Suchergebnisse

Latin American countries have undergone a growing interest in international accounting standards. Several countries are making progress in the adoption of international standards driven by different internal factors as well as external dynamics. The role of experts in the design of public policies associated with international standards has been studied by the epistemic community theory, which is the theoretical framework used in this study to address the influence of different international organizations on the adoption of IPSAS in Brazil and Colombia. This paper discusses the isomorphic institutional pressure exerted over the governments of these two countries in order to meet an international standard considered to be adequate. Meanwhile, the emerging trend towards the adoption of IPSAS in Latin America continues to grow, although some obstacles to achieving the goals defined in the reform arise. ; Los países de América Latina han experimentado un creciente interés por las normas internacionales de contabilidad. Varios países están avanzando en la adopción de estándares internacionales, impulsados por diferentes factores internos y dinámicas externas. El papel de los expertos en la definición y recomendación de las políticas públicas asociadas con los estándares internacionales ha sido estudiado por la teoría de las comunidades epistémicas. El artículo retoma este marco teórico para abordar la influencia de diferentes organismos internacionales en la adopción de IPSAS en Brasil y Colombia. Discute la presión institucional isomórfica sobre los gobiernos de estos dos países para converger hacia un estándar internacional considerado adecuado. La tendencia emergente hacia la adopción de IPSAS en los países latinoamericanos crece, aunque existen importantes obstáculos para alcanzar las metas definidas en la reforma. ; Os países da América Latina têm experimentado um crescente interesse pelas normas internacionais de contabilidade. Vários países estão avançando na adoção de padrões internacionais, impulsionados por diferentes fatores internos e dinâmicas externas. O papel dos especialistas na definição e recomendação de políticas públicas associadas a padrões internacionais tem sido estudado pela teoria de comunidades epistêmicas. O artigo retoma este arcabouço teórico para abordar a influência de diferentes organizações internacionais na adoção das IPSAS no Brasil e na Colômbia. Discute a pressão institucional isomórfica sobre os governos desses dois países para convergir para um padrão internacional considerado adequado. A tendência emergente para a adoção de IPSAS nos países da América Latina está crescendo, embora existam obstáculos significativos para alcançar as metas definidas na reforma.

Background: The training of teachers who teach mathematics is surrounded by knowledge that changes over time. These changes are for several moments mobilized by specialists, in this context, the official documents are possible historical sources for reading and analyzing changes. Objective: To analyze the systematizations of a "Geometry for teaching" put into circulation for the training of teachers, at the end of the 19th century, in Rio de Janeiro, at this time the Republic, by professors Amélia Fernandes da Costa, Luiz Augusto dos Reis and Manoel José Pereira Frazão, appointed by the republican power for the mission of pedagogical studies in Europe. Data collection and analysis: Data were collected from the travel records of commissioners, and also from publications in educational, analysed from the perspective of Cultural History. Design: Use for the study the official reports found by the documents and Revista Pedagogica, printed for teachers, these documents, acquired or accumulated by the specialists in question, were solved and problematized following the following investigation steps: recompilation of teaching experiences; comparative analysis of teachers' knowledge; analysis of systematization and use of knowledge as knowledge (Valente, 2018; 2020). Setting and Participants: It is a historiographical study in documents. Results: An analysis of the sources revealed that the performance of the documents, as well as their active participation in political issues and primary education, the recognition of peers, a call from the State for the pedagogical trip and the consequent responsibility to produce an official report, placed them in the category of Experts, thus allowing us to qualify them and put into circulation a proposal for a new "Geometry for teaching", characteristic of intuitive times, and against the previous proposal. Conclusions: The "Geometry for teaching" put into circulation, should be mobilized by teachers in close relationship with Design and Handicrafts and was not structured as a subject in primary school.

