Aktivitäten der VdgB; Bewertung der Freizeitmöglichkeiten im Dorf; durchschnittlicher Freizeitumfang und Zufriedenheit damit; Jugendklub im Dorf und eigene Mitarbeit; Art der Mitarbeit im Jugendklub; kulturelle Aktivitäten, Sehenswürdigkeiten und Traditionen im Dorf (Skala); Bedeutung persönlicher Kontakte zu Dorfbewohnern; Bewertung der nachbarschaftlichen Beziehungen; Zugehörigkeit zu festem Freundeskreis; Absicht zum Verbleib im Dorf; Gründe dafür bzw. dagegen; Beeinflussung zum Verbleib im Dorf durch verschiedene Personenkreise; Einstellung zur Migration (Skala); Charakter der Partnerschaft; Mitgliedschaft der Eltern in einer LPG; Mitgliedschaft in Massenorganisationen und der SED.
Correspondence from the Coconino Citizens Association regarding issues involving Northern Arizona, such as the Hart Prairie development and the creation of the Grand Canyon as a National Natural Landmark. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: The Coconino Citizens Association (CCA) was founded in 1974. Its purpose was to encourage the "maintenance and improvement of the quality of life in Northern Arizona." The CCA was actively engaged in opposing the proposed Summit Properties development of the Hart Prairie area of the San Francisco Peaks.
Correspondence between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, who is living in exile in San Diego, CA and Gen. José María Tapia. The latter was arrested few days after the exile of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles. He was exiled for being close to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles. Gen. Tapia informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles that he settled in Los Angeles, CA and established an importation business of products from Mexico. Reply of acknowledgment. Gen. Tapia informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles that he sent his greetings to Mr. Louis G. Brittingham and that he contacted Mr. Hugh D. Cook. The latter is the manager of a farm cooperative that breeds pigs and produces food for livestock. The cooperative is called Fontana Farms and is located in the San Fernando Valley. Mr. Cook is interested in meeting with Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and for that, he invites him to visit the farm. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles apologizes for not being able to visit the farm due to his health issues. Gen. Tapia informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles of a note published in the Times and other newspapers regarding the issues in the oil industry in Mexico caused by the workers' claims. He informs that catholic churches have been reopened, even those that were close for years, which is contradictory to the "radical measures" and "socialist education" of President Cárdenas. The strike by stevedores in Ensenada was stopped by military tropes. The strike by mining workers and the terrible situation in Spain. He informs about a shift of Cárdenas' policies for employers and workers. Reply by Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles commenting on the news that Tapia gave him. Gen. Tapia sends to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles a copy of the letter he sent to José J. Farrel in which the latter proposed him to return to Mexico by means of his friends' connections. Gen. Tapia replied that he would not accept to return to Mexico before Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles is able to do so. He tells him the story of his apprehension and the interrogation he was subjected to. He asks him to thank his friends for their good intentions. Gen. Tapia informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles of the negotiations with the Clemente Jacques Co. to have exclusive rights for the distribution of its products in Southern United States. He adds four letters explaining the conditions of the agreement, market studies and Mexican production in the region. Gen. Tapia informs of his visit to Mr. Louis Brittingham so he can help him get a loan from the Citizens National Trust & Savings Bank for his importation business. Gen. Plutarco Elías writes a letter to the bank as a guarantee for the loan. Mr. Louis Brittingham informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles that the loan was approved and its conditions. Memorandum from Gen. José María Tapia to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles giving information about the citrus industry so he can help him with his knowledge on that industry to start a business in Mexico. Gen. Tapia sends to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles information and photos (they do not appear) of the place he rented for his business. Reply commenting on an article published by La Opinión and thanking for the photos and description of the business. Gen. Tapia requests Plutarco Elías Calles an extension to make the payment of the credit since the company Clemente Jacques has had some difficulties. He tells him about the profitability of business related to poultry, citrus and milk in California. