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The Agbiotech Bulletin Volume 4, Issue 9, September 1996. Code Number: NL96018 Sizes of Files: Text: 49.2K Graphics: no associated graphics files Saskatoon's Public Biotech Infrastructure Continues to Expand Saskatchewan is widely-recognized as a leading centre of Canada's agbiotech industry. The thirty firms which are located in the province 30 per cent of Canada's total had 400 employees, sales of $42.5 million, and R&D expenditures of $29.5 million in 1995. Sales are expected to surpass $300 million by the year 2000. Federal Government Agencies: National Research Council/Plant Biotechnology Institute The Plant Biotechnology Institute (PBI) produces new, exploitable biotechnologies for agriculture with the objective of diversifying crops and crop products. . Major research areas include: - Brassica biotechnology - Cereal biotechnology - Legume biotechnology - Seed oil modification - Growth regulation - Promoter technology - Gene expression - Business activities Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Saskatoon Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's (AAFC) Saskatoon Research Centre has been positioned as the department's centre for western oilseeds research and the headquarters of Plant Gene Resources of Canada (see sidebar). Forage crops are an additional research focus. Major research areas include: - Oilseeds - Weed biocontrol group - Biocontrol of Insect Pests The headquarters of the Plant Gene Resource Centre of Canada has been relocated to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Saskatoon Research Centre. University of Saskatchewan Departments and Agencies: - Applied Microbiology and Food Science - Bio Insecticide Research Laboratory - Horticultural Science Public Organizations: - Ag-West Biotech Inc. - Animal Biotechnology Centre - Bioproducts Centre - Canadian Value Added Cereals Consortium - Crop Development Centre - POS Pilot Plant Corporation - Saskatchewan Research Council - VIDO News AFIF - Agricultural Biotechnology Program Call for Proposals The Saskatchewan Agri-Food Innovation Fund has called for proposals under the Agricultural Biotechnology Program. AgrEvo Purchases PGS Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH and PGS International N.V. (PGS) announced that they have signed a definitive acquisition agreement. AgrEvo, which is held 60% by Hoechst AG and 40% by Schering AG, will acquire more than 75% of PGS for an aggregate consideration of approximately U.S. $550 million on August 30, 1996. AgrEvo will tender for the remaining shares of PGS at an equivalent consideration pursuant to an offer to be made to the remaining shareholders. Beef Development Centre Established A Beef Development Centre (BDC) has been officially established by the University of Saskatchewan. The Centre, a strategic partnership involving the Canadian beef industry, government, and the University of Saskatchewan, will focus on enhanced profitability in the beef industry through the creation of new markets, new products, and improved performance. Activities will include innovative research, knowledge transfer, and building linkages for a sustainable industry. Plant Tissue Culture Conference in Saskatoon Researchers from university, industry, and government laboratories met in Saskatoon in June to discuss recent achievements in plant tissue culture and genetic engineering. Oat and Barley Conference Over 500 people attended the 5th International Oat Conference and the 7th International Barley Genetics Symposium, held concurrently in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in August. Root Maggots Eating Up Canola Yields Two species of crucifer root maggots are becoming significant pests in prairie canola crops. Biotech Centre for New Brunswick Monsanto Receives Sustainable Development Award New Patents for Canola Seed Gene Promoter, Colored Cotton Calgene Inc. has been granted a US patent for Bce4, a canola seed gene promoter. Regulatory Transgenic Crop Imports Approved by Japanese Panel Events Mucosal Immunization/Genetic Vaccines Genetic Analysis in Livestock Plant and Animal Genome V Trends Two Thousand Projects in Europe Two thousand projects related to the development of transgenic crops are underway in countries of the European Union, according to the report European Crop Biotechnology. Herbicide Resistance on the Prairies Researchers at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Saskatoon Research Centre are joining the effort to combat herbicide Alliances Monsanto Ups Stake in Calgene Monsanto will increase its ownership of Calgene, Inc. to 54.6 per cent. Groupe Limagrain/Calgene Mycogen/AC Humko TechTransfer Commercialization of Food Pathogen Detection Kit Finance Monsanto Builds New Posilac Plant Issues Biosafety Protocol Stalled Over Liability Issue Sexual Discrimination in Science Resources Biotechnology Industry In Saskatoon Profiled The Saskatoon Regional Economic Development Authority has published a 1996/97 directory of biotech companies and support agencies in Saskatoon. COST Agriculture and Biotechnology Programme Program for Agricultural Co-operative Education Biotech Opportunities in Upper Midwest/Mountain States Pest Management News People Watch Agriculture Canada Agriculture Hall of Fame Agricultural Institute of Canada Canadian Seed Trade Association Advisory Council on Science & Technology Canadian Research Management Association Association of Provincial Research Organizations Synsorb Biotech Bioresearch Ireland/GABA Credits: Published by AG-WEST BIOTECH INC

SUMMARYTax evasion has been mainly studied as a problem of choice under uncertainty; like any portfolio manager, the taxpayer has to allocate her/his fixed gross income between two assets a risky asset, tax evasion, and a safe asset (with a zero return), tax payment. As suggested by the portfolio theory, the taxpayer's choice will be affected by her/his preferences — mainly by her/his attitude towards risk‐taking — and by the return on the risky asset determined by the tax structure, which includes both the tax rate and the penalties in the case of evasion However, the pure gamble model appears unsatisfactory on various grounds. Among these and most importantly for our purpose, it neglects the psychological aspects of the decision to evade tax because it rules out any feeling of shame about evading or being detected and punished, and it ignores any intrinsic pleasure from successful evasion In other words, the pure gamble model does not take full account of the moral constraints involved in the tax evasion decision. The main objective of the experiment presented here was therefore to investigate the role played by moral constraints in determining the decision to evade taxes. The experimental evidence supports the thesis that the taxpayer's decisional process involves not only monetary elements but also psychological and moral factors.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Steuerhinterziehung wurde bisher überwiegend als Problem von Entscheidungen unter Unsicherheit untersucht Wie jeder Portfoliomanager muss auch der Steuerzahler sein Bruttoeinkommen zwischen zwei Anlageformen verteilen eine risikoreiche Anlageform. Steuerhinterziehung, und eine sichere Anlageform (ohne Gewinn), Steuerzahlung. Nach der Portfoliotheorie wird die Entscheidung des Steuerzahlers von seinen Praferenzen beeinflusst — vor allem von seiner Risiko‐bereitschaft — und von der Gewinnaussicht der risikoreichen Anlageform, die vom Steuersystem abhangt, d.h. vom Steuersatz und den Strafen bei Steuerhinterziehung. Dieses Lotteriemodell ist jedoch aus mehreren Grunden unbefriedigend: es vernachlässigt die psycholgischen Aspekte der Steuerhinterziehung, weil es jegliches Schamgefühl bei der Steuerhinterziehung bzw. der Entdeckung und Bestrafung ausschliesst und ein intrinsisches Vergnugen bei erfolgreicher Steuerhinterziehung ignoriert. Das Lotteriemodell zieht also nicht in Betracht, dass moralische Restriktionen die Entscheidung zur Steuerhinterziehung beeinflussen konnten Das hier vorgestellte Experiment wollte daher in erster Linie untersuchen, welche Rolle moralische Restriktionen bei der Entscheidung zur Steuerhinterziehung spielen. Die Ergebnisse des Experiments bestatigen die Hypothese, dass der Entscheidungsprozess des Steuerzahlers nicht nur durch monetare Elemente beeinflusst wird, sondern auch durch psychologische und moralische Faktoren.RÉSUMÉL'évasion fiscale a été principalement étudiée en tant qu'un problème de choix dans des conditions d'incertitude, comme n'importe quel gestionnaire de portfolio, le contribuable doit répartir son revenu brut fixe entre deux actifs un actif risqué, l'évasion fiscale, et un actif sǔr (avec un taux d'intérét zéro), le payement des taxes. Comme suggéré par la théorie du portfolio, le choix du contribuable sera affecté par ses préférences — principalement par son attitude vis‐à‐vis du risque — et par le bénéfice déterminé par la structure fiscale qui inclut à la fois le taux de taxation et les pénalités prévues en cas d'évasion Cependant, le modèle pur de jeu apparait insatisfaisant pour plusieurs rasisons Parmi celles‐ci, le modèle néglige les aspects psychologiques de la décision, limitation spécialement importante pour notre objectif, puisqu'il écarte tout sentiment de honte associé à la découverte de l'évasion et à la punition ou encore il ignore le plaisir découlant d'une évasion fiscale réussie. En résumé, le modèle pur de jeu ne prend pas pleinement en compte les contraintes morales qui influencent la décision. L'objectif principal de l'expérimentation présentée ici était d'analyser le rǒle joué par les contraintes morales dans la prise de décision d'évasion fiscale. Les résultats confirment l'hypothèse que le processus décisionel du contribuable dépend non seulement des aspects financiers mais également des facteurs psychologiques et moraux.