¿Qué es la responsabilidad del superior jerárquico? ¿Cuáles son las obligaciones de un comandante militar en campo? Desde Yamashita (1945) hasta la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) con Bemba Gombo (2016), de jure o de facto, la CPI con Bemba Gombo equiparó las obligaciones de los comandantes militares de ejércitos regulares a las de aquéllos comandantes de fuerzas armadas de facto. Los criterios de responsabilidad que identificó fueron: el nivel de conocimiento del comandante de lo que sus hombres hicieron, hacen o están por hacer; las medidas razonables que tomó o está por tomar, a fin de prevenir y/o reprimir los crímenes; el control efectivo que ejerce, ejerció o puede ejercer, a fin de evitar la comisión del injusto, y si notificó o no a las autoridades competentes de lo que sucedió o está por suceder; lo anterior hace parte de los estándares que miden las obligaciones de los superiores jerárquicos militares y también civiles. La actuación del comandante no se asume a priori, sino que se analiza in concreto (SPI III CPI Bemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo como Yamashita fueron condenados por no haber ejercido sus obligaciones como comandantes militares. Los criterios de conocimiento en cada uno fue distinto. En el caso de Yamashita se aplicó el hubiere debido saber por los partes que recibió y lo colosal de los crímenes, mientras que en el de Bemba Gombo la SPI III de la CPI (2016) aplicó el actual knowledge, ya que él sabía o supo, encontrándolo culpable porque no hizo genuinamente nada para prevenir y/o reprimir los crímenes de sus tropas. Respecto a la evaluación de los criterios de prevención y notificación en el artículo 28 la SA de la CPI (2018), en un fallo que nació controvertido, revertió la sentencia de la SPI III (2016) al considerar que esta última incurrió en errores de hecho y de derecho así como de procedimiento en el artículo 28 y 74 (2). ; What does criminal liability of superiors mean? What are the obligations of a military commander in the field? This is a review from Yamashita (1945) to the International Criminal Court (icc) with Bemba Gombo (2016). De jure or de facto, the icc with Bemba Gombo equated the obligations of military commanders of regular armies with those de facto commanders. Modes of liability: the level of knowledge of the commander of what his men did, do, or are about to do; the reasonable steps he has taken or is about to take to prevent and/or suppress the crimes; the effective control exercised or that may be exercised to avoid the commission of the unjust; whether or not he notified the competent authorities of what happened, or is about to happen. The modes of liability constitute the standards that measure the obligations of the hierarchical superiors whether military or civilians. The action of the commander is not assumed a priori, it is analysed in concreto (icc TC III Bemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo as Yamashita, were convicted for not having exercised their duties as military commanders. The knowledge standard in each one was different. In Yamashita the must have known was applied because he knew by the reports he received and the colossal dimensions of the crimes. In Bemba Gombo the icc applied the actual knowledge standard, he knew or knew, finding him guilty because he did nothing to prevent and/or repress the crimes of his troops. ; O que é a responsabilidade do superior hierárquico? Quais são as obrigações de umcomandante militar em campo? Desde Yamashita (1945) até a Corte Penal Internacional(CPI) com Bemba Gombo (2016). De jure o de facto, a CPI com BembaGombo equiparou as obrigações dos comandantes militares de exercícios regularesa aqueles comandantes de forças armadas de facto. Os critérios de responsabilidade:o nível de conhecimento do comandante do que seus homens fizeram, fazem ou vãoa fazer; as medidas razoáveis que tomou ou está por tomar com o fim de prevenire/ou reprimir os crimes; o controle efetivo que exerce ou exerceu ou pode exercercom o objetivo de evitar a comissão do injusto; se notificou ou não às autoridadescompetentes do que aconteceu, ou está por acontecer, constituem-se nos standardsque medem as obrigações dos superiores hierárquicos militares e também civis. Aatuação do comandante não assume a priori, analisa-se in concreto (SPI III CPIBemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo como Yamashita foram condenados por nãoter exercido suas obrigações como comandantes militares. Os critérios de conhecimentoem cada um foi diferente. Em Yamashita se aplicou o tivesse devido saber pelaspartes que recebeu e o colossal dos crimes. Em Bemba Gombo a CPI aplicou o actualknowledge, ele sabia ou soube, encontrando-o culpável porque não fez genuinamentenada para prevenir e/ou reprimir os crimes de suas tropas."

