Suchergebnisse

"The Chinese economy has been playing an increasingly significant role on the global stage. This book is the sixth annual project of Asia Competitiveness Institute studying competitiveness at the sub-national level of Greater China. ACI's flagship competitiveness study not only adopts a comprehensive framework to measure competitiveness by incorporating 102 indicators under four environments and 11 sub-environments, but is also undertaken at the sub-national level to account for the considerable disparities within a large economy like Greater China. The comparative strengths and weaknesses based on the scores and rankings as well as the what-if simulation analysis can be used to formulate development strategies that are specific and of practical value for each sub-national economy and region. The Shapley methodology adopted by ACI introduces a novel approach for the assignment of weights to the various indicators that constitute competitiveness. This concept has introduced an element of objectivity in terms of the assignment of weights. The findings using the Shapley value also tend to validate the robustness of results obtained from the competitiveness studies over the past years. Moreover, the empirical research featured in this book attempts to understand the drivers of exports of Mainland China provinces, with a specific focus on real effective exchange rate movements and volatility. Nowadays with the international flows of goods and capital becoming ubiquitous and comprising an important aspect of national competitiveness, the role of exchange rate is drawing much more policy attention. In view of this, the research findings presented in this book make an important academic and policy contribution by empirically examining the relationship between exports and exchange rate. Finally, the timing of this publication makes it indispensable to include some dedicated discussions of the trade disputes between the US and China. Several topics would be discussed in this book, including China's protection on Intellectual Property Rights, its violation of World Trade Organisation rules, challenges to its economic growth, the development of its three regional megalopolises, and how to mitigate the impact and ramification of its trade war against the US. This book attempts to identify the growing concerns in the US–China trade tension and provide suggestions for China's development in the future."--

A cien años de la Reforma Universitaria en Argentina, proponemos poner en diálogo su especificidad y alcances, recuperando y trazando en perspectiva otros horizontes políticos y experiencias históricas que, más allá de Occidente, tuvieron como protagonistas y agentes del cambio social a jóvenes estudiantes universitarios, en contextos de fuerte movilización social e insurgencia política en dos períodos clave del siglo XX. Nuestro artículo revaloriza, en este sentido, el caso de la participación política de la juventud universitaria en China, considerando su intervención en momentos fundamentales de la historia socio-política de este país: el Movimiento del 4 de Mayo de 1919 y la coyuntura crítica de la Gran Revolución Cultural Proletaria en la década de 1960. La lectura en diacronía de ambas experiencias nos permitirá proyectar en el largo plazo el carácter de las interpelaciones a nivel discursivo y la implicancia social que tuvo la participación de los jóvenes universitarios chinos en movimientos reformistas o revolucionarios, así como su expresión en los debates político-intelectuales de cada período.Palabras clave: China, juventudes universitarias, participación política, reforma, revolución. AbstractA century after the University Reforms in Argentina, we propose to consider the specificity and projections of the movement that brought them about by bringing them into dialogue with different historical experiences of young university students as agents of social change in a significantly different political horizon beyond the Western hemisphere, in contexts of mass mobilization and political upheaval in two key moments of the 20th century. The present article aims to revisit the case of the political participation of university students in China by considering their interventions in two fundamental moments in the sociopolitical development of that country: the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. Through a diachronic reading of these experiences we propose to analyze the long-term effects of the interpellations at the discursive level and the social implications associated with the participation of young Chinese university students in the reformist and revolutionary movements of the past century, as well as their interventions in the political and intellectual debates in each period.Keywords: China, university youth, political participation, reform, revolution.

A cien años de la Reforma Universitaria en Argentina, proponemos poner en diálogo su especificidad y alcances, recuperando y trazando en perspectiva otros horizontes políticos y experiencias históricas que, más allá de Occidente, tuvieron como protagonistas y agentes del cambio social a jóvenes estudiantes universitarios, en contextos de fuerte movilización social e insurgencia política en dos períodos clave del siglo XX. Nuestro artículo revaloriza, en este sentido, el caso de la participación política de la juventud universitaria en China, considerando su intervención en momentos fundamentales de la historia socio-política de este país: el Movimiento del 4 de Mayo de 1919 y la coyuntura crítica de la Gran Revolución Cultural Proletaria en la década de 1960. La lectura en diacronía de ambas experiencias nos permitirá proyectar en el largo plazo el carácter de las interpelaciones a nivel discursivo y la implicancia social que tuvo la participación de los jóvenes universitarios chinos en movimientos reformistas o revolucionarios, así como su expresión en los debates político-intelectuales de cada período.Palabras clave: China, juventudes universitarias, participación política, reforma, revolución. AbstractA century after the University Reforms in Argentina, we propose to consider the specificity and projections of the movement that brought them about by bringing them into dialogue with different historical experiences of young university students as agents of social change in a significantly different political horizon beyond the Western hemisphere, in contexts of mass mobilization and political upheaval in two key moments of the 20th century. The present article aims to revisit the case of the political participation of university students in China by considering their interventions in two fundamental moments in the sociopolitical development of that country: the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. Through a diachronic reading of these experiences we propose to analyze the long-term effects of the interpellations at the discursive level and the social implications associated with the participation of young Chinese university students in the reformist and revolutionary movements of the past century, as well as their interventions in the political and intellectual debates in each period.Keywords: China, university youth, political participation, reform, revolution.