AbstractIn this study we shed light on the relationship between satisfaction with human resource management (HRM) practices and employee performance. We examined the proposition that employee perceptions of HRM practices predict their behaviour toward customers. Previous writers have based such hypotheses on theory formulated at the level of individual employees, but have used analyses at organizational or aggregate levels. We therefore sought to demonstrate individual‐level relationships between employee perceptions and service behaviour. We also sought to contrast the role of satisfaction with HRM practices with that of employees' perceptions of how service‐oriented their organization's culture was, based on the position of marketing theorists that a service culture is fundamental to promoting service behaviour. Our study of airline service employees showed that service culture had a direct effect on self‐reported service behaviour, and that HRM practice perceptions had both a direct effect on self‐reported service behaviour and an indirect effect through service culture. Specifically, satisfaction with leadership and with work demands were the strongest predictors of service behaviour. Service culture did not moderate the relationship between perceptions of HRM practices and service behaviour. Discussion focused on alternative explanations for the relationship between organizational practices and service behaviour and on the implications for organizations wishing to promote service behaviour.RésuméCette étude tente d'éclaircir la relation qui existe entre la satisfaction des employés face aux pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) et leur rendement professionnel. Nous avons examiné l'hypothèse selon laquelle il est possible de prédire le comportement des employés d'après leurs perceptions de la GRH. Les auteurs précédents ont émis cette hypothèse en se basant sur une théorie formulée au niveau individuel de l'employé mais en utilisant une approche analytique plutǒt organisationnelle ou collective. Par conséquent, nous avons cherché à démontrer la relation qui existe au niveau individuel entre la perception des employés et leurs comportements à l'égard du service à la clientèle. Nous avons aussi tenté de faire ressortir le rǒle qui existe entre la satisfaction des employés face à la GRH et la perception qu'ils ont de l'importance que la culture de l'entreprise met sur le service à la clientèle. Pour cela, nous nous sommes basés sur les fondements mis de l'avant par les théoriciens du marketing, voulant qu'une culture de service soit essentielle pour favoriser ce ≪comportement‐service ≫ parmi les employés. Notre étude réalisée avec les employés du service à la clientèle des compagnies aériennes a révélé qu'une ≪ culture de service ≫ a un effet direct sur l'autocritique des employés de leur comportement‐service. De plus, elle nous a démontré que la perception que les employés ont de la GRH a un effet direct sur cette měme autocritique ainsi qu'un effet indirect par le biais de la culture de service de leur entreprise. Plus spécifiquement, la satisfaction liée au 'leadership' et aux exigences de travail sont les indicateurs les plus significatifs pour prédire le comportement‐service. La culture de service n'a pas eu comme effet de tempérer la relation qui existe entre la perception de la GRH et le comportement‐service. Les discussions se sont concentrées sur l'élaboration d'autres explications sur la relation entre les pratiques des entreprises et le comportement lié au service à la clientèle ainsi que leurs répercussions pour les entreprises qui désirent favoriser un comportement‐service chez leurs employés.

The downward trend in major arms transfers as measured by the SIPRI trend-indicator value appears to have been reversed. In both 2001 and 2003 there were clear increases in the volumes of major weapons delivered. Russia and the USA remain the major suppliers. Their main recipients were China and India (in the case of Russia) and Taiwan, Egypt, the UK, Greece, Turkey and Japan (in the case of the USA). A continued increase in US arms transfers will influence the global trend. However, domestic factors indicate that the level of Russian arms transfers is unlikely to remain high for very much longer. The future is uncertain for the other major suppliers because of international competition and remaining uncertainty about the future potential of European development and production. The relatively small suppliers of today could achieve short-term importance, as illustrated by Canada and Uzbekistan. Events in Iraq in 2003 do not seem to have had a strong immediate impact on orders for or deliveries of major weapons. They seem instead to have supported decisions already made as a result of the war in Afghanistan. The operation in Iraq may have been carried out at a technical level beyond what most countries regard as relevant to their own defense policy or military strategy. That said, there are likely to be orders for new weapons such as precision-guided 'beyond visual range' missiles, ABM defense systems, UAVs and man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS). Since the war in Afghanistan MANPADS have been high on the international control agenda, but they may be in demand because they were among the more effective weapons in Afghanistan and Iraq. (1) Appendices 12A and 12B provide data on the transfers of major conventional weapons. (2) Appendix 12C explains the sources and methods for the data collection. (3) Appendix 12D, by Siemon T. Wezeman, discusses the suppliers of ballistic missiles. The proliferation of ballistic missiles has been viewed by Western countries as a problem for over 20 years. Several of the major and most problematic suppliers and recipients, such as China, Iran, North Korea and Syria, are among the most secretive countries in the world. Most reports of their activities are based on Israeli, United States or other Western intelligence sources and are virtually impossible to verify. North Korean export-related income is very limited and arms sales provide an important part of it. Most North Korean weapons are outdated and uncompetitive, but the country has found a niche-market for its ballistic missiles. Giving up such exports, which are not illegal, would be a large economic sacrifice. Companies and persons from former Soviet republics are trading their products and knowledge for commercial reasons, but generally without state involvement or permission. Other exporters' reasons may be more political. Chinese technology exports to Pakistan are more related to supporting an ally, as are US exports to the United Kingdom. There may be steps in the direction of the development of very accurate ballistic missiles that could use conventional warheads more effectively. New navigation systems may dramatically improve accuracy without adding exceptional additional costs. GPS technology is widespread and other systems not dependent on signals from foreign satellites are also possible. However, the main urgency in the debate about missile proliferation arises from those missiles intended to deliver warheads armed with biological, chemical or nuclear payloads, especially nuclear warheads. There has been some success in limiting the number of suppliers of ballistic missiles and related technology. This is partly linked to the fact that ballistic missiles -- especially when they have ranges of over 1500 km, when problems of multiple stages and warhead re-entry are encountered -- are fairly complicated systems which often require foreign help. That many of the key technologies required for ballistic missiles (e.g., fuel, warhead re-entry vehicles and engines) are quite distinct has also helped to control proliferation. Importantly, some of the uncertainty about ballistic missile programs, transfers and links between countries may soon be reduced. The 'war on terrorism' has increased controls on financial transactions and on the transfer and transportation of weapons and related materials. Revelations about and Western access to the Libyan and Iraqi ballistic missile programs will increase understanding of the sources and mechanisms of ballistic missile proliferation. This may lead to improved controls and regulations, further limiting proliferation. Adapted from the source document.

