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The new theoretical approach of the processes of creating knowledge based society and the knowledge economy, as well as sustainable development processes is described in the article. The main idea is that the creation and development processes of the knowledge‐based society and knowledge economy may be attributed to the category of global transformation and sustainable development processes, therefore, all general phenomena and characteristics of global transformations and sustainable development in general, are absolutely typical for the creation and development of the knowledge based society and knowledge economy. The processes of the creating of knowledge based society and knowledge economy and modernization are analyzed in the general context of the processes of sustainable development. The main principles of creating the knowledge based society and knowledge economy and modernization are described. Creating and modernization of the knowledge based society and knowledge economy are very complicated processes, oriented to the formation of the new quality of society and qualitatively new lifestyle, these processes may be described as "twice" as complicated, because they win distinction by orientations to the pursuit of new quality in two aspects: the knowledge based society and knowledge economy, compared to "traditional" society and economy, are in all cases described as qualitatively new, creating and development of the knowledge based society and knowledge economy takes place under the conditions of the global changes, which means that qualitative changes take place in all global space, the essence of those changes is the creation and spread of the knowledge‐based society and knowledge economy. A special attention is given to the conclusion that in the environment of the knowledge based society creation and generating knowledge economy and development, the provisions for sustainable development should be attained. The processes of creating knowledge based society and knowledge economy and further development should be analyzed and assessed in the context of processes of globalization and internationalization, as well as processes of global transformations. The "Power" concept intended for the scientific cognition of sustainable development and knowledge based society and knowledge economy creation processes phenomena is analyzed. Santrauka Straipsnyje išdėstomas naujas teorinis požiūris į darnios plėtros ir į žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės bei žinių ekonomikos kūrimo procesus. Pagrindine ideja, išreiškianti šio teorinio požiūrio esmė, yra ta, kad darnios plėtros bei žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo procesai suvoktini ir nagrinėtini kaip sudarantys bendra visuma. Žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimas traktuojamas kaip pagrindinė prielaida realiai įgyvendinti darnios plėtros nuostatas, o darni plėtra vertinama kaip išskirtinis žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo procesams būdingas požymis. Šiuolaikinėmis globalizacijos bei socialinės, ekonominės raidos ir mokslo bei technologijų pažangos internacionalizavimo salygomis išryškėja daug naujų aplinkybių ir reiškinių, kurių poveikis ir vaidmuo mažai atsispindi daugelyje tradiciniu požiūrių, skirtų tiek darniai plėtrai, tiek žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo procesams. Padaryta išvada, kad tradiciniai darnios plėtros bei jos problemų, žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo logikos bei tendencijų suvokimai vis labiau neatitinka šiuolaikiniu poreikių ir iššūkių ir reikalingi esminių papildymų bei patikslinimų. Šiuolaikiniai požiūriai į darnią plėtrą bei į žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimą turėtų kur kas geriau perteikti šiuo metu pasaulyje vykstančių naujo tipo transformacijų procesų vaidmenį ir įtaką, visų pirmą tų transformacijų, kurios išreiškia žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės vertybių ir idealų pasklidima globaliu mastu. Būtent tokios visuomenės kūrimasis ir šios visuomenės vertybių ir idealų pasklidimas globalizacijos aplinkoje sukelia naujų transformacijų šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje bei jos gyvenime, sudaro prielaidas suvokti būtinybę naujai reaguoti į darnios plėtros poreikius bei spręsti naujas problemas. Straipsnyje detaliai apibūdinta vadinamoji galios koncepcija, kuria remiantis siūloma kompleksiškai nagrinėti darnios plėtros bei žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo procesus, spręsti daugeli tokių procesų valdymo klausimu. Galios koncepcijos taikymas leidžia modeliuoti stambiose sistemose vykstančius socialines, ekonomines, politines raidos, mokslo ir technologijų pažangos reiškinius bei procesus, identifikuoti ir vertinti atitinkamų procesų suderinamumą, vienų