What does criminal liability of superiors mean? What are the obligations of a military commander in the field? This is a review from Yamashita (1945) to the International Criminal Court (icc) with Bemba Gombo (2016). De jure or de facto, the icc with Bemba Gombo equated the obligations of military commanders of regular armies with those de facto commanders. Modes of liability: the level of knowledge of the commander of what his men did, do, or are about to do; the reasonable steps he has taken or is about to take to prevent and/or suppress the crimes; the effective control exercised or that may be exercised to avoid the commission of the unjust; whether or not he notified the competent authorities of what happened, or is about to happen. The modes of liability constitute the standards that measure the obligations of the hierarchical superiors whether military or civilians. The action of the commander is not assumed a priori, it is analysed in concreto (icc TC III Bemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo as Yamashita, were convicted for not having exercised their duties as military commanders. The knowledge standard in each one was different. In Yamashita the must have known was applied because he knew by the reports he received and the colossal dimensions of the crimes. In Bemba Gombo the icc applied the actual knowledge standard, he knew or knew, finding him guilty because he did nothing to prevent and/or repress the crimes of his troops. ; ¿Qué es la responsabilidad del superior jerárquico? ¿Cuáles son las obligaciones de un comandante militar en campo? Desde Yamashita (1945) hasta la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) con Bemba Gombo (2016), de jure o de facto, la CPI con Bemba Gombo equiparó las obligaciones de los comandantes militares de ejércitos regulares a las de aquéllos comandantes de fuerzas armadas de facto. Los criterios de responsabilidad que identificó fueron: el nivel de conocimiento del comandante de lo que sus hombres hicieron, hacen o están por hacer; las medidas razonables que tomó o está por tomar, a fin de prevenir y/o reprimir los crímenes; el control efectivo que ejerce, ejerció o puede ejercer, a fin de evitar la comisión del injusto, y si notificó o no a las autoridades competentes de lo que sucedió o está por suceder; lo anterior hace parte de los estándares que miden las obligaciones de los superiores jerárquicos militares y también civiles. La actuación del comandante no se asume a priori, sino que se analiza in concreto (SPI III CPI Bemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo como Yamashita fueron condenados por no haber ejercido sus obligaciones como comandantes militares. Los criterios de conocimiento en cada uno fue distinto. En el caso de Yamashita se aplicó el hubiere debido saber por los partes que recibió y lo colosal de los crímenes, mientras que en el de Bemba Gombo la SPI III de la CPI (2016) aplicó el actual knowledge, ya que él sabía o supo, encontrándolo culpable porque no hizo genuinamente nada para prevenir y/o reprimir los crímenes de sus tropas. Respecto a la evaluación de los criterios de prevención y notificación en el artículo 28 la SA de la CPI (2018), en un fallo que nació controvertido, revertió la sentencia de la SPI III (2016) al considerar que esta última incurrió en errores de hecho y de derecho así como de procedimiento en el artículo 28 y 74 (2). ; O que é a responsabilidade do superior hierárquico? Quais são as obrigações de umcomandante militar em campo? Desde Yamashita (1945) até a Corte Penal Internacional(CPI) com Bemba Gombo (2016). De jure o de facto, a CPI com BembaGombo equiparou as obrigações dos comandantes militares de exercícios regularesa aqueles comandantes de forças armadas de facto. Os critérios de responsabilidade:o nível de conhecimento do comandante do que seus homens fizeram, fazem ou vãoa fazer; as medidas razoáveis que tomou ou está por tomar com o fim de prevenire/ou reprimir os crimes; o controle efetivo que exerce ou exerceu ou pode exercercom o objetivo de evitar a comissão do injusto; se notificou ou não às autoridadescompetentes do que aconteceu, ou está por acontecer, constituem-se nos standardsque medem as obrigações dos superiores hierárquicos militares e também civis. Aatuação do comandante não assume a priori, analisa-se in concreto (SPI III CPIBemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo como Yamashita foram condenados por nãoter exercido suas obrigações como comandantes militares. Os critérios de conhecimentoem cada um foi diferente. Em Yamashita se aplicou o tivesse devido saber pelaspartes que recebeu e o colossal dos crimes. Em Bemba Gombo a CPI aplicou o actualknowledge, ele sabia ou soube, encontrando-o culpável porque não fez genuinamentenada para prevenir e/ou reprimir os crimes de suas tropas.