A Convoluted Trajectory : Patriotism and Traditional Festivals in Reform Era China On December 7th, 2007, the Chinese government decided to place traditional festivals on the national calendar. This event, which can be considered a textbook example of "inventing tradition", reinforced the position of those who believe that the Communist Party uses the past in the service of an aggressive foreign policy and to reinforce national unity, which has been jeopardized by the disappearance of socialist ideology. Yet "genealogical" analysis of the decision process reveals that a phenomenon of convergence of interests and representations was at work, bringing together various milieu : Hong Kong deputies, intellectuals, economists, folklorists and businessmen. It also shows the obstacles – among others, managing the flows brought about by an increased number of holidays in such a heavily populated country – that the government encountered before ratifying the proposal. Yet China is now also a society of leisure. Proof of this can be found in the popular enthusiasm with which the government's initiative was greeted, especially among the urban middle class, who can now profit from new vacation periods. ; Les fêtes traditionnelles contribuent à renforcer la cohésion de la nation chinoise (.), les transformer en jours fériés affirmera avec encore plus de force les traditions nationales et contribuera à la propagation de l'esprit de la nation ». Ces fortes paroles se trouvent dans la motion, rédigée par le député Zhang Guoliang en mars 2004, et signée par une centaine de députés de Hong Kong de la Conférence consultative politique du peuple chinois (CCPPC), demandant l'inscription des fêtes traditionnelles dans le calendrier officiel. Après un processus relativement rapide, la proposition sera finalement entérinée par le Conseil des affaires d'État (CAE) le 7 décembre 2007. Cette courte séquence d'événements pourrait être un cas d'école « d'invention de la tradition » justifiant la position de ceux qui considèrent que le Parti communiste utilise le passé afin de « formuler une idéologie pour sa nouvelle base sociale – la bourgeoisie urbaine et cosmopolite émergente – afin d'assurer sa cohésion et de capter sa loyauté à l'heure de la mondialisation capitaliste ». L'État chinois, privé des ressources idéologiques du socialisme, serait contraint de réinventer des coutumes, des pratiques et des rites afin de renforcer la cohésion de la nation chinoise, lancée dans une course éperdue à la puissance mondiale. [Premier paragraphe]

Цель. Рассматривается проблема становления российско-китайского сотрудничества в начале 20-х годов XX в., роль Коминтерна в этом вопросе и попытка оказания интернациональной помощи национально-освободительному движению в Китае. Анализируется политика советского руководства в период до Вашингтонской конференции и после нее. Новизна исследования – в использовании в работе широкого круга новых архивных материалов и недавно опубликованных документов.Методологическая основа. В основе исследования лежат принципы историзма, критического подхода к используемым источникам и всестороннего анализа проблемы.Результаты. Доказывается, что на первом этапе позиция большевиков характеризовалась стремлением военным путем поддержать революционное движение в Монголии, Корее и Китае, расширить зону «мировой революции». Задачей было установление народных республик, объединение Китая, проведение буржуазных преобразований силами коммунистических партий в блоке с национальной демократией и интеллигенцией и заключение союза с Советской Россией.Вашингтонская конференция зафиксировала новое соотношение сил на Дальнем Востоке. Это заставило советское правительство постепенно изменить приоритеты. Произошел поэтапный отказ от открытой поддержки антияпонского движения в Корее, осуществилась переориентация на демократическую организацию Гоминдан в Китае и фактическое подчинение ей китайской компартии. Провозглашалась политика единого антиимпериалистического фронта.Большое внимание уделяется проблеме дуализма внешнеполитической деятельности большевистского руководства. Это выразилось в противостоянии Коминтерна и Народного комиссариата иностранных дел по международным вопросам. Противоречие между интернациональными планами Коминтерна и национальными интересами России по установлению дипломатических отношений с великими державами разрешилось в пользу последних. Национальная революция в Китае должна была победить самостоятельно, без прямой военной поддержки извне.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в ходе преподавания в вузе истории России и всеобщей истории. ; Purpose. The article deals with the problem of formation of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the early twenties of XX century, the Comintern role in this issue and attempt to provide international assistance to the national liberation movement in China. On the basis of a wide range of sources and archival materials, policy of the Soviet leadership is analyzed in the period up to the Washington Conference and beyond.Methodological basis. The study is based on the principles of historicism, a critical approach to the sources used and comprehensive analysis of the problem.Results. At the first stage the Bolshevik position was to keep support of the military revolutionary movement in Mongolia, Korea and China, to expand the area of "world revolution". The objective was to establish the People's Republics, association of China, provision of bourgeois transformation held by forces of the of communist parties in alliance with the national democrats and intellectuals and an alliance with Soviet Russia.Washington Conference recorded a new balance of forces in the Far East. This forced the Soviet government gradually change priorities. Open support for the anti-Japanese movement in Korea was gradually denied and Soviet Russia reoriented to the democratic movement of the Kuomintang in China and submission of the Chinese Communist Party to it. The policy of the united anti-imperialist front was proclaimed.Substantial attention is paid to the problem of dualism of the foreign policy of the Bolshevik leadership. This was reflected in confrontation of the Comintern and the People's Commissariat (People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs) on international issues. Controversy between international plans of the Comintern and the national interests of Russia on the establishment of diplomatic relations with great powers was resolved in favor of the latter. The national revolution in China had to overcome on their own, without direct foreign military support.Practical implications. Results of the study can be used in teaching of the Russian history and the world history in high school.

