Suchergebnisse

The authors have made a statistical construction of the "average" Latin American country. Factor analysis produced three central indices—Size, Developmental Level, and Exports to the United States—which account for considerable differences between nations. Similarities in certain of the 16 basic factors, such as literacy, are also pointed out. Paul Deutschmann, who died unexpectedly last year, was Professor at Michigan State University, and one of the finest and most cordially liked younger scholars in the field of journalism and communications research. Professor McNelly is at Michigan State, following an extended period of research in Latin America.

Membership, structure, self-management rights; role in economic reform.

Ponencia recogida en las actas de los Cursos de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales de Vitoria-Gasteiz organizados por la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad del País Vasco. ; A los efectos del presente curso, sin obviar la importancia decisiva de otras características de la sociedad internacional, aludiré a la existencia de una amplia gama de actores internacionales entre los que se encuentran los Gobiernos No Centrales (GNCs) ubicados en el nivel subestatal3 . Dicho fenómeno, con distintos enfoques y matices, aún discutiendo su mayor o menor importancia, es hoy mayoritariamente aceptado por los especialistas de las Relaciones Internacionales así como desde las perspectivas de otras disciplinas. Desde el prisma propio de aquellas, Arenal señala que el carácter heterogéneo y complejo de la actual sociedad internacional es consecuencia, entre otras razones, de la gran variedad de actores. Y, entre la serie de «nuevas realidades internacionales», destaco tres fenómenos, entre otros citados por Arenal, que considero básicos para sostener las líneas argumentales que desarrollaré: el debilitamiento de la centralidad del Estado —«se ha visto obligado a compartir el protagonismo internacional con otros actores internacionales y ya no es siempre, en consecuencia, el único o principal actor a la hora de conformar las estructuras y dinámicas de la sociedad internacional»—; la desaparición de la distinción entre el mundo interno del Estado y el mundo internacional, es decir entre la política interior y la política exterior; y el desarrollo de nuevos actores no estatales —«su espectacular crecimiento y protagonismo es consecuencia directa de las dinámicas de interdependencia, globalización y transnacionalización» ; For the purposes of this course, without forgetting the decisive importance of other characteristics of international society, I will allude to the existence of a broad range of international actors among which are the Non-Central Governments (GNCs) located at the sub-state level3 . This phenomenon, with different approaches and nuances, still discussing its greater or lesser importance, is today mostly accepted by the specialists of the International Relations as well as from the perspectives of other disciplines. From the prism of those, Arenal points out that the heterogeneous nature and complex of the current international society is a consequence, among other reasons, of the great variety of actors. And, among the series of «new international realities», I highlight three phenomena, among others cited by Arenal, which I consider basic to sustain the lines of argument that I will develop: the weakening of centrality of the State - «it has been forced to share the international protagonism with other international actors and it is no longer always, therefore, the unique or main actor when shaping the structures and dynamics of society international"-; the disappearance of the distinction between the inner world of State and the international world, that is, between domestic politics and foreign policy; and the development of new non-state actors - "its spectacular growth and protagonism is a direct consequence of the dynamics of interdependence, globalization and transnationalization »

"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit sozioökonomischen Ungleichheiten in der Europäischen Union. Dabei werden drei Perspektiven auf europäische Ungleichheit vorgestellt und empirisch illustriert. In der ersten Perspektive geht es um den Vergleich von Ungleichheiten innerhalb der Mitgliedsländer, innerhalb der zweiten steht das zwischenstaatliche europäische Wohlfahrtsgefälle im Zentrum. In einem dritten Schritt werden interregionale Ungleichheiten in den Blick genommen, weil diese für den Integrationsprozess immer wichtiger werden. Im Zusammenhang mit allen drei Perspektiven wird diskutiert, inwieweit der Europäisierungsprozess selbst eine zentrale Einflussgröße dieser Ungleichheiten darstellt." (Autorenreferat)

The office of European Ombudsman was created by the Treaty of Maastricht. The first Ombudsman, Jacob Söderman, began work in September 1995. To judge by the number of requests for materials and interviews that the office receives, particularly from students, academic lawyers are well aware of the existence of the European Ombudsman. There is also a growing body of literature about the office. Many practising lawyers, however, remain uncertain about the scope and functions of the work of the European Ombudsman. This is partly because the concept of an ombudsman is not always well understood, even by specialists in public law. This article will explain what an ombudsman is, the relationship between the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman, and the nature of the latter's work. The aim is to persuade colleagues working in the field of European public law that the office of the European Ombudsman is well worth monitoring.