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles informs Gen. Tapia of the message he received from Washington in relation to Vasconcelos. Gen. Tapia informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles he will be sending a letter from B.A. Vasconcelos and tells him that Vasconcelos will be in Tucson, AZ for a conference. Gen. Tapia informs Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles of his financial situation, the progress of his business and accepts Gen. PEC's offer to cover the loan of the bank. He promises he will not disappoint him and states he will pay him back. Paperwork for payment to the bank and a receipt signed by Gen. Tapia for $3,900 dollars that Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles lent him. Letters from Gen. Tapia to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles informing about his business and news published by the American press, as well as news about relatives and friends. Invoices and receipts for medical services at the Mercy Hospital in Los Angeles, CA in the name of Gen. Tapia. Gen. Tapia sends two letters to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles. The first letter is in relation to Melchor Ortega. The second letters refers to Gen. Andrew Almazán and the uprising against the government for the electoral fraud. Gen. Tapia is not confident that Almazán is willing to fight and he is concerned to be arrested by the authorities. He asks Melchor Ortega to keep him informed about the movements of the organization. Correspondence between Gen. Tapia and Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles regarding the letter that the former sent on behalf of the latter to B.A. Vasconcelos, who is in Mexico. In the letter, Gen. Tapia states that Manuel Avila Camacho (elected president) is a man of good intentions and that the people will like him once his actions and policies show he will not follow his predecessor's steps. Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles states that he values the suggestions of B.A. Vasconcelos to achieve unity and peace in the nation. Telegram from Gen. Tapia to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles informing that he is trying to save supporters who were betrayed by Almazán. Gen. Tapia asks Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles to receive him and some friends who live in San Fernando, CA. Christmas greetings for the year 1941. / Correspondencia entre el general PEC, quien se encuentra en el exilio, en San Diego, Cal., E.U.A. y el general José María Tapia, quien pocos días después de la salida al destierro del general PEC fue aprehendido, interrogado y enviado también al exilio por su cercanía con el general PEC. El general Tapia informa al general PEC haberse establecido en Los Ángeles, Cal. y tener un negocio de importaciones de artículos y mercancías procedentes de México. Respuesta de enterado. El general Tapia escribe al general PEC informando haber saludado de su parte al señor Louis G. Brittingham, haber establecido contacto con el señor Hugh D. Cook, gerente de una organización cooperativa de granjas de cría de puercos y plantas para beneficiar alimentos para los animales, llamada Fontana Farms, que se encuentra en el Valle de San Fernando, quien está muy interesado en conocer y entrevistarse con el general PEC y lo invita a conocer esas industrias agrícolas cuando él quiera. El general PEC se disculpa por no poder atender la invitación porque su salud no se lo permite pero que ya recibió información de las granjas. El general Tapia informa al general PEC de una nota publicada en el Times y otros periódicos relativa a problemas en la industria petrolera de México por las demandas de los obreros que se quieren ir a huelga; de noticias procedentes de Tepic, Nay. que informan que todos los templos católicos han sido abiertos al culto incluso los cerrados durante años, lo que contradice los postulados de "medidas radicales" y "educación socialista" del presidente Cárdenas; de que la huelga de estibadores de Ensenada fue rota por las tropas federales; de la nueva huelga de mineros y de la terrible situación en España; del cambio de política del general Cárdenas, que tiene un nuevo discurso respecto a las relaciones obrero patronales. Respuesta del general PEC comentando las noticias que le comunica el general Tapia. Respecto a un posible cambio del gobierno de México frente a los factores de la producción dice que es falso que "una pasión ciega y una obcecación sectaria son las fuentes inspiradoras de los actos del gobierno. El general Tapia envía el general PEC copia de la carta con la que él contesta la que le