Books reviewed:Malcolm Gaskill, Crime and mentalities in early modern EnglandNancy Cox, The complete tradesman: a study of retailing, 1550–1820Rosalind Mitchison, The old poor law in Scotland: the experience of poverty, 1574–1845Sarah Bendall, Christopher Brooke, and Patrick Collinson, A history of Emmanuel College, CambridgeMichael Roberts and Simone Clarke, eds., Women and gender in early modern WalesLena Cowen Orlin, ed., Material London, ca. 1600Martin Daunton and Rick Halpern, eds., Empire and others: British encounters with indigenous peoples, 1600–1850Andrea Finkelstein, Harmony and the balance: an intellectual history of seventeenth‐century English economic thoughtJeremy Gregory, Restoration, reformation and reform, 1660–1828: archbishops of Canterbury and their dioceseRon Harris, Industrializing English law: entrepreneurship and business organization, 1720–1844Charles More, Understanding the industrial revolutionAndy Bielenberg, ed., The Irish diasporaSimon Gunn, The public culture of the Victorian middle class: ritual and authority in the English industrial city, 1840–1914J. Matthew Gallman, Receiving Erin's children: Philadelphia, Liverpool and the Irish Famine migration, 1845–1855Keir Waddington, Charity and the London hospitals, 1850–1898Katrina Honeyman, Well suited: a history of the Leeds clothing industry, 1850–1990Gillian Cookson and George Ingle, eds., John Hodgson's 'Textile manufacture and other industries in Keighley'David W. Howell and Kenneth O. Morgan, eds., Crime, protest and police in modern British society: essays in memory of David J. V. JonesMichael French and Jim Phillips, Cheated not poisoned? Food regulation in the United Kingdom, 1875–1938Brian Callanan, Ireland's Shannon story: leaders, visions and networks—a case study of local and regional developmentGraham Ingham, Managing change: a guide to British economic policyPhilip de Souza, Piracy in the Graeco‐Roman worldEdwin S. Hunt and James M. Murray, A history of business in medieval Europe, 1200–1550Liliane Hilaire‐Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des LumièresWilliam Doyle, La vénalitéMarco H. D. van Leeuwen, trans. A. J. Pomerans, The logic of charity: Amsterdam, 1800–1850Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Generale Bank, 1822–1997Thomas Max Safley, Matheus Miller's memoir: a merchant's life in the seventeenth centuryGabriel Tortella, trans. Valerie Herr, The development of modern Spain: an economic history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuriesPanikos Panayi, Outsiders: a history of European minoritiesLennart Samuelson, Plans for Stalin's war machine: Tukhachevskii and military‐economic planning, 1925–1941Christopher Fyfe, ed., Anna Maria Falconbridge, 'Narrative of two voyages to the River Sierra Leone during the years 1791–1792–1793', and the journal of Isaac Dubois, with Alexander Falconbridge, 'An account of the slave trade on the coast of Africa'Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, An empire divided: the American Revolution and the British CaribbeanSteven N. Kaplan, ed., Mergers and productivityShawn W. Miller, Fruitless trees: Portuguese conservation and Brazil's colonial timberMaria Misra, Business, race and politics in British India, c. 1850–1960Sherman Cochran, Encountering Chinese networks: western, Japanese, and Chinese corporations in China, 1880–1937Xin Zhang, Social transformation in modern China: the state and local elites in Henan 1900–1937Ian Inkster and Fumihiko Satofuka, eds., Culture and technology in modern JapanDavid Turley, SlaveryM. L. Bush, Servitude in modern timesMary A. Yeager, ed., Women in businessJonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel, eds., Americanization and its limits: reworking US technology and management in post‐war Europe and JapanSebastian Edwards, ed., Capital flows and the emerging economies: theory, evidence and controversiesPhillip D. Curtin, The world and the West: the European challenge and the overseas response in the age of empireChristine Rider and Michéal Thompson, eds., The industrial revolution in comparative perspectiveMichalis Psalidopoulos, ed., The canon in the history of economics: critical essays