procesų poveikius kitiems procesams, identifikuoti įvairias disproporcijas, išryškejančias netolygiu pokyčių sąlygomis. Visa tai leidžia diagnozuoti pasireiškusias ar galinčias pasireikšti darnios plėtros žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo problemas ir numatyti priemones, skirtas šioms problemoms spręsti. Straipsnyje atskleisti darnios plėtros bei žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo procesų kaip visumos principai, kompleksiškai išnagrinėti darnios plėtros bei žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo dėsningumai. Prioritetinis dėmesys skiriamas integracijos ir sintezės kaip jungimosi procesų logikai atskleisti. Išdestytas teorinis požiūris gali būti gana plačiai taikomas nagrinejant įvairius darnios plėtros bei žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žinių ekonomikos kūrimo reiškinius. First published online: 10 Feb 2011 Reikšminiai žodžiai:žiniomis grindžiama visuomenė,žiniu ekonomika,darni plėtra,galios koncepcija,darnios plėtros bei žiniomis grindžiamos visuomenės ir žiniu ekonomikos kūrimo bei raidos dėsningumai

We have investigated about the traditional health system of the Mapuche people known as bawehtuwün, the intercultural characteristics that the machil had in the pwelmapu, their development, transformation and disappearance. We are seeking for the reconstruction of the memory of the communities, the pijan kushe, the logko gijatufe and their political leaders, in the fütal mapu; we also inquired about the territorial identity of the eastern mountain range, known as pwelmapu. In this territory, the role of the most important religious and spiritual institution that the Mapuche people has –the machi-, have disappeared for 40 years.The ethnographic approach was based from a perspective of a native researcher of the Mapuche people. The instruments of data collection included semi-structured individual interviews, the pentukun, circles of knowledge, exciting participation of the people, and for the transcription we worked with sociolinguistic interpretation.The results indicate that the health manifestations of the machis are still been practiced. Children between 9 and 12 years still practice the speaking, but they do not live in rural areas, they live in the city, and families are not speaking mapuzungun, so all of these factors tends to changing of the role. Another result demonstrate that the spiritual authorities have not impose or set as a special condition to talk mapuzungun as their own cultural characteristic, but rather they consider it as a capacity that can be learned in the process of mapuchization, to speak their native language again. Nevertheless, yes they have prioritized as cultural condition the küpan and the tuwün. Castellanization and evangelization have worn-out spiritual practices, rituals and belief systems in the Mapuche people in pwelmapu; however, the machi call can also occur in a person who does not speak mapuzungun, although later on in their training process they must learn it in order to be socially legitimized. ; Se ha indagado sobre el sistema de salud tradicional del pueblo mapuche llamado bawehtuwün, las características interculturales que tuvo el machil en el Pwelmapu, su desarrollo, transformación y desaparición. Se busca la reconstrucción de la memoria de las comunidades, las pijan kushe, los logko gijatufe y dirigentes políticos, en el fütal mapu, identidad territorial del este de la cordillera, llamada Pwelmapu. En dicho territorio, el rol de machi, la institución más importante religiosa y espiritual que tiene el pueblo mapuche, ha desaparecido desde hace 40 años.El enfoque etnográfico fue desde una perspectiva de investigador nativo del pueblo mapuche. Los instrumentos de recolección fueron entrevistas individuales semiestructurada, el pentukun, círculos de conocimientos, participación emocionante y para la transcripción se trabajó con interpretación sociolingüística.Los resultados reflejan que las manifestaciones de los machis, en la salud aún se practican. Los niños entre 9 y 12 años aun practican el habla, pero no viven en el área rural, sino en la ciudad y las familias no hablan mapuzungun, por lo cual el rol se está transformando. Otro resultado es que las autoridades espirituales, no han puesto como condición el habla del mapuzungun como característica propia cultural, sino que lo estiman como una capacidad que se puede aprenderse en el proceso de mapuchización, volver a hablar la lengua nativa. Pero sí, han priorizado como condición cultural el küpan y el tuwün. La castellanización y la evangelización han desgastado prácticas rituales, espirituales y sistema de creencias en el pueblo mapuche en el Pwelmapu; sin embargo, el llamado de machi puede darse en una persona que no habla mapuzungun, aunque en su proceso de formación deberá aprenderlo para ser legitimada socialmente.