escribió el señor José J. Farell, en la que le propone ejercer influencias y promover con los amigos su regreso a México, a lo que Tapia contesta que no puede aceptar esa posibilidad hasta que no se haga justicia al general PEC. Le relata cómo fue su aprehensión, el interrogatorio al que fue sometido en la Inspección General de Policía, las órdenes que recibió del general Vicente González de abandonar el país de inmediato, las vejaciones a que fue sometido en Mexicali, cuando el avión en el que viajaba hizo una parada técnica y le pide agradezca a sus amigos sus buenas intenciones. El general Tapia informa al general PEC de los tratos que ha tenido con la casa Clemente Jacques para obtener la exclusividad en el manejo de sus productos en el sur de Estados Unidos. Anexa cuatro cartas que escribió estableciendo los términos del trato, el local, estudios de mercado, de producción mexicana por zonas. El general Tapia informa al general PEC de su visita al señor Louis Brittingham, del Citizens National Trust & Savings Bank para que le facilite un crédito para el negocio de importaciones, del cual será aval el general, quien escribe una carta haciéndose responsable. El señor Louis G. Brittingham contesta al general PEC informando que el crédito ha sido otorgado y de las condiciones del mismo. Memorándum para el general PEC del general José María Tapia anexando, a solicitud del señor Brittingham, información preparada por el ingeniero B. E. Taylor acerca de la industria para conservar jugos de cítricos, en lo cual es experto y piensa que sus conocimientos pudieran aplicarse para iniciar este negocio en la República Mexicana. El general Tapia envía al general PEC información y fotos (que no aparecen) del local que rentó para el negocio de importaciones. Respuesta comentando un artículo difamatorio publicado por La Opinión y agradeciendo fotos y descripción del negocio. El general Tapia solicita al general PEC avale una prórroga para el pago del crédito que le otorgó el banco, ya que no ha podido cubrirlo por dificultades laborales de la casa Clemente Jacques; le comenta lo productivo de los negocios relacionados con la producción avícola, de cítricos y lechera en California. El general PEC informa al general Tapia del mensaje que recibió de Washington relativo a Vasconcelos y a las dificultades para comunicarse con él. El general Tapia informa al general PEC estar enviándole una carta del licenciado Vasconcelos que le hizo llegar el señor Ahumada y le comenta las gestiones hechas por el general PEC para prolongar el permiso de estancia en Estados Unidos del licenciado Vasconcelos, quien finalmente lo que quería era regresar a México y por eso se consideró deportado, aunque en unos días estará en Tucson, Arizona, dictando una conferencia. Se pregunta Tapia si no es una contradicción. El general Tapia informa al general PEC de su situación financiera, de la marcha de su negocio y acepta su generoso ofrecimiento de cubrir la deuda en el Banco; le asegura que no lo defraudará y que le irá pagando en parcialidades. Trámites para el pago al banco y recibo que extiende el general Tapia por la cantidad de 3,900.00 dólares que le prestó el general PEC. Cartas que el general Tapia escribe regularmente al general PEC, informando de su negocio, comentando las noticias que sobre México publica la prensa norteamericana, así como asuntos relativos a amigos y familiares. Facturas y recibos por servicios de ambulancia, atención médica y hospitalización en el Mercy Hospital, de Los Ángeles, Cal., del general José Ma. Tapia. El general Tapia envía al general PEC copia de dos cartas, una dirigida a Melchor Ortega y otra al general Andrew Almazán, relativos al levantamiento contra el gobierno federal por el fraude electoral cometido contra Almazán. Tapia no está seguro de que Almazán esté dispuesto a dar la batalla; teme que sean detenidos por las autoridades y pide a Melchor Ortega le tenga confianza e informe de cómo va la organización del movimiento. Correspondencia entre el general Tapia y el general PEC relativa a la carta que el primero escribió en nombre del segundo al licenciado Vasconcelos, quien está en México, en la que valora la figura del general Manuel Ávila Camacho, presidente electo, quien es un hombre bien intencionado y que seguramente se ganará la voluntad popular cuando con sus acciones y políticas demuestre que no seguirá los pasos de su antecesor. Afirma el general PEC que valora las sugestiones e ideas del licenciado Vasconcelos para lograr la unidad revolucionaria y la tranquilidad de la nación. Telegrama del general Tapia al general PEC informando estar tratando de salvar a muchos compañeros que fueron traicionados por Almazán. El general Tapia solicita al general PEC lo reciba en compañía de varios amigos que viven en San Fernando, Cal. Felicitaciones con motivo de las fiestas navideñas del año 1941.