Section 1 - ANT as an intellectual practice -- Why and how should we distinguish between modes of doing ANT? / Daniel López Gómez -- How to make concepts with ANT? / Adrian Mackenzie -- Is ANT a critique of capital? / Fabian Muniesa -- How to use ANT in inventive ways so that its critique will not run out of steam? / Michael Guggenheim -- Is ANT's radical empiricism ethnographic? / Brit Ross Winthereik -- Can ANT compare with anthropology? / Atsuro Morita -- How to write after performativity? / José Ossandón -- Section 2 - Engaging dialogues with key intellectual companions -- What can ANT still learn from semiotics? / Alvise Mattozzi -- What can ANT learn from the anthropology of writing? / Jerome Pontille -- What else besides publics could ANT learn from pragmatism? / Noortje Marres -- What is the relevance of Stengers to ANT? / Martin Savransky -- Would we have been better off if ANT had indeed flagged its Deleuzian roots by being called actant-rhizome ontology? / Casper Bruun Jensen -- Why does ANT need Haraway for thinking about (gendered) bodies? / Ericka Johnson -- How does thinking with dementing bodies and A.N. Whitehead reassemble central propositions of ANT? / Michael Schillmeier -- Section 3 - Illicit trading zones of ANT - critical provocations -- What so often goes wrong when people become interested in the non-human? / Nigel Clark -- How to stage a convergence between ANT and Southern Sociologies? / Marcelo C. Rosa -- Is ANT capable of tracing spaces of affect? / Derek McCormack -- What possibilities would a queer actor-network theory generate? / Kane Race -- How can ANT learn from contemporary art? / Francis Halsall -- How to care for our accounts? / Sonja Jerak Zuiderent -- What might ANT learn about difference from Chinese medicine? / Wen-Yuan Lin -- Section 4 - Translating ANT beyond science and technology -- But what about race? / Amade M'charek & Irene Oorschot -- What might we learn from ANT for studying health care issues in the majority world, and what might ANT learn in turn? / Uli Beisel -- What is the value of ANT research into economic valuation devices? / Liliana Doganova -- How does ANT help us rethink the city? / Alexa Färber -- Can ANT cope with subjectivity? / Arthuro Arruda Leal Ferreira -- Why do maintenance and repair matter? / David Denis -- Section 5 - The sites and scales of ANT -- Are parliaments still today privileged sites for studying politics and liberal democracy and at what price? / Endre Danyi -- Is ANT equally good in dealing with local, national, and global natures? / Kristin Asdal -- What happens to ANT, and its emphasis on the socio-material grounding of the social, in digital sociology? / Carolin Gerlitz & Ester Weltervrede -- How do ANT and architectural notions of sites speak to each other? / Albena Yaneva and Brett Mommersteeg -- Does the South Korean city of Kyongju make a specific difference to how ANT can think the category of place? / Robert Oppenheim -- What is ontologically challenging about Paraguayan soybeans when they enter the courtroom? / Kregg Heatherington -- Section 6 - The uses of ANT for public-professional engagement -- Can ANT be a form of activism? / Tomás S. Criado and Israel Rodríguez-Giralt -- Has ANT been helpful for public anthropology after the 3.11 disaster in Japan? / Shuhei Kimura & Kohei Inose -- How can we to move beyond the dialogism of 'the parliament of things' and the 'hybrid forum' when rethinking participatory experiments with ANT? / Claire Waterton and Emma Cardwell -- How well does ANT equip designers for socio-material speculations? / Alex Wilkie -- How to run a hospital with ANT? / Yuri Carvajal Bañados -- Index