ABSTRACTThe concepts of technology and its transfer gained importance after the globalisation of the world economy. Technology and knowledge are the main drivers of economy today. Therefore, the regulation of technology transfer throughout the world became a crucial issue. In exploring the issue of technology transfer, the concept of innovation comes to the forefront. Namely, innovation offers new goods, new services or new production processes and triggers dynamism and growth of the economy. Two important areas of law play a crucial role in the exploration of innovation. These are firstly intellectual property rights (IPRs) and secondly competition law. IPRs provide incentives for innovative efforts and their dissemination and commercialisation by establishing enforceable property rights for the creators and producers of new and useful products, more efficient processes and original works of expression. Competition law promotes innovation and consumer welfare by prohibiting certain actions that may harm competition. Although, both IPRs and competition law are directed towards the same purposes of promoting innovation and consumer welfare, their different ways of achieving their objectives puts them in opposition as well. The regulation of technology transfer is a way of balancing these interests. Therefore the question that is explored in this study is what level of IP protection is sufficient to create a substantial incentive to innovate, without creating rights to exclude so broad as to impair competition. The aim of this study is to explore the subject of technology transfer and its regulation, with a scope covering mainly the law in the European Union (EU) and in Turkey. First the concept of innovation is explored. The purposes of IPRs and competition law are explained and their relationships with innovation are elaborated. Then the conflicting issues of IPRs and competition law are demonstrated, by references to the EU law on this subject. Before exploration of the regulation of technology transfer, the concept of technology transfer and the differences of the developed countries and developing countries are given in order to understand the standpoint of Turkey with respect to technology transfer and its formation. The technology transfer regulations and the experiences in their shaping in the EU are illustrated. Before elaborating the situation in Turkey, policy suggestions on how to absorb the transferred technology are given. The legal situation in Turkey is illustrated by referring to various opinions on the subject and to the relevant existing laws and cases. ÖZETTeknoloji ve teknoloji transferi kavramları dünya ekonomisinin globalleşmesinden sonra son derece önem kazanmıştır. Bugünün ekonomisini teknoloji ve bilgi yapılandırmaktadır. Bu yüzden tüm dünyada teknoloji transferinin regülasyonu önem kazanmıştır. Teknoloji transferi konusu irdelenirken, teknolojik yenilik (inovasyon) kavramı öne çıkmaktadır. Zira, teknolojik yenilikler dah iyi ve yeni mal ve hizmet sunulmasını, daha iyi ve yeni süreçlerin geliştirilmesini sağlayarak, ekonomiye dinamizm getirir ve ekonomik büyümeye katkıda bulunur. Teknolojik yenilikten bahsettiğimizde, iki önemli hukuk alanı rol oynamaktadır. Bunlardan birincisi fikri ve sınai mülkiyet hakları (FSMH) hukuku, diğeri ise rekabet hukukudur. FSMH, sahibine özel haklar tanıyarak teknolojik yeniliklerin oluşumunu ve bunların yayılmasını teşvik eder. Rekabet hukuku ise pazarda rekabeti bozan her türlü fiili engelleyerek, rekabetin sağlıklı işleyişşini kontrol eder ve böylelikle tüketiciye yarar sağlar. FSMH ve rekabet hukukunun amaçları teknolojik yeniliklerin teşviki ve böylelikle tüketiciye yarar sağlamaları konusunda birleşmektedir. Ancak bu amaçlarını gerçekleştirirken farklı yollar kullanıyor olmaları onları karşı karşıya da getirebilmektedir. Teknoloji transferinin regülasyonunun amacı bu farklılıkları dengede tutmaktır. Bu yüzden önümüzdeki çalışmada incelenen konu FSMH'nın, pazardaki rekabetin engellenmesine izin verilmeden, hangi seviyede korunabilir olması gerektiğidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı teknoloji transferi ve regülasyonunu irdelemektir. Çalışmanın kapsamı Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Türkiye'dir. Öncelikle teknojik yenilik kavramı üzerinde durulmaktadır. FSMH hukuku ve rekabet hukukunun amacı ve bu hukuk dallarının teknolojik yenilikle olan ilişkilerine açıklık getirilmektedir. Daha sonra bu iki hukuk dalının çatıştığı noktalar, konuyla ilgili AB hukukundaki değerlendirmelere değinilerek gösterilmektedir. AB hukukundaki teknoloji transferi regülasyonlarına geçilmeden önce Türkiye'nin teknoloji transferi regülasyonu konusundaki konumu ve buna göre yapılması gereken çalışmalara ışık tutmak amacıyla, teknoloji transferi kavramı ve bunun gelişmiş ülkeler ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki farklılıkları üzerinde durulmaktadır. AB hukukundaki teknoloji transferi regülasyonları, bunların oluşumları ve değerlendirmeleri gösterilmektedir. Türkiye'deki durum irdelenmeden önce, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde teknoloji transferinin nasıl adapte edilmesi gerektiği konusuna değinilmektedir. Türkiye'deki hukuki durum farklı görüşlere, kanunlara ve bu konudaki davalara yer verilerek incelenmiştir.