We carried out a study to determine ethno-veterinary knowledge used to treat and prevent livestock diseases in Toteng Village in Ngamiland District, northwestern Botswana. Primary data were collected through simple random sampling of 45 households in Toteng. Respondents were either livestock owners or cattle herders. Respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire which had both open and closed-ended questions. Cattle ownership or herdership in Toteng is an inter-generational occupation with people ranging from 15 to 94 years old. Cattle were acquired either through inheritance, buying, mafisa (reciprocal exchange) system or government scheme. Women in the study area were more involved in livestock farming activities. Eleven livestock diseases were reported to be prevalent in the study area. The top six diseases were tlhako le molomo -foot and mouth disease (FMD), matlho - eye infections, letshololo-diarrhea, madi -pasteurollosis, mokokomalo - aphosphorisis and pholoso- contagious abortion. At least nine medicinal plant species having ethno-veterinary applications were recorded in the study area. Single plants are mostly used rather than a combination of plants. A number of social strategies were mentioned such as 'go fetola mafudiso' - to change grazing areas, and 'go thaa lesaka' – to ritualistically 'protect a kraal' or livestock against evil spells and predators (lions). Although the intervention of conventional veterinary medicine is pervasive in Toteng, and many livestock owners are resorting to it, there is evidence, however, of generalized ethno-veterinary knowledge used to treat and prevent livestock diseases. Local farmers and their herders in Ngamiland are not only knowledgeable and experienced in treating a range of livestock diseases, but also in performing other veterinary tasks such as assisting in births, treating fractures and range management strategies to mitigate particular threats from their local environment. The efficacy of ethno-veterinary knowledge for preventing and treating livestock diseases and range management strategies identified in this study need to be fully investigated and integrated in veterinary extension services.

Italian eteläisin saari - Lampedusa - on kahden viime vuosikymmenen aikana tullut tunnetuksi Euroopan rajana ja siirtolaisuuden symbolisena solmukohtana. Se on läpikulkupaikka monille Eurooppaan pyrkiville ihmisille, jotka ylittävät rajan Välimerellä Sisilian ja Pohjois-Afrikan välillä. Lampedusasta on tullut siirtolaisuuden ja ihmisoikeuksien observatorio tieteessä, mediassa ja aktivismissa. Samanaikaisesti Lampedusaa ympäröivä meri on todistanut tuhansia rajakuolemia. Väitöskirjaan johtanut empiirinen tutkimustyö on tehty Lampedusalla, mutta se tuo edellä mainittuihin keskusteluihin erilaisen näkökulman. Tutkimus tarkastelee arkea Lampedusan militarisoituneessa kontekstissa. Työ on tieteiden välinen taideperustainen tutkimus, joka sijoittuu rauhan- ja konfliktintutkimukseen. Tutkimus pohjautuu lampedusalaisen Askavusa-kollektiivin kanssa toteutettuihin yhteisöperustaista teatteria hyödyntäviin työpajoihin, jotka on toteutettu marraskuussa 2016 ja lokakuussa 2017. Yhteisöperustaisten teatterityöpajojen aikana tutkija ja paikalliset osallistujat kirjoittivat kollektiivisesti näytelmän. Tämä prosessi ja sen tuloksena syntynyt näytelmä muodostavat tämän väitöskirjan pääasiallisen tutkimusaineiston. Näytelmä pyrkii tavoittamaan Euroopan etelärajalla elämisen sanoittamattomat ja ristiriitaiset puolet ja siten se tuottaa vastanarratiivin elämästä rajalla. Näytelmä heijastaa rajalla elävien marginalisoitujen, näkymättömien ja aliedustettujen ihmisten ääniä. Väitöskirjan kontribuutio on kaksiosainen: käsitteellinen ja metodologinen. Ensinnäkin tutkimus juontaa monitieteisistä sotilaallisen maantieteen, hitaan väkivallan ja moraalisen kuvittelun keskusteluista tehdäkseen näkyviksi sellaisia raja-alueiden piirteitä ja ominaisuuksia, jotka jäävät julkisuudessa