List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributing Authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- I Introduction -- 1 Farmers, Gene Banks, and Crop Breeding: Introduction and Overview 3 M. Smale, M. Bellon, and P. L. Pingal -- 2 Definition and Measurement of Crop Diversity for Economic Analysis 19 E. C. H. Meng, M. Smale, M. R. Bellon, and D. Grimanell -- II Valuation of Crop Genetic Resources Conserved Ex Situ -- 3 The Cost of Conserving Maize and Wheat Genetic Resources Ex Situ 35 P. G. Pardey, B. Skovmand, S. Taba, E. Van Dusen, and B.D. Wright -- 4 Optimal Collection and Search for Crop Genetic Resources 57 D. Gollin, M. Smale, and B. Skovmand -- 5 Crop Breeding Models and Implications for Valuing Genetic Resources 79 R. E. Evenson and S. Lemarie -- III Conserving Crop Diversity on Farms -- 6 Farmers' Perceptions of Varietal Diversity: Implications for On-farm Conservation of Rice 95 M. R. Bellon, J.-L. Pham, L. S. Sebastian, S. R. Francisco, G. C. Loresto, D. Erasga, P. Sanchez, M. Calibo, G. Abrigo, and S. Quilloy -- 7 Agronomic and Economic Competitiveness of Maize Landraces and In Situ Conservation in Mexico 109 H. Perales R., S. B. Brush, and C. O. Qualset -- 8 Implications for the Conservation of Wheat Landraces in Turkey from a Household Model of Varietal Choice 127 E.C. H. Meng, J. E. Taylor, and S. B. Brush -- IV Impacts of Crop Diversity on Productivity and Stability -- 9 The Contribution of Genetic Resources and Diversity to Wheat Productivity in the Punjab of Pakistan 145 J. Hartell, M. Smale, P. W. Heisey, and B. Senauer -- 10 Varietal Diversity and Yield Variability in Chinese Rice Production 159 D. Widawsky and S. Rozelle -- 11 The Economic Impact of Diversifying the Genetic Resistance to Leaf Rust Disease in Modern Bread Wheats 173 M. Smale and R. P. Singh -- V Policies and Genetic Resource Utilization -- 12 Intellectual Property Rights, Technology Transfer, and Genetic Resource Utilization 191 D. Zilberman, C. Yarkin, and A. Heiman -- 13 Enhancing the Diversity of Modern Germplasm through the International Coordination of Research Roles 205 G. Traxler and P. L. Pingal -- 14 Achieving Desirable Levels of Crop Diversity in Farmers' Fields: Factors Affecting the Production and Use of Commercial Seed 217 M. L. Morris and P. W. Heisey -- 15 Collaborative Plant Breeding as an Incentive for On-farm Conservation of Genetic Resources: Economic Issues from Studies in Mexico 239 M. Smale, D. Soleri, D. A. Cleveland, D. Louette, E. B. Rice, and A. Aguirre.

Cover13; -- Contents13; -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION -- PART I THE EAST ASIAN CHALLENGE TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY: REFLECTIONS ON EAST-WEST DIALOGUES -- TOWARD A TRULY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME -- 1. Trade-offs -- 1.1. Rights vs. Development: A Zero-Sum Game? -- 1.2. The Need for Specificity -- 2. An Asian Voice on Human Rights? -- 2.1. Human Rights: A Western Invention? -- 2.2. Increasing Commitment to Human Rights in East Asia: Strategic Considerations -- 2.2.1. On the Prospects of Exporting American Ideals to East Asia -- 2.2.2. Appealing to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Asia -- 2.2.3. Local Justifications for Human Rights -- 3. A Different Moral Standpoint? -- 3.1. Cultural Respect vs. Liberal Neutrality -- 3.2. Justifiable Constraints on Western-Style Rights -- 3.3. New 8220;Asian8221; Rights: Expanding the Set of Internationally Recognized Rights -- Summary -- DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS: ON THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE -- 1. Trade-off Issues -- 1.1. On the Possibility of Decent Nondemocratic Regimes -- 1.2. The Costs of Democratization -- 2. Democratic Rights: Different Justifications -- 2.1. Limiting the Power of the State -- 2.2. Democracy as a Means for Nation-Building -- 2.3. Identifying the Agents of Democratization -- 2.4. Nation-Building and Social Consensus in Confucian Democracies -- 3. Democratic Rights: Different Constraints -- 3.1 Democracy vs. Civil Rights -- 3.2 Democracy vs. Social and Economic Rights -- 3.3 Democracy vs. Future Generations -- Summary -- PART II THE PROS AND CONS OF DEMOCRACY IN SINGAPORE: A FICTITIOUS DIALOGUE WITH LEE KUAN YEW -- IS LIBERAL DEMOCRACY SUITABLE FOR SINGAPORE? -- 1. Democracy Defined as Free and Fair Competitive Elections -- 2. Democracy Justified (Only) by Its Consequences -- 3. Democracy and Security -- 4. Democracy and Civil Liberties -- 5. Democracy and Prosperity -- Summary -- A COMMUNITARIAN CRITIQUE OF AUTHORITARIANISM: THE CASE OF SINGAPORE -- 1. Community and Democracy -- 2. Democracy and the Family -- 3. Democracy and the Nation -- 3.1. Singapore: A Patriotic Nation? -- 3.2. How Authoritarianism Undermines Patriotism -- 3.3. On the Need for Patriotism in Singapore -- Summary -- PART III DEMOCRACY WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS -- A POLITICAL PROPOSAL FOR THE POST-COMMUNIST ERA -- 1. Constraining Democratic Populism -- 1.1. On the Need for Capable and Far-Sighted Rulers in Modern Societies -- 1.2. A Confucian Tradition of Respect for a Ruling Intellectual Elite -- 2. Alternative Proposals -- 2.1. Plural Voting Schemes -- 2.2. A Corporatist Assembly -- 2.3. A Parliament of Scholar-Officials -- 3. The Proposal -- 3.1. Selection Procedures -- 3.2. The Problem of Corruption -- 3.3. The Question of Universalizability -- 3.4. The Problem of Gridlock -- 3.5. Implementation of the Proposal -- Closing Scene -- Select Bibliography -- Index.