On this shaky foundation they propound a thesis at least a little more promising. It is that America's elites have lately learned that they can conquer the world without bothering about citizens at all. 'In one public setting after another,' Crenson and Ginsberg write, 'government disaggregates the public into a mass of individual clients, consumers, and contributors,' leading to 'new and nonparticipatory ways of doing business.' Elites have exploited that development to counter a structural flaw within the old model: namely, that a mobilized citizenry cannot be controlled. With pesky citizens out of the way, the powerful can defend their interests in less risky ways--in courtrooms, 'by manipulating administrative procedures,' through privatization. Citizens are left subject to a 'personal democracy' of individual access to government services and redress--which is, to these authors, always bad. This is a bit of a creepy theory as well. Because personal democracy is not all bad, any more than their golden age was all good. Not as ridiculous as when they move on to the true villains of the piece: you and me. Their account of the post-Progressive progressives begins with a mangled and bizarre genealogy of what they think describes the 'New Politics' of the late sixties and after. In actuality, the New Politics was a failed attempt at electoral realignment--the recognition and mobilization of a potential new political majority in which a new class of humanistic professionals made up but one part, alongside minorities, disillusioned youth, the new public service unions, and so on. Crenson and Ginsberg instead remember the New Politics as a greedy, antidemocratic cartel. Post-sixties, the American government become more and more the plaything of issue-driven ideological entrepreneurs, funded by the Ford Foundation, whose only true constituency was a media elite that disastrously fell for their specious claim to speak for the 'public interest,' and whose only accomplishment was 'the delegation of government tasks and public funds to nongovernmental institutions likely to be staffed by fellow practitioners of the New Politics--nonprofit social service agencies, legal services clinics, public interest law firms, and the like.' These are today's democracy-downsizing elites: 'Having established their political influence ... the liberal heirs of the New Politics were understandably reluctant to place it at risk by issuing appeals for mass activism. They were likely to flourish politically in a low-turnout environment.' Other parts of his research focus on the United States. The stuff on the effect of negative ads is great. The favorite plaint among politicians is that such ads depress turnout (the bromide serves them well because it focuses attention away from the cracks in the political system itself). Wattenberg proves that the very premise is drivel: The most-cited work on the subject is based on controlled experiments, not actual election data--which in fact shows that the more respondents remember ads, the higher their turnout is. Also impressive is his debunking of the argument, presented, among other places, in these pages by Ruy Teixeira, that greater turnout wouldn't help the Democrats and the left generally. The problem with studies propounding this conclusion, Wattenberg demonstrates, is that they overgeneralize from presidential election years, where a big electorate more closely matches the actual opinions of the general population. But it is the low-turnout ones in between where non-voting distorts ideology the most. In 1994, 30 percent of people without high school diplomas voted compared to 62 percent with college degrees; 'If turnout rates had been equal among all education categories,' Wattenberg concludes, 'the Republican share of the vote would have fallen from 52.0 percent to 49.2 percent'--for 'registered nonvoters in 1994 were consistently more pro-Democratic than were voters on a variety of measures of partisanship.' It's an argument with a bonus: armed with it, you get to credit not Dick Morris for Clinton's 1996 reelection but simply a routine increase in turnout from 1994.

ÖZETBu araştırmanın ana amacı, Yunan ulusal kimliğinin oluşumu süreci ve Yunanistan'ın kuzey komşularıyla anlaşmazlıklarının temelleri üzerine, tarihsel incelemeyle görüş kazanmaktır. Kullanılan yöntembilim, disiplinler-arası; yaklaşım, karşılaştırmalı ve çözümseldir.Türkiye ve Yunanistan'ın Batı ve Doğu arasındaki "Ara Bölge"de yer aldıkları tezi incelenmiş; kadim Yunan'dan başlatılan bir Batı soykütüğünü varsayan, ancak kadim Yunan düşüncesinin kaynağının "Doğu" olduğunu gözden uzak tutan Doğu-Batı bölümlenmesinin tarihsel olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Balkan milliyetçilikleri, Osmanlı "Millet Sistemi" sırasında korunan ulusal diller ve dini kimlikler etrafında inşa edilmiştir Milliyetçi ve marksist Balkan tarih yazıcılıkları, Osmanlı yönetiminin "ilerlemeye asli engel olduğu" nitelendirmesinde birleşmektedirler. Balkanlar'daki güncel durum, ulus-devlet merkezli Neo-Realist Model'in açıklayıcı gücünün sürdüğünü göstermektedir. Modern Yunan devleti, herhangi bir "ulusal uyanış"tan çok, ulus-tahayyülü ve ulus inşası sürecinden doğmuştur. Putperest Hellen tarihini Ortodoks Hıristiyanlık'la uyuşturmak, ulus-tahayyülünde, henüz çözülememiş en zor problem olmuştur. Yunan tarihyazıcılığının, "Yunan Ulusunun Tarihsel Devamlılığı" teorisi, bu ikilemi çözme girişimidir. Yunan ulusal kimliğinin etnikliği ulusallıkla karıştırması, Yunanistan'daki Hıristiyan ve Müslüman azınlıkların etnik kimliklerini ortaya koymalarından hoşlanmayışın ve Yunanistan'ın kuzey komşularıyla anlaşmazlıklarının nedenlerindendir. Girit özerklik hareketi incelenmiş; Samos, yerel özerkliğin Yunan yönetimi ile birlikte sona erdiği Doğu Ege Adaları için örnek olarak işlenmiştir.Araştırma, Yunan devletinin kurulduğundan bu yana "Megali Idea" tarafından kışkırtılan toprak emellerinin tam olarak gerçekleştirilmesi olanaksız olduğu için, Yunan milliyetçiliğinin tamamlanmamış ve başarısız olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. "Megali Idea"nın "nihai sınırları"nın elde edilmesinin olanaksızlığı düşünülürse, Yunanlılar sürekli bir psikolojik hüsran duygusu içinde gözükmektedirler. Yunanistan Balkanlar'da komünizmin çökmesinden sonraki gelişmelere uyum sağlayamamış; Balkanlar'daki temelli değişikliklere yönelik Yunan tepkisi, Yunan dış politikasının psikolojik kusurlarını ortaya koymuştur.ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this research work is to garner insights through historical examination on the process of the formation of the Greek national identity and the bases of conflicts of Greece with its northern neighbors. The methodology is inter-disciplinary; and the approach is comparative and analytical.The argument that Turkey and Greece are in the "Intermediary Region" between the West and the East is examined, and it is argued that the East-West division, which presupposes a Western genealogy from ancient Greece, overlooking the fact that the source of the ancient Greek thought was "the East", is historical. Balkan Nationalisms were constructed around linguistic and religious identities which were preserved during the Ottoman "Millet System". The Balkan nationalist and Marxist historiographies converge with the Orientalist approach in labeling the Ottoman rule as the "quintessential inhibitor" to progress. The recent situation in the Balkans represents the example of the continuation of the explanatory power of the nation-state centric Neo-Realist model. The modern Greek state was born from a process of nation-imagining and nation-building rather than from any "national awakening". Reconciling the paganic Hellenic history with the Orthodox Christianity was the most difficult problem, which was not solved so far, in nation-imagining. The Greek historiography's "Historical Continuity of the Greek Nation" theory attempted to solve this dilemma. The Greek national identity's confusion of ethnicity with nationality is one of the reasons for the Greek aversion to the assertion of ethnic identities of Christian and Muslim minorities, and Greece's problems with its northern neighbors. Cretan autonomy movement is dealt with, and Samos is taken up as an example for the Eastern Aegean Islands where local autonomy was discontinued with the Greek rule.The research concludes that since the establishment of the Greek state it proved impossible to fully realize the territorial aspirations provoked by the "Megali Idea", the Greek nationalism has remained unfinished and unsuccessful. Considering the impossibility to attain the "ultimate borders" of the "Megali Idea", the Greeks appear to have a continuing sense of psychological frustration. Greece could not adapt itself to the developments unfolding after the demise of communism in the Balkans. The Greek reaction to the drastic changes in the Balkans revealed the psychological deficiencies of the Greek foreign policy.