usein piiloon tai kokonaan tunnistamatta. Toiseksi, tämä tutkimus lähestyy tavoitettaan taidepohjaisen tutkimuksen ei-perinteisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä käyttäen. Tutkimus tarkastelee sellaisen yhteisöperustaisen teatterin mahdollisuuksia rauhantutkimuksen alalla, jossa tutkimuskohteet itse ovat mukana tekemässä ääniään kuulluiksi ja näkyväksi. Väitöskirja keskittyy osallistuvaan tiedon yhteistuotantoon ja feministiseen konfliktinmuutoksen prosessiin yhteisöperustaisen teatterin kontekstissa. Tutkimuksessa todetaan, että feministinen taideperustainen tutkimus voidaan toteuttaa erittäin militarisoituneessa ympäristössä tavalla, joka tekee näkyviksi militarisaation huomaamattomat vaikutukset. Tutkimuksen merkittävin tulos on, että näin voidaan harjoittaa moraalista mielikuvitusta arkielämän ristiriitojen kriittiseen tarkasteluun ja siten luoda mahdollisuus konfliktinmuutokselle. ; Over the last two decades, the Sicilian island of Lampedusa, which is the southernmost point of Italy, has epitomized the European border. Lampedusa is a transit hub for many people trying to reach Europe by crossing the strip of Mediterranean Sea between Sicily and northern African shores. In academic, mediatic and activist discussions, Lampedusa became a privileged observatory about migration and human rights. Concurrently, the surrounding waters of Lampedusa have been witnessed to thousands of deaths. The research presented in this thesis took place in Lampedusa, but offers a different perspective. This is an interdisciplinary arts-based research in peace and conflict studies, and is about everyday life in the militarised context of Lampedusa. It focuses on the community-based theatre experience the author facilitated with a local association called Askavusa during two workshops, in November 2016 and October 2017. During the community-based theatre workshops, the researcher and the participants collectively wrote a play, which is the primary research material of this thesis. The main argument of the play captures the unspoken and contradictory aspects of living at the southern border of Europe and in so doing offers a counter-narrative about life at the border. The play reflects the marginalised, unseen, and underrepresented voices of people living at the border. The main argument of this thesis is twofold, conceptual, and methodological. First, with the interdisciplinary conceptual help of military geographies, slow violence and moral imagination, the thesis makes visible those features at the border zones which are usually hidden and unspoken. Secondly, it pursues this by using non-traditional research methods from arts-based research through the platform of community-based theatre. In essence, the thesis explores the possibilities of community-based theatre to contribute to the field of peace studies by facilitating a research process where the subjects of the research itself are engaged in making their voices heard. In relation to this, the thesis focuses on the participatory process of co-production of knowledge of community- based theatre as a feminist practice for conflict transformation. The main finding of this thesis is that feminist arts-based research can be demonstrably conducted in highly militarised environment, using a mixed methodological approach that critically explores the contradictions in the everyday lives of locals and visitors. Through the exploration of emotion, and the everyday paradoxes of people living in Lampedusa, the author and the participants made visible the hitherto unseen impacts of militarisation, and realised an expression of conflict transformation and moral imagination.