Статья посвящена проблеме национальной идентичности. Автором выбран исторический период Нового времени, поскольку тогда и на Западе и на Востоке были разработаны представления о «нации» и «национализме». В статье исследуется появление этих идей в трёх крупнейших странах Востока: Японии, Китае, Индии. Автор обращает внимание на то, что их появление в этих странах было обусловлено различными обстоятельствами, что наложило отпечаток на их происхождение и толкование. Японскими мыслителями самостоятельно, независимо от европейского влияния были созданы представления о японском народе, о значении императора как объединяющем начале. В Китае и Индии осмысление понятий «нация», «национализм» происходило в результате европейского влияния. В Китае Лян Цичао разработал учение о «новом народе», способном создать современное процветающее и независимое государство. Мыслители Индии обратили внимание на то, что в Европе «национализм» и «нация» понимались только в политическом аспекте. В мире эти идеи породили экспансионизм, агрессию и колониализм. Некоторые индийские мыслители причины появления «национализма» увидели в господстве интеллектуально-рассудочного начала, утвердившегося в Европе со времён Просвещения. Этому пониманию они противопоставили представления о совершенной, внутренне свободной, нравственной личности (абхай, кямиль), действующей во имя всеобщего блага. Автор отмечает, что осмысление опыта Европы мыслителями Азии происходило в рамках своих религиозно-философских традиций. ; The paper addresses the problems of national identity. The historical period is Modern Age, because during this period the ideas of "nation" and "nationalism" were created. The author researches the appearance of these ideas in three big Oriental countries: Japan, China and India. The author pays attention to the different circumstances of the appearances of these ideas because they influenced their interpretations. The Japanese thinkers created the notions of the Japanese people and the Japanese emperor as sacral united symbol independently from European thinkers. The Chinese thinker Lyang Cichao created the doctrine of "the new people" because the threat to China's independence. Upon his mind "the new people" must be able to create a strong and rich state. The Indian thinkers attracted attention to the political aspects of the European ideas of "nation" and "nationalism". They considered that the European understanding these ideas gave rise to expansionism, aggression and colonialism. Some of the Indian thinkers considered, that the reasons of rise of "nationalism" were caused by domination of intellectual, rational principals in the European consciousness. They opposed to the ideas of perfect and moral personality working at national welfare. The author highlights that perception of the European experience by Oriental thinkers was with regars to their native religious and philosophical traditions.