A consultancy team of four persons, contracted by Norad, made during April-May 2002 an external review of the programme proposal "Mt. Elgon Regional Ecosystem Conservation Programme" (MERECP) prepared by IUCN-EARO. The proposal is partly based on two recent national projects dealing with the Mt. Elgon area in both countries. The MTTI/UWA in Uganda, and KWS/MENR, FD and Mt. Elgon County Council in Kenya will be the main responsible national institutions involved in the MERECP. EAC will constitute the regional umbrella for the programme. National and EAC commitment to the MERECP is outlined, and relevant legislation is discussed. Issues relating to the regional approach, with needs for harmonisation of policies, field activities, research and monitoring, are discussed. Coherence with Norwegian development policies is also outlined. The programme structure is explained, with Norad as external donor, a Programme Steering Committee led by EAC, a Programme Managemnt Unit, and with IUCN as technical facilitator and responsible for the financial flows. IUCN will subcontract institutions at various levels, including NGOs and CBOs, to perform programme activities. The MERECP will have an inception phase of about six months during which more detailed activity plans, budget outlines, recruitment of staff, purchase of equipment, and establishment of an agreed work plan will take place. The general outline of the programme, as well as the participatory process behind its development, is commended. However, the budget proposal has not been developed in the same participatory manner, and it is recommended to revise the budget outline. More resources should generally be spent on field activities, and less resources should be spent on general support to EAC, to IUCN, and to salaries for recruited staff. A major challenge will be to effectively harmonise the programme into a truly regional effort, and to avoid that the implementation phase will be split into a small regional component and two national components. It will also be a challenge to develop a regional integrated ecosystem management plan for Mt. Elgon. It is recommended that more focus is set on the knowledge gaps and the needs for more research activities in the MERECP, both in terms of collating what has already been done, and in terms of biodiversity monitoring, ecosystem functioning, and the various interactions between the forest ecosystem and the socio-economic and socio-cultural issues. Research needs might be discussed in a workshop where relevant stakeholders and institutions are invited. The complicated institutional set-up of the programme, as well as the significant differences between the two countries, are considered to be major risk factors for the success of the MERECP. The collaborative management component will be a particular challenge, as Kenya so far has no official provision for such schemes. Some appropriate indicators for assessing the success of the programme are given in the proposal, but a more complete set of such indicators remains to be developed. To foster a better sense of local responsibility and ownership to the programme, it is recommended that IUCN's prominent role is gradually phased out, and given over to local bodies over the 4-5 years' programme period. It is also recommended that the programme activities as far as possible are integrated into mainstream activities like district plans and DEAPs. The issue of corruption is identified as a major concern to the MERECP, and various ways to curb the problem are discussed. For example, funds will basically not pass through central government agencies under the programme, but through IUCN. The long term sustainability of MERECP will to a large extent be dependent on the ability to integrate programme activities into mainstream, national and regional activities, and the ability to find ways of future funding of successful activities. Increased revenue from tourism and from well managed forest plantations are particularly promising alternatives in this regard. It is important that local authorities are given better incentives than today, so that a major share of revenue accumulated locally also is retained locally. Human rights aspects, including resettlement issues; socio-cultural and gender aspects, and the HIV/AIDS problem are discussed in the programme context. It is probable that some of the projects being developed under the Nile Basin Initiative in the Mt. Elgon area will directly overlap with the MERECP. It is recommended that these efforts are co-ordinated through a continuous liaison system to avoid duplication of efforts. Also for other relevant donor-supported activities in the area it is important to develop effective collaborative routines.

Many individuals are grappling with the issue of whether to provide workers with training that upgrades the workers' basic academic skills. The corollary questions that flow from this issue are how to provide the training, how much training should be provided, and who should pay for the training. Workers are interested in this issue because they want to sustain productive, well-paying careers that will support adequate standards of living. Not receiving training may jeopardize their careers and earning power. Employers are interested in this issue because their economic role is to maximize corporate profits for stockholders. In most companies, worker productivity is the most important factor in determining output levels and profitability. Public policy makers are interested in the issue because if productive workers lose their jobs, the public may end up supporting them through income maintenance payments and financing job searches through the employment service. On the other hand, if basic skills-deficient workers get training and keep their jobs, they will continue to pay taxes that support government activities. Educators are interested in the issue because they want to improve the educational system to reduce future basic skill deficiencies and because they may be involved in the upgrading of current workers. The question that is at the core of this issue is easy to state. What should an employer do about a factor of production, be it physical capital such as a plant or machine or be it human capital, that has become unprofitable? For human capital, that is, skills and knowledge, the lack of profitability may stem from the fact that the worker's basic skills were never adequate or it may be the case that technology or workplace demands have surpassed the worker's skill levels. For both physical and human capital, the choices that employers face are limited. They can invest in upgrading the factor of production; they can continue to employ the factor and bear the losses; (Note: I am using the economic cost concept of opportunity costs. A basic skills deficient worker may be paid $8.00 an hour and be productive enough to produce $8.50 worth of product per hour. However, a trained employee or a younger employee may be willing to work for $8.00 an hour and be able to produce $10.00 worth of product. The opportunity cost of not training the worker would be $1.50 per hour even though the firm would not be losing money on the worker.) or they can replace the factor. From an economic and business management theoretical point of view, the answer is easy. Employers should choose the option that maximizes their rate of return. That is, they should choose the option where the difference between the (discounted) future benefits and the costs is the greatest. From a practical point of view, estimating the benefits and costs may be extremely difficult. Furthermore, it is undoubtedly the case that the best option will differ for different situations. There may be cases in which employers would reap large returns from modest investments in workplace literacy training. On the other hand, there may be cases in which employers would be better off by accepting the turnover and hiring costs of replacing workers. In short, it is impossible a priori to prove that it is to a firm's advantage to provide workplace literacy training. It, too, is impossible to prove a priori that it is to a firm's advantage to shed workers with basic skills deficiencies. From a public policy point of view, it should be recognized that society may benefit or bear costs from employers' decisions about inefficient or outmoded factors of production. Thus it may be the case that from a firm's profit-maximizing perspective, it is not advantageous to provide workplace literacy training. But from the rest of society's perspective, provision of the training, is beneficial. In such cases, public policy should facilitate financial subsidies to firms. The purpose of this paper is to present these arguments theoretically to identify the key factors that influence the employer's and society's choices; to discuss some empirical evidence from earlier studies about the payoff to individuals and firms; and to provide policy recommendations.