Professionals in the television industry are working towards a certain future - rather than end - for the medium based on multi-platform storytelling, as well as multiple screens, distribution channels and streaming platforms. They do so rooted in institutional frameworks where traditional conceptualizations of television still persist. In this context, we reflect on the role of the national television archive as an agent of historical knowledge in the convergence era. Contextualisation and infrastructure function as important preconditions for users of archives to find their way through the enormous amounts of audio-visual material. Specifically, we consider the case of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, taking a critical stance towards the archive's practices of contextualisation and preservation of audio-visual footage in the convergence era. To do so, this article considers the impact of online circulation, contextualisation and preservation of audio-visual materials in relation to, first, how media policy complicates the re-use of material, and second, the archive's use by television professionals and media researchers. This article reflects on the possibilities for and benefits of systematic archiving, developments in web archiving, and accessibility of production and contextual documentation of public broadcasters in the Netherlands. We do so based on an analysis of internal documentation, best practices of archive-based history programmes and their related cross-media practices, as well as media policy documentation. We consider how audio-visual archives should deal with the shift towards multi-platform productions, and argue for both a more systematic archiving of production and contextual documentation in the Netherlands, and for media researchers who draw upon archival resources to show a greater awareness of an archive's history. In the digital age, even more people are part of the archive's processes of selection and aggregation, affecting how the past is preserved through audio-visual images. (author's abstract)

The tragedy of anthrop is that cultures & peoples in various parts of the world have been disappearing & are continuing to do so before they have been adequately studied. The losses suffered by anthrop'ts in the 19th & 20th cent's can be illustrated by the failure to obtain a thorough account of the culture of the Kafirs of Kafiristan, of the Toala of southern Celebes, & of the inhabitants of Easter Island. The situation is even more threatening today. Knowledge of many cultures is essential to the testing of hypo's & the development of anthrop'al theories. Further, knowledge about some previously unknown tribe may lead res on to a hitherto unsuspected track (new information concerning 3 apparently insignif tribes will have a radical effect on our views of the racial history of Southern Asia). The comments about res on tribes & cultures apply with equal urgency to languages. Anthrop'ts have not reduced the amount of orthodox ethnographic res because of a lack of objectives; in fact, the number of insufficiently known extant cultures is immense, particularly in South East Asia. The reason lies in the fact that our interests are influenced by current fashions & because res grants are more available for work in a community & in other areas which have immediate relevance to applied anthrop. Perhaps a still more crucial factor retarding the investigation of disappearing cultures is the lack of coordination & information on urgently needed projects. A committee was elected at the 4th International Congress of Anthrop'al & Ethnological Sci's (Vienna, 1952) to attempt to correct this situation. The author was appointed its secretary-general. B. J. Keeley.

The growing usage of social media by a wider audience of citizens sharply increases the possibility of investigating the web as a device to explore and track political preferences. In the present paper we apply a method recently proposed by other social scientists to three different scenarios, by analyzing on one side the online popularity of Italian political leaders throughout 2011, and on the other the voting intention of French Internet users in both the 2012 presidential ballot and the subsequent legislative election. While Internet users are not necessarily representative of the whole population of a country's citizens, our analysis shows a remarkable ability for social media to forecast electoral results, as well as a noteworthy correlation between social media and the results of traditional mass surveys. We also illustrate that the predictive ability of social media analysis strengthens as the number of citizens expressing their opinion online increases, provided that the citizens act consistently on these opinions.