AbstractThis is a complement to Anne Haila's critique of institutionalism in Chinese urbanism. This is understood as an extension of Ronald Coase's transaction cost economics in urban space. The focus is well‐defined property rights which, extended to both urban land and intellectual property, allow monopoly competition and internalise public goods — whether social or environmental — into the logic of the neoliberal commoditized transaction. This ('Washington‐Consensus') notion of rights is contrasted to the blurred ('Beijing‐Consensus') property rights arrangements of today's China. Here property is a 'bundle of rights', in which different legal persons have rights in the same unit of urban space. In this property is not well defined but instead a 'boundary object'. I draw on Francois Jullien to describe such relational property, which is coloured, less by individualism, than by Taoist‐like relations. These comprise a long‐time horizon, an ongoing never completed, never actualized character of transacting or exchange. They comprise rights‐sharing, obligation‐sharing and risk‐sharing. Parallels are drawn with, not Roman and Continental a priorist, but with English a posteriorist notions of property.Résumé À l'appui de la critique d'Anne Haila sur l'institutionnalisme dans l'urbanisme chinois, ce texte l'appréhende comme une extension, à l'espace urbain, de l'économie des coûts de transaction selon Ronald Coase. Le propos s'attache aux droits de propriété bien définis qui, étendus aux terrains urbains et à la propriété intellectuelle, permettent une concurrence monopolistique et une internalisation des biens publics, qu'ils soient sociaux ou environnementaux, dans la logique de la transaction néolibérale banalisée. Cette notion des droits (dans l'axe du Consensus de Washington) est opposée aux dispositifs flous (au sens d'un 'Consensus de Beijing') propres aux droits de propriété dans la Chine d'aujourd'hui. La propriété y est constituée d'un 'lot de droits', par lequel plusieurs personnes morales ont des droits dans la même unité d'espace urbain; la propriété n'y est pas définie avec précision, constituant plutôt un 'objet‐frontière'. François Jullien éclaire la description de cette propriétérelationnelle, moins empreinte d'individualisme que de rapports d'inspiration taoïste; ceux‐ci correspondent à un type de transaction ou d'échange suivi, à longue échéance, jamais terminé, jamais actualisé– tout en englobant le partage des droits, des obligations et des risques. Par comparaison, cette conception de la propriété se rapproche, non pas des a priori de la notion romaine ou continentale, mais de l'a posteriori de la notion anglaise.

In today's world, the main subject of globalization are large transnational corporations (TNCs), which have a significant impact on the world economy development. The study of TNC investment processes plays an important role for economics. The purpose of the paper is to highlighte the current trends of TNCs international investment activities. In 2018, the value of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) increased by 18 % due to the large size of transactions, especially in the chemical industry and services. The cost of the announced greenfield projects increased by 41%, an increase mainly was in mining, processing and construction. Regarding the manufacturing sector, the net M&A sales at the global level remained close to the 2017 level. Deal making in the pharmaceutical industry declined for the third successive year. M&A sales have more than doubled in chemical industry. In services, net M&A sales increased by over one third. The article highlights that there must be a stable political situation and an effective system of business regulation that provide the investor, ie TNCs, a guarantee of rights and protection of interests for the successful operation of TNCs in the host country. High level of corruption and misuse of funds, the complexity of doing business, the unstable political and economic situation in the country are the factors that negatively affect on the investment activities of TNCs. One of the promising areas of TNC investment activity is fintech – the newest and fastest growing sector of the global economy. Advanced achievements of scientific and technological progress, financial innovations, achievements and advantages of information, digital, network and intellectual components are concentrated in fintech today. ASEAN TNCs often merge fintech-start-ups and initiate fintech-departments to expand services and integrate financial technology into traditional businesses. Thus, the Malaysian bank CIMB Group in 2017 established a separate fintech-division in order to find innovative banking solutions. The construction of a mobile banking platform in Vietnam and the Philippines, a mobile payment wallet developed with the participation of Chinese and Thai companies are the examples of such projects. ; В статті досліджено сучасні тенденції розвитку міжнародної інвестиційної діяльності ТНК. Визначено, що для успішного функціонування ТНК в приймаючій країні повинна бути стабільна політична ситуація і ефективна система регулювання бізнесу, що забезпечують інвестору, тобто ТНК, гарантію прав і захист інтересів. Серед чинників, що негативно впливають на інвестиційну діяльність ТНК є високий рівень корупції і нецільового використання коштів, складність ведення бізнесу, нестабліьна політична й економічна ситуація в країні. Окреслено однин із перспективних напрямів iнвестицiйної діяльності ТНК – fintech –новітня і стрімко зростаюча галузь глобальної економіки.