"Programa de Gobierno aprobado por la Convención Nacional de 1920 y que se someterá al C. Obregón, de conformidad con la cláusula XIV de la convocatoria respectiva", (Government Program approved by the National Convention of 1920, which was submitted to Candidate Obregón in accordance with clause 14 of the respective convention), EL MONITOR REPUBLICANO, Mexico City. March 27th, 1920. p.1. It refers to the efficacy of the vote, the Army, civil service, moralizing actions, pacification of the country, economic reconstruction, union and labor issues, agrarian issues, large estates, education, and international affairs. / "Programa de Gobierno aprobado por la Convención Nacional de 1920 y que se someterá al C. Obregón, de conformidad con la cláusula XIV de la convocatoria respectiva", EL MONITOR REPUBLICANO, México, D.F. Marzo 27, 1920. p.1. Se refiere a la efectividad del sufragio, al Ejército, al servicio civil, a la acción moralizadora, pacificación del país, reconstrucción económica, problemas laborales y sindicales, problema agrario, latifundios, educación y asuntos internacionales.
According to Myint's "vent-for-surplus" theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on depended on the natural advantage of large tracts of unused "empty land" with low population density and abundant natural resources of the type typically found in Southeast Asia and Africa at the outset of Western colonization. When these economies were integrated into international trade, hitherto unused natural resources (primary commodities the indigenous people had not valued) became the source of economic development, commanding market value because of high import demand in Western economies. The major delta of Chao Phraya River was the resource base of vent-for-surplus development with rice in Thailand; tropical rain forests filled that role in Indonesia and the Philippines with respect to the production of tropical cash crops. This basic difference underlay differences in the distribution of farm size: the unimodal distribution of peasants or family farms in Thailand and the coexistence of peasants and large estate farms or plantations specializing in tropical export crops in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differences in agrarian development were also shaped by different policies toward the elites preemption of unused land. Under Spanish colonialism, the elite preempted unused land in the Philippines wholesale, bifurcating land distribution between non-cultivating landlords and sharecroppers in lowland rice areas, and between plantation owners and wage laborers in upland areas. In Indonesia, the Dutch government granted long-term leases for uncultivated public land to foreign planters, but prevented alienation of cultivated land from native peasants, to avoid social instability. In Thailand, concessions were granted for private canal building, but the independent kingdom preserved the tradition of giving land to anyone who could open and cultivate it. Relatively homogenous land-owning peasants dominated Thailand's rural sector. As frontiers for new cultivation closed, the plantation systems initial advantage (large-scale development of land and infrastructure) began to be outweighed by its need to monitor hired labor. The peasant system, based on family labor needing no supervision, allowed Thailand's share of the world market in tropical cash crops to grow, as Indonesia and the Philippines lost their traditional comparative advantage. Moreover, land reform in the Philippines made land markets inactive, with resulting distortions in resource allocation and serious underinvestment in agriculture.
Can agricultural extension policies be improved by leveraging the power of peer influence? In this study, we evaluate the performance of the French Ecophyto plan aimed at reducing pesticide use, focusing on its flagship scheme, which has provided technical assistance to 3,000 volunteer pilot farms enrolled as peer groups since 2011. We use panel data collected from a representative sample of vineyards, known to be among the heaviest consumers of pesticides. We apply a variety of quasi-experimental approaches to estimate the impact of program participation on pesticide use and crop yields of enrolled vineyards. We find that participants have used 8 to 22 percent lesser pesticides than they would have used in the absence of the program. Moreover, we find that this change of practices resulted in a decrease in yields for only a fraction of enrolled peer farms, while others appear to have maintained their yields. Altogether these results suggest that providing technical assistance to peer groups can be effective in significantly reducing pesticide use in France, and presumably in developed countries more generally, for a cost per hectare that is not greater than that of the average European agri-environmental scheme.