This study consists of an effort to analyze the process of constitution of the paradigm of the public employment system (SPE) in Brazil, having as a reference the programmatic model proposed from the deliberations of the International Labor Organization (ILO). Therefore, it is a matter of analyzing the relationship between two trajectories: the deliberative sequencing that established a propositional framework of articulated programs aimed at tackling the problem of unemployment; and the institutional sequencing of the formation of a Brazilian model of SPE. The approach used was intended to highlight the main institutional facts that led to this specific social protection system, which over time was detaching itself from the general social security system to have its own financing, coordination and operationalization arrangements. For this, it was verified how the decisions at the international level were received internally and how the Brazilian State was being instrumentalized, since the formation of a labor and social security institution in the 1930s until the consequences of the Federal Constitution of 1988 (CF/1988), to respond to commitments made over time.

Brazil has the fifth biggest population and territory and is on its way to become also the number five on the GDP world ranking list. The country should be expected to be one of the leading countries in the reform of the world power system in an active and creative way. It was in this perspective that the country's president spent one eight of his time out of the country during his two mandates (2003-2010). The presidential diplomacy in search of pushing Brazil up in the hierarchy of international relations is closely linked to the countries development's strategy. The complex relationship between dependency and development resurged as part of the effort to formulate an economic and social neodesenvolvimentista policy . This paper highlights the countries capacity to react and organize itself around the 2008 global financial crises, considered a turning point. From that moment on Brazil the world looked at Brazil in a different way. This is especially the case with the strategic resources as the new oil reserves; the environmental richness and the unique potential do expand food production.

The main objective of this work is to analyze how the Brazilian Supreme Audit Institution (Tribunal de Contas da União - TCU) has been acting in the policy making of the federal public administration. It seeks to highlight that in addition to the classic functions of a court of accounts that oversees governmental acts, there has been an expansion of performance aimed at evaluating the performance and implementation of public programs and policies. The text highlights that there are several factors that affect this change in trajectory that gives the Court's operational audits a prominent place alongside those that are more focused on the analysis of legal and formal compliance. The international literature highlights that changes in the roles of the courts of accounts have been deepening in several countries. A second group of factors considers the so-called "good practices": experiences of countries taken as examples (especially the United States and England) and international organizations that disseminate ways of acting (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD, International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions - Intosai, United Nations - UN and World Bank). The research analyzes the Court's organizational structure, such as salaries and schooling of civil servants, in which it finds that both are higher than the average for the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary branches. The investigation examines how the official documents of the TCU appropriate the international debate, and the support on the Federal Constitution, which underlies the expansionism of its actions. This debate upholds the analysis of three empirical evidence capable of discussing this argument. Initially, backed on audit database created after a search on the court's website. Operational audits were identified that, since 2005, have been expanding TCU's performance in several public policies. Also were analyzed the Inspection Reports on Government Policies and Programs and Systemic Inspection Reports. Since 2005, there has been a significant expansion of audits aimed at evaluating public policies. In order to thicken the research, interviews were carried out with six TCU external control departments, aiming to present how this kind of acting is institutionally justified. The comparison with the literature, the document analysis that underlies this form of action, the alignment with the international "epistemic community" and the features of its organizational structure allow us to understand how external control justifies and validates its activities into the policy making of public administration. The conclusions summarize this process within the scope of public management and its managerial and political effects. Research agendas are suggested seeking to increase this incipient field of study in the areas of public administration and political science in Brazil.

