Suchergebnisse

A product of cold war strategies as much as post-war legal & political universalist ideologies, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights & Fundamental Freedoms (EHRC) & its institutions have gradually taken on a paramount position in European human rights law. Through the accounts given by key actors responsible for the institutionalization of the Convention & its accession to autonomy, this article shows how the rise in power of the institution can be seen as an example of the process of post-war Europeanization. Adapted from the source document.

The governments of Canada & Quebec are described as having strengthened their relationships with the volunteer sector through the use of framework agreements. Differences in the Canadian & Quebecois framework agreements are described, noting that each system's distinct patterns of institutionalization of interaction, acceptance of the role of social action, & recognition of the voluntary sector's autonomy point to the different roles played by the sector in each governmental context. Reasons for an increasing governmental dependence on the voluntary sector & other aspects of civil society are considered. Adapted from the source document.

This article aims at analyzing the strategies of legitimation used by the Directorate General Development (DG VIII) during the crucial time of its institutionalization (1958-1975). These strategies were based on deliberately organized "dramatizations" which took the form of official tours in Africa & Europe. This research shows that the success of such strategies much depended on the capacity of the DG to adapt themselves to an audience that was both African & European. More precisely, the audience targeted was mainly made up of a specific elite through which the Commission hoped to build its legitimacy & appeal to a larger public. 9 References. Adapted from the source document.

Policies & policy making are not really considered as relevant variables to analyze the evolution of center/periphery relations in Spain. The institutionalization of autonomous communities & the development of regional policies constitute, however, a great shift in the relations between the central government & peripheral regional spaces. Governments of autonomous communities now have the capacity to differentiate themselves from the state & its standardizing norms. In this perspective, an analysis of policy implementation in the autonomous community of Galicia shows how the organization & redefinition of local territories have become strong political stakes between the different levels of government in Spain. 31 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper aims at showing the reality of law, or "law in action", far from a legal belief that takes regulations as a guarantee for effectiveness. Law in action has to take into account a range of mediation and devices to assure its implementation. To prove this, we will focus on the research that analyzes the mobilizations of a Catalan association of gay and lesbian families (FLG) in the context of the homosexual marriages in Spain and the institutionalization of homosexual couples in Catalonia. We will pay attention to the actions and situations in which law is referred, and these range from mobilization to the implementation of law. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, we study two groups of immigrants, one from France, and the other from the United States, who have become citizens of the nations to which they migrated. In both cases, the migrations were largely organized by public offices by means of organizations charged with the duty to recruit and direct immigrant-citizens of a specific genre. Our hypothesis is that the institutionalization of immigration and the management of immigrants by this type organization has enduringly shaped the forms and spaces of their requirements through the creation of specific channels of expression for these citizens, that are marked with ambivalence. Adapted from the source document.

Establishing links between careers, doctrinal positions and reference frameworks of lawyers as to the question of the protection of minorities and the internationalization of Human Rights in France enables us not to contrast social practices with legal standards. It shows the manifest part played by authors from the former Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires in the treatment of this question between 1920-1940, as well as the strong connections existing between these fields. An analysis of doctoral theses and written doctrinal documents enables the observation of both the plasticity of the legal approach to international facts, and the weight of the existing heritage in the distance constructed between facts and norms, as well as the constraints imposed by the partial institutionalization of international relations. Adapted from the source document.

The main characteristic of the Greek post-dictatorial political system is the relative stability of its institutional context & the institutionalization of its major political forces as well as of the overall party system. The latter has been, virtually since the late seventies, a perfect two-party system, rigid & balanced; the initial "centrifugal" tendencies (with an ideological polarization) were gradually attenuated with a certain ideological & social convergence of its principal constituent parts. Theoretically threatened today because of this ideological "rapprochement" -- & because of the relative radicalization of a segment of the electorate of the right -- nonetheless the Greek bipartisan system commands significant material & psychological resources that could allow it to resist successfully the challenge it currently faces. 37 References. Adapted from the source document.

The domination of the Christian Democracy (CD) Party in Italy & the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japan led to an increase in, & the institutionalization of, factionalism. In both cases, this domination was simultaneously stimulating, as it reinforced the power of the dominant parties, & harmful, since it led to a kind of sectarianism in which the authority & solidarity of the parties was weakened & the parties themselves were ultimately mired in crisis. The situation with the CD in Italy seems to have reached a point of equilibrium where a coalition between the center-Right & center-Left has been built on the foundation of the party system's fragmentation. In Japan, however, fragmentation has been much less intense in the LDP & the parties involved have managed to adapt & take advantage of new possibilities. 6 Tables, 3 Figures, 43 References. D. Weibel