In order to prevent overexploitation of natural resources, decision makers have been implementing individual quota-based systems. Yet, in the particular case of groundwater abstraction for irrigation, farmers' demand is likely to vary relevantly from year to year, due to annual agricultural, environmental and economic conditions. In this thesis, we propose two instruments for regulating groundwater withdrawals for irrigation that ensure compliance with the total abstractable volume while introducing flexibility in the quota-based management. The first one relies on penalties applied to farmers who exceed their allocation, which are totally redistributed as financial compensations to farmers who have saved water. The second instrument gives farmers the opportunity of pooling water allocations within a contract that makes them jointly liable for the collective allocation compliance. We evaluate both instruments with stakeholders and farmers of five French sites, through a participatory approach followed by an experimental approach. Both instruments have similar efficiency in reaching compliance with authorized volumes, but differ from each other in their acceptability. Results show that farmers' irrigation choices are not only driven by profit maximization but that their utility function also depends upon non-economic parameters, such as environmental, social and ethic preferences. Thus, in order to strengthen their efficiency, instruments must include both economic and social incentives, respectively weighted as to be adapted to local economic conditions and social tissue. ; Pour empêcher la surexploitation des ressources naturelles, les décideurs publics peuvent choisir d'attribuer de quotas individuels de prélèvement. Or, dans le cas des prélèvements en eau souterraine pour l'irrigation, la demande en eau des agriculteurs est susceptible de subir des variations interannuelles significatives en fonction des conditions agronomiques, climatiques et économiques annuelles. La thèse propose et évalue deux instruments ...
In order to prevent overexploitation of natural resources, decision makers have been implementing individual quota-based systems. Yet, in the particular case of groundwater abstraction for irrigation, farmers' demand is likely to vary relevantly from year to year, due to annual agricultural, environmental and economic conditions. In this thesis, we propose two instruments for regulating groundwater withdrawals for irrigation that ensure compliance with the total abstractable volume while introducing flexibility in the quota-based management. The first one relies on penalties applied to farmers who exceed their allocation, which are totally redistributed as financial compensations to farmers who have saved water. The second instrument gives farmers the opportunity of pooling water allocations within a contract that makes them jointly liable for the collective allocation compliance. We evaluate both instruments with stakeholders and farmers of five French sites, through a participatory approach followed by an experimental approach. Both instruments have similar efficiency in reaching compliance with authorized volumes, but differ from each other in their acceptability. Results show that farmers' irrigation choices are not only driven by profit maximization but that their utility function also depends upon non-economic parameters, such as environmental, social and ethic preferences. Thus, in order to strengthen their efficiency, instruments must include both economic and social incentives, respectively weighted as to be adapted to local economic conditions and social tissue. ; Pour empêcher la surexploitation des ressources naturelles, les décideurs publics peuvent choisir d'attribuer de quotas individuels de prélèvement. Or, dans le cas des prélèvements en eau souterraine pour l'irrigation, la demande en eau des agriculteurs est susceptible de subir des variations interannuelles significatives en fonction des conditions agronomiques, climatiques et économiques annuelles. La thèse propose et évalue deux instruments de régulation des prélèvements agricoles en nappe qui introduisent de la flexibilité dans un système d'allocations individuelles tout en garantissant le respect du volume total prélevable à l'échelle de l'aquifère. Le premier est un bonus-malus : il repose sur l'imposition d'une pénalité financière aux irrigants qui dépassent leur allocation individuelle (malus), dont la recette est intégralement reversée sous forme de récompense aux irrigants qui ont réalisé des économies (bonus). Le second offre aux irrigants la possibilité de mutualiser leurs allocations en eau au sein d'un contrat qui les rend conjointement responsables du respect de l'allocation totale du groupe. Nous avons conduit une évaluation ex-ante de ces instruments au travers de deux méthodes, déployée sur cinq terrains d'étude : une approche par des ateliers de prospective avec des acteurs locaux, puis une approche expérimentale auprès de sujets standards et agriculteurs. Les deux instruments montrent une efficacité similaire en termes de respect des volumes autorisés, mais se distinguent par leur acceptabilité. Les résultats montrent que les choix d'irrigation ne sont pas uniquement guidés par la maximisation du profit économique et que la fonction d'utilité des irrigants intègre des paramètres non économiques, en particulier environnementaux, éthiques et sociaux. Ainsi, pour optimiser leur efficacité, les instruments de régulation des prélèvements doivent combiner incitations économiques et sociales, avec un poids respectif à adapter aux conditions économiques et au tissu social local.