Abstract: Justice Reform in developing countries is one of the most important priorities of international economic organizations. Reform is frequently pursued by setting up new institutions beyond national authorities, in order to prevent national government interference with their functions. The theories linking economic growth and rule of law models offer legitimization to the legal transplants required to meet international standards. The Cambodian case shows that this connection is often unbalanced and the regulation of the new models seeks productive increase rather than better justice in the field of fundamental rights.Resumo: Areforma da justiçanos países em desenvolvimentoé uma dasprioridades maisimportantes das organizaçõeseconômicas internacionais.Esse objetivo éfrequentementeseguido pela criação denovas instituiçõespara alémdas autoridades nacionais, a fim deimpedir que estasinterfiram emsuas funções.Teoriasque ligamo crescimento econômico e anormatividadede modelosjurídicosoferecemlegitimaçãoàs migraçõeslegaisnecessárias para cumprir ospadrões internacionais.O casodo Camboja, no entanto, destacaque esta ligaçãoé muitas vezesdesequilibradae a regulamentaçãodo novomodelo buscamaisumincrementoprodutivo do quemelhorar a Justiça nodomínio dos Direitos Fundamentais.

This article analyses the Brazilian trade policy and the dilemmas involved in the search of a more dynamic insertion in the world's international trade system. In view of the prevailing tendencies in the direction of globalization and regionalism, new rules and disciplines introduced in GATT's Uruguay Round, proposals coming from the United States and from the European Union, respectively, to become a partner in Free Trade Agreements, Brazil is confronted with strategic choices which will determine its long-term development's possibilities. ; This article analyses the Brazilian trade policy and the dilemmas involved in the search of a more dynamic insertion in the world's international trade system. In view of the prevailing tendencies in the direction of globalization and regionalism, new rules and disciplines introduced in GATT's Uruguay Round, proposals coming from the United States and from the European Union, respectively, to become a partner in Free Trade Agreements, Brazil is confronted with strategic choices which will determine its long-term development's possibilities.

This research is part of the new COVID-19 scenario. From the methodological cut-off - number of deaths per million inhabitants – it has been chosen the two Latin American countries that, until the date of writing of the work, are at the two extremes of the spectrum of the disease: the lower and the higher number of fatal victims. Thus, by this cut-off presented, this study will seek to answer which public measures Brazil and Costa Rica have been carrying out in the fight against COVID-19, taking into consideration the guidelines established and adopted by the World Health Organization. In the context, the general objective is to establish a dialogue between the two scenarios, Brazilian and Costa Rican, in the fight against COVID-19; making it a specific objective to analyze information on the public policies carried out by the two countries that make up the object of the art of this research. In order to comply with the above, this basic and exploratory research uses a critical qualitative methodology, integrating elements that come from the analysis of reports, specialized texts, legislation and national and international protocols in order to build a critical theoretical framework. The article concludes the Costa Rican government's excellence in this pandemic scenario, as well as the need for the Brazilian government to act with greater social responsibility, as well as to provide a counterpart of resources to institutions and fund epidemiological research groups on the disease. Furthermore, this scenario of the COVID-19 Pandemic shows the importance of rediscovering International Relations and International Law, acting cooperatively for solutions of the global order.

This paper results from the project "Brazil's external agenda for Africa: evaluations and proposals", within which we analyze Brazil's performance in the international investment facilitation and protection regime, in order to take stock of the effects of the new Agreement of Cooperation and Investment Facilitation (ACFI) for Brazilian investments in Angola and Mozambique. We present the historical context of the emergence of bilateral investment treaties; the growing criticism of a political, economic and social nature about the effects of the treaties on public policies of the signatory countries, as well as the current context of reforms of the agreement models, in which the Brazilian ACFI is placed; the insertion of African countries in the international investment regime, with their domestic, bilateral and regional legislative framework to facilitate and protect foreign investment; and, finally, we provide an overview of public policies relevant to foreign investment in Angola and Mozambique, showing a comparative chart of the ACFI signed with Brazil and the other bilateral investment treaties in force in each of these countries.