Book Reviews in This Article Labour's Economic Policies 1974‐79. Edited by Michael Artis and David Cobham. (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1991, pp Applied UK Macroeconomics. By Roger Backhouse. (Oxford, Basil Black well, 1991, pp Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Volume VI: Themes in Keynesian Criticism and Supplementary Modern Topics. Edited by William J. Barber. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pp The World Trading System at Risk. By Jagdish Bhagwati. (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, pp Contemporary Issues in Applied Economics. Edited by Graham Bird and Heather Bird. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pp A History of Macroeconometric Model‐Building. By Ronald G. Bodkin, Lawrence R. Klein and Kanta Marwah. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1990, pp Debt, Stabilization and Development. Edited by Guillermo Calvo, Ronald Findlay, Pentti Kouri and Jorge Braga De Macedo. (Oxford, Basil Black well, 1989, pp Unregulated Banking: Chaos or Order? Edited by Forrest Capie and Geoffrey E. Wood. (Basingstoke, Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd., 1991, pp Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History. By Carlo M. Cipolla. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1991, pp Cheating the Government: The Economics of Evasion. By Frank A. Cowell. (Cambridge, Mass, and London, The MIT Press, 1990, pp Economic Problems of the 1990s: Europe, the Developing Countries and the United States. Edited by Paul Davidson and J. A. Kregel. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pp Male Bias in the Development Process. Edited by Diane Elson. (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1991, pp European Financial Integration. Edited by Alberto Giovannini and Colin Mayer. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp The Theory of Technological Change and Economic Growth. By Stanislaw Gomulka. (London, Routledge, 1990, pp Surveys in Monetary Economics. Volume 2: Financial Markets and Institutions. Edited by C. J. Green and D. T. Llewellyn. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1991, pp Power and Economic Institutions: Reinterpretations in Economic History. Edited by Bo Gustafsson. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pp The Management of Science. Edited by Douglas Hague. Proceedings of Section F (Economics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Sheffield, 1989. (Basingstoke, Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd., 1991, pp Monetarism and the Keynesians. Lloyds Bank Annual Review, Volume 4. Edited by Christopher Johnson. (London, Pinter Publishers Limited, 1991, pp Firm Search, Sectoral Shifts, and Unemployment: Studies on Labor Market Adjustment in Sweden. By Eugenia Kazamaki. (Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1991, pp Autonomy and Change: The Sources of Economic Growth. By Judith Marquand. (Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989, pp Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Volume Three: Classicals, Marxians and Neo‐Classicals. Edited by Donald E. Moggridge. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1990, pp The Nature of the Transnational Firm. Edited by Christos N. Pitelis and Roger Sugden. (London, Routledge, 1991, pp Industrial Districts and Inter‐Firm Co‐Operation in Italy. Edited by F. Pyke, G. Becattini and W. Sengenberger. (Geneva, International Institute for Labour Studies, 1990, pp Industrial Change and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of Western Europe. Edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami. (London, Harper Collins Academic, 1991, pp The Limits of Government: An Essay on the Public Goods Argument. By David Schmidtz. (Oxford, Westview Press, 1991, pp The Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization. Edited by Ezra N. Suleiman and John Waterbury. (Oxford, Westview Press, 1991, pp Public Finance in Developing Countries. By Vito Tanzi. (Aldershot, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pp Inequality, Poverty, and History. The Kuznets Memorial Lectures of the Economic Growth Center, Yale University. By Jeffrey G. Williamson. (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1991, pp European Integration: Trade and Industry. Edited by L. Alan Winters and Anthony Venables. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp Unemployment: A Problem of Policy. Analysis of British Experience and Prospects. By G. D. N. Worswick. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp

Autor u kratkim crtama daje pregled razvitka umjetnosti medalje na području priobalne Hrvatske od 15. st. do druge austrijske dominacije. Materijal je grupi ran u sljedeće skupine: Istra, Mletačka Dalmacija, Dubrovnik, Napoleonovo doba, Prva austrijska vlast, svetačke medaljice. Sam katalog sadrži 52 komada medalja, poznatih bilo iz zbirki, bilo iz stručne literature. ; Among the older Istrian medals there is one of Francesco Biondi, a Florentine monk, bishop of Capodistria (Justinopolis, Kopar), made in 1448. Other Istrian medals of interest are a rough cast-bronze one from 1693, made for a corporate body for the distribution of hay in Pula and a small cast bronze medal, made in Rome on the occasion of the renewal of St. Euphemia's church in Rovinj in 1756. Of course, there is also a modest medal presented by the Poreč community to the last Venetian podesta in 1797. Speaking of Dalmatian medals, one ought to mention two of the great names of the Renaissance, who excelled in the art of the medal: Paolo de Ragusa and Francesco Laurana. Several famous Dalmatians who lived abroad in the 16th c. were depicted on medals: Jacobus Banisius, Francesco Niconizio and Antonio Veranzio. One of the earliest Dalmatian medals is the one made in 1600 for the Procuratori dell' Area di S. Simeone in Zadar. There is also a medal struck on the occasion of the liberation of Castelnuovo (Hercegnovi) in 1687. The Scuola Dalmata in Venice also hat its own small silver medals depicting S. George and S. Tripone. The numerous Dalmatian magistrates' medals from the 17th and 18th c. are usually of little artistic value, having been made by local gold or silversmiths, according to the wishes of the local nobility, who wanted to honour a departing provveditore generale or conte (various provveditori generali of Dalmatia and Albania, podesta of Poreč, counts of Korčula, Split, Šibenik and Zadar, provveditori of Imotski, Makarska and Sinj). Speaking about medals of the ancient Republic of Dubrovnik one ought to mention that only trace left there by Paolo de Ragusio are the delicate copper follari. Matteo de' Pasti made a medal of Timoteo Maffei, the archbishop of Ragusa. Three 16th c. Ragusan patricians: Giovanni Nale-Nalješković, Domenico Ragnina and Luca Cerva-Crijević were depicted on medals. A medal by St. Urbain was dedicated to Giorgio Baglivi, a Ragusan surgeon. The first medal was struck in Dubrovnik on the occasion of the reconstruction of St. Blaise's church in 1707. In 1771 the relics of St. Stephen King of Hungary were presented by the Ragusan Senate to Emperor Joseph Il. and Empress Maria Theresia; the event was marked by a medal. The other two remarkable medals of Dubrovnik were the one to commemorate the death of the rector Orsat Gozze Gučetić, 1798; Gioacchino Hamerani's 1803 Luigi Alvise Mozzi medal. Napoleon Bonaparte's Marshal Marmont dissolved the government of the reverend and feeble Republic of Ragusa on January 31. 1808. Napoleon's massive numismatic propaganda was very well organized. An entire team of artists worked for Napoleon in Paris, but there were also many medallists elsewhere producing medals, in order to celebrate his victories, thus for instance the 1806 medal commemorating the conquests of Dalmatia, of Istria, and of Illyricum. Several of the Dalmatian Napoleonic medals have not been attributed to any of the known medallists, thus for instance the rare Zaratine Lycaeum medal from 1809. A more rudely made medal was presented by the inhabitants of Sinj to Pierre Bouillerot, a French surgeon, in 1811 . During the first Austrian rule, in 1801 a decoration by I. N. Wirt was distributed, with the bust of Emperor Franc is II. on the obverse and the inscription DALMATAE BEN EMERENTI/ 1801 on the reverse . One of the earliest Austrian medals struck for Dalmatia was the Zara tine medal of 1804 by Luigi Ferrari, which commemorated the Dalmatian nobility paying respect to Emperor Franc is II. (1792- 1806-1 835), represented by Count Peter von Goess, Governor of Dalmatia between 1802 and 1805. One should not forget the most popular of all medals: the saints' medals and tokens, which were struck, cast or engraved in very large quantities and were cheap and therefore accessible to the masses of pilgrims. The most popular were those of Madonna of Trsat, made chiefly after 1715, when the Madonna was solemnly crowned .