In order to prevent overexploitation of natural resources, decision makers have been implementing individual quota-based systems. Yet, in the particular case of groundwater abstraction for irrigation, farmers' demand is likely to vary relevantly from year to year, due to annual agricultural, environmental and economic conditions. In this thesis, we propose two instruments for regulating groundwater withdrawals for irrigation that ensure compliance with the total abstractable volume while introducing flexibility in the quota-based management. The first one relies on penalties applied to farmers who exceed their allocation, which are totally redistributed as financial compensations to farmers who have saved water. The second instrument gives farmers the opportunity of pooling water allocations within a contract that makes them jointly liable for the collective allocation compliance. We evaluate both instruments with stakeholders and farmers of five French sites, through a participatory approach followed by an experimental approach. Both instruments have similar efficiency in reaching compliance with authorized volumes, but differ from each other in their acceptability. Results show that farmers' irrigation choices are not only driven by profit maximization but that their utility function also depends upon non-economic parameters, such as environmental, social and ethic preferences. Thus, in order to strengthen their efficiency, instruments must include both economic and social incentives, respectively weighted as to be adapted to local economic conditions and social tissue. ; Pour empêcher la surexploitation des ressources naturelles, les décideurs publics peuvent choisir d'attribuer de quotas individuels de prélèvement. Or, dans le cas des prélèvements en eau souterraine pour l'irrigation, la demande en eau des agriculteurs est susceptible de subir des variations interannuelles significatives en fonction des conditions agronomiques, climatiques et économiques annuelles. La thèse propose et évalue deux instruments de régulation des prélèvements agricoles en nappe qui introduisent de la flexibilité dans un système d'allocations individuelles tout en garantissant le respect du volume total prélevable à l'échelle de l'aquifère. Le premier est un bonus-malus : il repose sur l'imposition d'une pénalité financière aux irrigants qui dépassent leur allocation individuelle (malus), dont la recette est intégralement reversée sous forme de récompense aux irrigants qui ont réalisé des économies (bonus). Le second offre aux irrigants la possibilité de mutualiser leurs allocations en eau au sein d'un contrat qui les rend conjointement responsables du respect de l'allocation totale du groupe. Nous avons conduit une évaluation ex-ante de ces instruments au travers de deux méthodes, déployée sur cinq terrains d'étude : une approche par des ateliers de prospective avec des acteurs locaux, puis une approche expérimentale auprès de sujets standards et agriculteurs. Les deux instruments montrent une efficacité similaire en termes de respect des volumes autorisés, mais se distinguent par leur acceptabilité. Les résultats montrent que les choix d'irrigation ne sont pas uniquement guidés par la maximisation du profit économique et que la fonction d'utilité des irrigants intègre des paramètres non économiques, en particulier environnementaux, éthiques et sociaux. Ainsi, pour optimiser leur efficacité, les instruments de régulation des prélèvements doivent combiner incitations économiques et sociales, avec un poids respectif à adapter aux conditions économiques et au tissu social local.
Correspondence between Engr. Antonio Madrazo, Governor of the State of Guanajuato, and Gen. Alvaro Obregón in which the former informs Gen. Obregón of the designation of Mr. Enrique Colunga as Interim Governor in Guanajuato. Reply of acknowledgment. Engr. Madrazo tells Gen. Obregón that local groups in Guanajuato have chosen him as their presidential candidate. Engr. Madrazo informs Gen. Obregón of his arrival in Salvatierra and that he was publicly cheered at the mention of his name there; informs Gen. Obregón that various cities in Guanajuato unanimously support his candidacy. Responses of acknowledgment and thanking him for his reports. Engr. Madrazo tells Gen. Obregón that he has been appointed Governor by Enrique Colunga; tells Gen. Obregón that election victory was obtained by the Guanajuato Liberal Party. Reply thanking him for his conduct in the political struggle and congratulating him on being appointed governor of the State of Guanajuato. Matter related to the military actions of Gen. Ferreira in Pénjamo, Guanajuato, having Manuel Trillo Villaseñor, Head of the Civil Defenses of Pénjamo, arrested and having submitted him to military judgment. Engr. Madrazo asks Gen. Obregón to intervene to establish order. Matter related to the Lagoon of Yuriria and the negotiations that the Secretary of Agriculture and Development