The article suggests that there is an international agenda for education, promoted by the International Organizations, which promotes the expansion of evaluation systems of education quality. The study was conducted based on the analysis of both international and national documents that deal with external assessments in both Brazil's and Chile's educational systems. In particular, they analyzed the educational policy documents focused on the Basic Education Development's Index, in Brazil, and in the System of Education Quality Measurement, in Chile. The results of the analysis show evidence of a common ideological speech strategy between the International Organizations and the local political elites, which indicate the legitimacy and naturalization of the education quality measurement's systems, as well as, the political context that is inserted, removing from its textuality possible resistances and alternative speeches. ; El artículo plantea la existencia de una agenda internacional para la educación, promovida por las Organizaciones Internacionales, a partir de la cual se promueve la expansión de sistemas de evaluación de la calidad de la educación. El estudio fue realizado a partir del análisis de documentos internacionales y nacionales que tratan sobre las evaluaciones externas en los sistemas educacionales de Brasil y Chile. En particular, se analizaron documentos de política educacional centrados en el Índice de Desarrollo de la Educación Básica, en Brasil, y en el Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación, en Chile. El análisis evidencia la presencia de estrategias ideológico-discursivas comunes entre las Organizaciones Internacionales y las elites políticas locales, que apuntan a la legitimación y naturalización de los sistemas de evaluación de la calidad, así como del contexto político en que se insertan, borrando de su textualidad posibles resistencias y discursos alternativos. ; O artigo sugere a existência de uma agenda internacional para a educação, promovida pelas Organizações Internacionais, a partir da qual se promove a expansão de sistemas de avaliação da qualidade da educação. O estudo foi realizado a partir de análises de documentos internacionais e nacionais que tratam sobre as avaliações externas nos sistemas educacionais do Brasil e Chile. Em particular, analisaram-se documentos de política educacional centrados no Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica, no Brasil, e no Sistema de Medição da Qualidade da Educação, no Chile. As análises evidenciam a presença de estratégias ideológico-discursivas comuns entre as Organizações Internacionais e as elites políticas locais, que apontam a legitimidade e naturalização dos sistemas de avaliação da qualidade, assim como do contexto político em que se inserem, apagando de sua textualidade possíveis resistências e discursos alternativos.

In the late 1960s, Portugal began a project for public administration reform in order to adapt the national structures to the new challenges of the decade. At the same time, internationally, governments were struggling to improve their levels of efficiency to respond better to the demands for economic and social development. These challenges led to the establishment of significant international networks responsible for the dissemination of principles and practices that encouraged and supported administrative reforms all over the world. This article intends to prove that the Portuguese project of administrative reform is a product of several international incentives. It also intends to show how this process began after the end of World War II and followed international guidelines to fulfil national objectives. ; A fines de la década de los sesenta Portugal emprendió un proceso de reforma de su administración pública que pretendía adecuar las estructuras del Estado a las nuevas lógicas y desafíos lanzados en ese período. El mismo esfuerzo se estaba realizando a nivel internacional para mejorar los niveles de eficiencia y responder a los propósitos generales de desarrollo económico y social. La importancia de dicho desafío condujo a la creación de importantes redes de diseminación de principios y prácticas de reforma de la administración pública, que incentivan y sustentan experiencias en todo el mundo. Este artículo pretende mostrar cómo el proyecto portugués de reforma administrativa fue deudor de esos diversos impulsos internacionales, en un proceso que se inició inmediatamente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y que siguió las recomendaciones internacionales para cumplir objetivos nacionales. ; No final da década de 1960, Portugal iniciou um processo de Reforma da Administração Pública que pretendia adequar as estruturas do Estado às novas lógicas do período e aos desafios por ele lançados. Entretanto, também internacionalmente, as administrações públicas lutavam para melhorar seus níveis de eficiência para responder às lógicas do desenvolvimento econômico e social. A importância desse desafio conduziu ao estabelecimento de importantes redes de disseminação de princípios e práticas de Reforma da Administração Pública que incentivam e suportam experiências por todo o mundo. Este artigo busca evidenciar a forma como o projeto de Reforma Administrativa português foi devedor de impulsos internacionais variados, em um processo que se iniciou logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e que seguiu linhas internacionais para cumprir objetivos nacionais.