1: Thermodynamics -- Thermodynamics and Engineering Needs -- Statistics of Surface Contact Distributions -- Polymer Melt and Glass: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Aspects -- A Fresh Look at Solutions of Polymer Mixtures -- Polymer-Polymer Interactions and Phase Diagrams of Compatible Polyblends by Gas-Chromatography -- Application of the Mean-Field Lattice-Gas Model to Partially-Miscible Polymer Systems -- Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Mixtures of Statistical Copolymers -- Characterization of Industrial Polymers and Polymer Mixtures by Turbidimetric Measurements at the Lower Critical Solution Temperature -- II: Characterization/Solution Behaviour -- Characterization of Copolymers: Chromatographic Cross-Fractionation Analysis of Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers -- CPF: A New Method for Large Scale Fractionation -- Flow Birefringence of Associations of Polymers in Solution -- Theoretical Calculation of Diffusion Coefficient and Viscosity of Star Polymers in Solution -- A Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Investigation of Precipitation Polymerization in Liquid Vinyl Chloride -- III: Blends -- The Role of Specific Interactions in Polymer Miscibility -- Relation of Interdiffusion and Self-Diffusion in Polymer Mixtures -- Crystallization and Melting Studies on Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Mixtures -- Specific Intermolecular Interactions in Polymer Blends -- Thermal and Morphological Analysis of Poly(?-caprolactam)—Poly(etherester) Mixtures -- Isochrone Viscoelastic Functions via Activation Energy of Flow: Charge Transfer Compatibilized Polyblends -- Modification of Thermosetting Resins by Thermoplastics -- The Toughness Behavior of Emulsion ABS: Effect of Rubber Concentration and Acrylonitrile Content on the Deformation Modes -- IV: Networks -- Thermodynamics of Casein Gels and the Universality of Network Theories -- Crosslinking Theory Applied to Industrially Important Polymers -- Reversible and Irreversible Deformation of Van der Waals Networks -- Photopolymerization of Diacrylates -- Simulation Model for Densely Cross-Linked Networks Formed by Chain-Reactions -- Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of EPDM Networks -- Some Comments on the Thermodynamics of Swelling -- Thermoreversible Gelation of Vinyl Polymers -- Static and Dynamic Lightscattering of Thermoreversible Gelling iota-Carrageenan -- Effects of Poly(acrylamide) on the Solution and Gel Properties of Water-Gelatin System -- Compatibility and Viscoelasticity of Mixed Biopolymer Gels -- Halato-Telechelic Polymers as Models of Ion-Containing Polymers and Thermoreversible Polymer Networks -- Ion-Containing Networks: Structural Modifications Induced by Lithium Ions -- Ion-Containing Networks: Recent Results Concerning Transport Properties -- V: Diffusion/Barrier Properties -- Diffusion of Gases and Liquids in Glassy and Semi-Crystalline Polymers -- Transport Regulated Electrochemical Reactions in Polyimide Films -- Processing of Barrier Film by Coextrusion -- VI: Chain Dynamics -- Single-Chain Dynamics in Polymer Characterization -- Non-Ideal Statistics and Polymer Dynamics -- Computation and Display of Polymer Chain Behaviour -- Deuteron-NMR Studies of Molecular Motions in Solid Polymers -- A Two-Dimensional NMR Study of Very Slow Molecular Motions in Polymers -- Transitions and Mobile Phases by NMR Normal Alkanes and Polyethylene -- Morphology and Chain Dynamics of Polymers as Reflected from Polymer-Dye Interactions -- Emission Spectroscopy and the Molecular Mobility of Polyepoxide Networks -- Mobility of Sidegroups in Polydimethylsiloxane -- Glass Transitions in Unsymmetrically Substituted Siloxanes -- VII: Processing/Rheology -- From Molecular Models to the Solution of Flow Problems -- Transient-Network Theories: New Developments and Applications -- Rheological Properties of a LDPE Melt in Transient Uniaxial Elongational Flow, Described with a Special Type of Constitutive Equation -- Physical Background of Mould Filling With and Without Crystallization -- On the Mathematical Modelling of the Injection Moulding Process -- Mixing Processes in Polymer Processing -- Blending of Incompatible Polymers -- Polymer Reactions During Melt-Processing -- Assessing Rubber Processing Aids Effectiveness -- Plastics Processing -- VIII: Structure and Morphology -- Some Facets of Order in Crystalline Polymers as Revealed by Polyethylene -- Investigation of the Crystallization Process of Polymers by Means of Neutron Scattering -- Lamellar Organization in Polymer Spherulites -- Considerations on the Crystallization with Chain Folding in Polymers -- Chain Mobility in Phase Transformations of Inorganic Polymers -- Ultra-Drawing of High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Cast from Solution. IV. Effect of Annealing/Re-crystallization -- Microhardness of Semicrystalline Polymers -- Model Calculations for WAXS Profiles from the Polymer Crystalline Particle Size Distribution -- Infrared Spectroscopy on PET Yarns -- Interaction Between Crystallization and Orientation -- Neutron Scattering of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- The Similarity Between Cellulose and Aramid Fibres -- Crystalline Order in Nylon 4,6 -- Pulsed EPR Study of the Trapping Process of Radicals in Polyethylene -- Analysis of Filled Rubbers Using SAXS -- SAXS Studies of Semi-Crystalline Polymer Blends Using Synchrotron Radiation -- Ultra-Drawing of Polypropylene -- Spinning of Fibers from Cellulose Solutions in Amine Oxides -- IX: New Developments -- Future Trends in Polymer Chemistry -- Recent Investigations of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Polymers with Metal-like Conductivity: Structure, Properties and Applications -- The Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole Plates -- High Modulus Flexible Polymers -- Radiation Treatment of Polymers -- High Precision Replication of Laservision Video Discs Using UV-Curable Coatings -- Fast Curing Low-Modulus Coatings for High-Strength Optical Fibres -- Replication of High Precision Aspherical Lenses Using UV-Curable Coatings.