has undertaken, whose intermediary in the negotiations is Mr. Enrique Colunga. Anonymous letter in which Governor, Engr. Antonio Madrazo, is asked to invite Gen. Obregón to spend a few days in this locality and, if possible, to inaugurate a monument. File M-02 / Correspondencia entre el Ing. Antonio Madrazo, Gobernador del estado de Guanajuato y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, en la que el primero informa al Gral. Obregón de la designación del Ing. Enrique Colunga como Gobernador Interino en Guanajuato. Respuesta de enterado. El Ing. Madrazo comunica al Gral. Obregón que los clubes locales de Guanajuato lo han elegido como su candidato a la Presidencia de la República. El Ing. Madrazo informa al Gral. Obregón de su llegada a Salvatierra, y que ahí fue aclamado públicamente al mencionar su nombre; informa al Gral. Obregón que varias ciudades de Guanajuato lo apoyan unánimemente en su candidatura. Respuestas de enterado y agradeciendo sus informes. El Ing. Madrazo comunica al Gral. Obregón que ha recibido el cargo de Gobernador de parte del Lic. Enrique Colunga; comunica al Gral. Obregón que el triunfo electoral fue obtenido por el Partido Liberal Guanajuatense. Respuesta agradeciendo por su conducto al partido por su desempeño en la lucha política y felicitándolo por haber sido designado Gobernador del estado de Guanajuato. Asunto relacionado a las acciones militares del Gral. Ferreira en Pénjamo, Gto. al haber puesto preso a Manuel Trillo Villaseñor, Jefe de las Defensas Civiles de Pénjamo y haberlo sometido a juicio militar; el Ing. Madrazo solicita la intervención del Gral. Alvaro Obregón a fin de poner orden. Asunto relacionado a la Laguna de Yuriria y las disposiciones que ha emprendido el Secretario de Agricultura y Fomento, Gral. Antonio Villarreal, cuyo intermediario en las negociaciones es el Sr. Enrique Colunga. Anónimo en el que se pide al Gobernador, Ing. Antonio Madrazo, invite al Gral. Obregón para que descanse unos días en esa localidad y de ser posible pueda inaugurar algún monumento. Exp. M-02
Over the past sixty years, the world population has experienced a dramatic surge from 2.5 billion people by the end of World War II, to 7 billion in 2011. This population growth differs from previous episodes not only in importance, but also because of the joint emergence of a new and ongoing trend of rising urbanization. Expected to strengthen worldwide, this trend is a real challenge for the international community in terms of sustainability, especially for food supply. This thesis provides a theoretical treatment of food supply chain sustainability in a context of rapid and unrelenting urbanization. Halfway between economic geography and environmental economics, its primary goal is to allow for a theoretical formalization of ecological and social trade-offs in a spatially explicit framework. Besides, we argue that this issue cannot satisfactorily resolved without paying specific attention to urban-rural interactions. Our work discloses the following major element : because of the tight and inextricable interconnection between urban and rural areas, the ecological assessment of any food supply chain can only be achieved by taking into account both the demographic and physical features of cities. ; Au cours des soixante dernières années, la population mondiale a connu un sursaut spectaculaire, passant de 2,5 milliards d'habitants à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à 7 milliards en 2011. Cette croissance démographique se distingue des précédents épisodes tant par son importance que par l'apparition conjointe d'une tendance nouvelle et soutenue à la concentration des populations au sein des villes. Appelée à se renforcer partout dans le monde, cette tendance au grossissement des villes lance un véritable défi à la communauté internationale en matière de durabilité de notre système économique en général et alimentaire en particulier. Cette thèse propose un traitement théorique de la question de la durabilité des systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaires en milieu urbain. A la frontière entre économie publique et économie géographique, elle poursuit comme objectif principal de permettre la conduite d'une analyse formalisée des arbitrages environnementaux et sociaux dans un cadre spatial explicite. En outre, l'idée selon laquelle aucune réponse ne saurait être satisfaisante sans qu'une attention spécifique soit portée aux interactions spatiales, économiques et écologiques entre espaces urbains et agriculture constitue l'un des positionnements clés défendus dans ce travail. De manière générale, les travaux de cette thèse font apparaître l'élément majeur suivant: du fait de la forte et inextricable interconnexion entre milieux urbain et rural, l'évaluation environnementale, sociale et économique d'un système alimentaire ne peut se faire qu'en connaissance des caractéristiques démographique et physique de la ville concernée.