The concepts of diplomacy and foreign policy are directly connected. Continuing events on the world stage and the interaction of political figures (heads of state and diplomatic workers) lead to the formation of a common international situation. The current general international situation has a significant effect on the foreign policy of countries. Diplomacy is a key tool for the successful conduct of the foreign policy of each active participating state. Foreign policy significantly affects the independent system of law governing interstate relations, while diplomacy helps to formulate general international rules for this system. In this respect, the relationship of the concepts under consideration is clearly expressed. In the course of the study there are lexical units of the semantic field "diplomacy" and "foreign policy" were selected from Russian and English dictionaries with political and diplomatic designations; there was studied and verified the material in the form of diplomatic documents, protocols and international agreements. ; Los conceptos de diplomacia y política exterior están directamente conectados. Los sucesos continuos en el escenario mundial y la interacción de figuras políticas (jefes de estado y trabajadores diplomáticos) conducen a la formación de una situación internacional común. La actual situación internacional general tiene un efecto significativo en la política exterior de los países. La diplomacia es una herramienta clave para la conducción exitosa de la política exterior de cada estado participante activo. La política exterior afecta significativamente el sistema legal independiente que rige las relaciones interestatales, mientras que la diplomacia ayuda a formular reglas internacionales generales para este sistema. En este sentido, se expresa claramente la relación de los conceptos considerados. En el curso del estudio se seleccionaron unidades léxicas del campo semántico "diplomacia" y "política exterior" de diccionarios de ruso e inglés con designaciones políticas y diplomáticas; se estudió y verificó el material en forma de documentos diplomáticos, protocolos y acuerdos internacionales. ; Os conceitos de diplomacia e política externa estão diretamente relacionados. Os acontecimentos contínuos no cenário mundial e a interação de figuras políticas (chefes de Estado e trabalhadores diplomáticos) levam à formação de uma situação internacional comum. A atual situação internacional geral tem um efeito significativo na política externa dos países. A diplomacia é uma ferramenta fundamental para a condução bem-sucedida da política externa de cada Estado participante ativo. A política externa afeta significativamente o sistema independente de leis que regem as relações interestatais, enquanto a diplomacia ajuda a formular regras internacionais gerais para esse sistema. A este respeito, a relação dos conceitos em consideração é claramente expressa. No decorrer do estudo, unidades lexicais do campo semântico "diplomacia" e "política externa" foram selecionadas de dicionários russo e inglês com denominações políticas e diplomáticas; foi estudado e verificado o material na forma de documentos diplomáticos, protocolos e acordos internacionais.

Computing, electronics and internet provides the free and fast flow of information across the globe. In a way, modern society depends on these autonomous control systems. However, this technological innovation requires a price to be paid: investment in cyber security of people, data, information and infrastructure. Some countries have already absorbed the issue as a matter of state and institutionalized government structures to take care exclusively of it. This paper presents some relevant points of the International Strategy for Cyberspace of the United States, besides the positioning of Russia and India on the subject. It then presents an overview of the Brazilian situation, from the the National Defense Strategy, a document that introduces the responsibility of protecting Brazilian cyberspace. It shows the arrangement, in the federal government hierarchy, of the various national agencies and organizations responsible for conducting intelligence activities necessary for the national security of Brazil. Finally, it provides an overview of the IT infrastructure existing in Brazil, especially in the federal public administration.