Within the transportation community, there is a growing recognition of the need to consider decisions addressing future investments in the transportation system from a multimodal perspective. This viewpoint has been given added weight by the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) in 1991, which not only recognized the importance of viewing the transportation system from an intermodal perspective, but also stressed the need to address the efficiency with which the system meets the transportation needs of its users. This approach was reinforced with the reauthorization of the surface transportation legislation in the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), which added concepts of fairness in the distribution of resources to those of the efficiency of the transportation system. It is clear that to make investment decisions on a rational multimodal basis, it is necessary to be able to assess the performance of each of the modes in a consistent way, so that resources can be allocated across the modes in a way that maximizes their contribution to the overall performance of the entire transportation system. Of course, in practice existing programs and institutional arrangements have tended to remain focused on a specific mode, and thus efforts to compare performance across modes, much less to allow this to shape investment decisions, are still in their infancy. However, the California Transportation Commission has embarked on an effort to approach its capital investment decisions from such a perspective, and recent state legislation (Senate Bill 45) requires that all Regional Transportation Plans (RTPs) shall address the coordination of aviation facilities and services with other elements of the transportation system. In addition, the RTPs in any region that contains a primary air carrier airport shall include an airport ground access improvement program. As part of the current update of the California Transportation Plan (CTP), the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) commenced work on a System Performance Measures module of the CTP, the goals of which are to develop a set of measures to assess the performance of the multi-modal transportation system so as to support informed transportation decision making, and to establish a coordinated and consistent process for performance measurement throughout the state (Caltrans, 1998c). This report addresses one aspect of that effort -- the definition of performance measures for the aviation system. This system, particularly the investment in airports, navigation aids, and air traffic management infrastructure, exists to serve its users, and indirectly to support the economic activities in which those users engage. Therefore, any attempt to measure the performance of the aviation system must consider the needs of the users and the extent to which the system satisfies those needs. From a broader perspective, the state is also interested in the extent to which the aviation system contributes to and supports the economic development of the state, as well as the adverse environmental impacts that result from aviation activities. Many of the current controversies surrounding major airport expansion or conversion proposals in the state focus not on the benefits to the users or the economy but on the impacts on the local communities or natural environment. The report examines the range of considerations that arise in measuring transportation system performance, and summarizes the results of a recent conference that addressed performance measures for the state transportation system. It reviews the recent literature on measuring aviation system performance and discusses system performance from the perspectives of the aircraft operator and traveler or shipper, respectively. It then presents a third perspective, that of the effect of the performance of the aviation system on the larger economy, particularly that of California, as well as the impact on the environment. The report then shifts its focus to the state interest in monitoring transportation system performance, and discusses the role of the state in enhancing the performance of the aviation system, and how an effective performance monitoring system can contribute to that role. Based on these considerations, the report presents a proposed set of aviation system performance measures, and discusses the steps necessary to implement an effective performance monitoring process for the state aviation system, including directions for further study to strengthen the role of performance measures in the development of the state aviation system. The report identifies 74 potential aviation system performance measures in ten categories corresponding to the system performance outcomes defined in the CTP System Performance Measures module. These are divided into 48 potential measures that address the commercial aviation sector and 26 potential measures that address the general aviation sector, as shown in Table ES-1.

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On February 3, 1999, President Clinton signed Executive Order 13112 (E.O.) which calls on state transportation agencies to work to prevent and control the introduction and spread of invasive species. Nonnative flora and fauna can cause significant changes to ecosystems, upset the ecological balance, and cause economic harm to our nation's transportation, environmental, agricultural and recreational sectors. For example, introduced plants, such as Phragmites and purple loosestrife, throughout New York State have choked out native plant species and consequently clogged roadway drainage ways and altered environmental habitat. Transportation systems can facilitate the spread of plant and animal species outside their natural range. Those species that are likely to harm the environment, transportation safety, human health, or economy are of particular concern. The NYS Department of Transportation maintains approximately 16,500 miles of highway and annually spends over $9.1 million on vegetation management. Funding for this project is integretated as part of the normal department operational vegetation management budget. The threat from invasive species is increasing with human population growth, global trade and disturbance of the environment. Effectively dealing with the problem of invasive plant species presents a significant conservation challenge, both biologically and politically. The prevention of new plant invasions, early detection and monitoring of infestations of invasive plants, and effective control of established invasions through area-wide partnerships have been identified as key objectives in an overall national strategy for invasive plants. Stopping potentially invasive species before they spread from transportation corridors may be the best option for short-term protection. The department is implementating a proactive environmental initiative to attempt to eradicate certain existing invasive populations, and control the colonization and spread of species that have demonstrated negative effects to natural systems. Highway corridors provide opportunities for the movement of invasive species through the landscape. Invasive plant or animal species can move on vehicles and in the loads they carry. Invasive plants can be moved from site to site during spraying and mowing operations. Weed seed can be inadvertently introduced into the corridor during construction on equipment and through the use of mulch, imported soil or gravel, and sod. Some invasive plant species might be inadvertently planted in erosion control, landscape, or wildflower projects. Thousands of miles of New York State rights-of-ways traverse public and private lands. Many of these adjacent lands have weed problems and the highway rights-of-way provide corridors for further spread. NYSDOT has an opportunity to address roadside vegetation management issues on both their construction activities and maintenance programs with new levels of cooperation and communication with other state agencies and conservation organizations. Under the E.O., Federal-aid and Federal Lands Highway Program funds cannot be used to carry out actions that are likely to cause or promote the introduction or spread of invasive species in the United States or elsewhere unless all reasonable measures to minimize risk of harm have been analyzed and considered. NYSDOT plans on implementing a 10-point invasive transportation vegetation management plan consisting of the following components: (1) Developing a prioritized list of threatening flora or fauna based upon regional environments. (2) Field and GIS mapping of existing invasive populations. (3) Integration of invasive species identification and analysis as part of the department's normal NEPA /SEQR processing. (4) Evaluation of potential impacts caused by construction or maintenance activities. (5) Development of preventive best management practices. (6) Testing, execution and evaluation of eradication measures. (7) Annual reviews and updates of the vegetation management plans. (8) Progression of innovative design solutions to reduce the opportunities for the introduction or spread of invasive species. (9) Promote a climate of interagency cooperation and sharing of coordinated research with public and private sectors. (10) Increase employee and public knowledge through outreach training of the effects of invasive species to the users. An important design component of the plan is consideration of invasive species during all phases of the environmental process. For example, during scoping, discussions with stakeholders should identify the potential for impacts from invasive species and include possible prevention and control measures. The actual NEPA analysis should include identification of any invasive terrestrial or aquatic animal or plant species that could do harm to native habitats within the project study area. In summary, the NYSDOT is committed to the integration of E.O. 13112 as part of the department's planning, design, construction and operations programs. This E.O. came at an opportune time to become another facet of the department's nationally recognized transportation environmental initiative.