Between 1920 and 1935, researchers at Stanford University administered thousands of eugenic tests of intelligence and personality traits to Chinese-American and Japanese-American children in California's public schools. The researchers and their funders, a diverse coalition of white supremacists and immigrant advocacy organizations, sought to use these tests to gauge the assimilative possibility and racial worth of Asian immigrants, and to intervene in local, national, and transpacific policy debates over Asian immigration and education. By examining the Stanford testing projects, and exploring the curious partnerships that coalesced around them, this study seeks to expand our understanding of the intersection between race science and politics in early twentieth-century California. Racial psychometric testing was a key technology of the Progressive-era eugenics movement, and Stanford's testing projects reflected the assumptions of this movement. Like scores of other race-based testing projects during the era, they adhered to careful, premeditated formulae predicated upon the dual-hinged fallacy that race and intelligence were fixed and quantifiable categories. Despite the hereditarian and racial essentialist foundations of the tests, however, the researchers and funding institutions affiliated with the Stanford projects approached their work from a wide array of political positions. Lewis Terman, who directed the balance of the testing, was a prominent eugenicist, and he used his cache as a faculty member at Stanford and President of the American Psychological Association to advance eugenic causes, including race-based immigration restriction. By contrast, Terman's largest funder, the Japanese Association of America, three of his students, Kwok Tsuen Yeung, Hisakichi Misaki, Reginald Bell, and one of his colleagues, Edward Kellogg Strong, attempted to use testing to augment the social status of Asian immigrants and their children, end racial segregation in the public schools, and stem the tide of California's nativist movements. By highlighting the contributions that individuals and organizations affiliated with Stanford University made to eugenic testing during the 1920s and 1930s, this study complicates our understanding of the eugenics movement, and renews our sense of the movement's broad and lasting influence over American institutions. Many of the Stanford testers had an agenda that was progressive compared to that of Terman's, but they never escaped the constraints of the eugenic testing paradigm. In part because their tests drew upon and helped to reify false notions of intelligence and racial hierarchies, their projects ultimately failed to change anti-Asian sentiment or public policy. The participation of Asians, Asian Americans, and pro-immigrant progressives in the testing projects, however, reminds us that eugenic technologies were once so pervasive that they compelled the intellectual and material investment of those they were designed to marginalize.

Can we talk about cham anism e in Méso-Americas Bienne or m êm e in today's indigenous meso- America? The problem arises with regard to the current intellectual procedure a ten d a d d'd d d d d d d d'performances e objects, c m e d'manifestations d e es e e e s chamanistic, e d to consider people in power (for example, rois m ayas) com m e of cham years. A few examples of misinterpretations in a successful book. M a ya Cosmos. Three Thousand Years on the Shamant's Path (1993), King m ay has become the great cham in a g of freedom of interpretation by epigraphists and iconographs, who lom and b e u u u o o p d e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e f e d'développement fantaisistic, n e w a g e aid. A tom be d e C opân (cited as 'm ay a classic de Honduras') fa the tower of m n d under the name 'tom be du cham an', p a r e q u e e q e e q e e q e e q e e e q e e q e e e q e e e e e C opân bore the funeral furniture com bore small stones e d'c ra p a c s d'turtle. The example of divination among the Chinese had to be at the origin of this interpretation. In fact, it can be shown that the objects associated with the skeleton are the remains of a ritual creation to ensure the survival of the deceased. In a recent article, an archaeologist who made his entire vie-a com serious about the graffitis d e Tikal on the drawings of alienates or made under the influence of drugs, and found affinities between the two series. The hypothesis p ro p sé e is q. These graffitis were executed under the influence of hallucinogenic substances. The drawings used for the design are evidem the simplest: spirals, broken lines, etc. Hybrid creatures, semi-animal men, comm m of manifestations of nagualism tend to be interpreted (c a p a d'd be transformed into another creature). However, the vast majority of the supernatural creatures in Méso-America are represented in hybrid form: combination d e several animals or hybrid hom e-anim al a v e c head 'grotesque' e t body anthropom orph. There is no reason to interpret, COM m is increasingly doing, c ...

Untersucht werden Ursachen, Entstehungsfaktoren und Rahmenbedingungen der Beijinger Tiananmen-Protestbewegungen vom Frühjahr 1989. Die Studie widmet sich zunächst den an der Protestbewegung beteiligten sozialen Gruppen: den Studenten und Intellektuellen als Hauptakteure, sowie den Arbeitern und Angestellten. Sodann wird darauf verwiesen, daß die Entwicklung von einer vom Umfang her begrenzten Protest- zu einer Massenbewegung durch die im Zuge der Reformpolitik erfolgte Liberalisierung der über die Bevölkerung ausgeübten politischen Kontrolle begünstigt bzw. überhaupt erst ermöglicht worden ist. Erheblich beschleunigt wurde dieser Prozeß des weiteren durch die KP-Führungskrise, die eine entschlossene Reaktion der kommunistischen Führungsspitze des Regimes auf die Protestbewegung zu einem Zeitpunkt, als sich diese noch in ihrem Anfangsstadium befand, verhindert hat. (BIOst-Klk)