Framed in a context of free trade policies and the privatization of the commons, we analyze the production of knowledge about 'traditional' seeds in the Colombian Network of Free Seeds, on two dimensions: (1) other ways of knowing and relating to seeds; (2) mechanisms by which these forms of knowhow have been included or excluded from public policy. Drawing from critical studies on science and technology and decoloniality, we argue that there is a conflict between two forms of conceiving seeds. One, born out of discourses and practices of development, where seeds are the capital of the agricultural biotechnology industry and the knowledges on how to preserve and grow them are privatized. Another in which seeds, territory, and knowledge interweave as a commons. © 2019 Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia e Historia. All rights reserved.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공,2020. 2. 황준석. ; 라틴 아메리카 국가들은 건국 이래 200년 가까이 지났음에도 불구하고 민주주의가 자리잡지 못했다. 현재 라틴아메리카 국가들 중 유일하게 두 국가만이 성숙한 민주주의를 달성한 것으로 평가되고 있으며 나머지 국가들은 민주주의가 혼합되어 있거나 실패한 것으로 분류된다 (The Economist, 2019). 각 국가별로 민주주의는 자국의 전통적인 형태에서 시민들의 보이지 않는 참여에 기인한 더 큰 정치적 교류에 초점을 맞추는 방식으로 변화하였다. 미국, 영국, 그리고 독일과 같이 일찍이 민주주의를 달성한 국가들은 자국 내에서 어떻게 민주적 실행이 작동하는지 충분한 개혁을 통해 초기부터 민주주의 이념을 변화시키고 적용해갔다. 그러나 민주주의가 성숙한 나라들의 대다수는 경제적 발전 또한 이루었으며 이는 시민의 참여 의식을 높이는 교육수준 향상 및 정보 접근성 향상과 동반되었다. 그러므로 앞서 언급한 선진국가들은 자국의 전통적인 민주주의 모델을 성공적으로 혁신했다고 얘기할 수 있다. 이는 해당 국가들이 민주주의 달성을 위해 보다 큰 정치적 인식 함양, 시민의 직접 참여, 그리고 더 개방적인 논의를 향해 노력한 결과로 보여진다. 민주주의를 달성한 국가에서 보여진 이러한 변화들은 라틴아메리카 국가에서는 관찰되지 않았으며 라틴아메리카 국가들 역시 민주주의 도입 가운데 민주적 과정들을 통합하고자 하였으나 민주주의의 한 측면에서 얻을 수 있는 이점들을 얻는데 실패하였다. 혁신은 지식, 기술, 그리고 경험에 따라 다르게 나타나며 이러한 요인들은 개인들에게 내재되어 있다. 개인들은 지식의 공유를 통해 기존과 다른 새로운 루틴을 만들어내고 문제 해결을 능력을 갖추게 된다. 동시에 개인들 사이에서 상호간에 지식을 제공하고 획득하는 과정은 프로세스 혁신을 가능케하는 새로운 아이디어와 혁신 기회 창출에 기여하고 있음이 선행 연구에 의해 실증됐다. 본 연구는 지식 공유 관점에서 혁신 성공을 살펴본 선행 연구에 기반하여 라틴아메리카의 민주적 환경에 초점을 맞춰 혁신과 지식공유의 잠재적인 영향력 사이의 관계를 탐색하고자 한다. 본 연구와 선행연구와의 차이점은 다음과 같다. 소수의 연구자만이 단기간에 요구되는 혁신 프로세스에서 지식 공유가 미치는 영향을 살펴보았으며 민주주의 이념 안에서 라틴아메리카와 같은 개발도상국의 데이터를 이용한 실증 연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 민주주의 이념 안에서 지식 공유가 혁신에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기위해 가용한 데이터를 추가하고 이를 실증하고자 한다. 본 연구를 구성하는 세가지 연구는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째 연구는 지식 공유의 의향이 있는 시민들을 대상으로 모델을 구축하고 이를 테스트하였다. 지식 공유에 대한 문헌 연구를 바탕으로 설명 변수인 시민의 동기, 기회, 그리고 지식 공유를 위한 역량을 도출하였고 이를 계량분석을 통해 추정하였다. 라틴아메리카 18개국을 대상으로 2001~2016년까지 수집한 패널데이터를 활용하여 어떤 요인이 시민 중심의 지식 제공 및 획득에 영향을 미치는지 실증연구를 진행하였다. 계량분석 결과 시민들의 지식 제공은 정치 시스템과 교육 성취도에 대한 신뢰에 영향을 받으나 민주주의에 대한 지원과 부패에 대한 인식은 지식 습득에 영향을 미쳤음을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 번째 연구는 앞선 연구와 같은 모델을 사용하여 지식을 공유할 의향이 있는 공공관리자를 대상으로 테스트를 진행하였다. 설명 변수인 관리자의 지식공유 동기, 기회, 그리고 지식 공유를 위한 역량을 사용하여 첫 번째 연구와 동일하게 계량분석 방법론을 사용하여 추정하였다. 계량분석 결과 공공 관리자의 지식 획득은 사람에 대한 신뢰, 민주주의에 대한 지원과 교육 성취도에 의해 영향을 받았으나 부패에 대한 민주주의와 민주적 인식에 대한 지원만이 공공 관리자의 지식 제공에 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막 연구는 시민과 공공 관리자 간의 지식공유 활동이 민주주의 내에서 혁신에 기여하는지 테스트하였다. 지식공유와 혁신에 대한 기존 문헌을 바탕으로 민주주의 내에서 지식공유와 혁신 사이의 연관성을 가정하고 시민과 공공 관리자의 지식 공유가 민주적 프로세스에 기여하는지 탐색하였다. 연구 결과 시민중심의 지식 공유가 공공 관리자 중심의 지식 공유를 지원하였으며 공공 관리 중심의 지식 공유 역시 시민중심의 지식 공유를 지원하고 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 시민 중심의 지식 공유는 민주주의 내에서 혁신 창출에 기여한 반면 공공 관리자 중심의 지식 공유는 민주주의 내에서 혁신 창출에 기여하지 하고 있음을 확인하였다. ; Although 200 years have passed since their foundation, Latin American countries (LACS) have not been able to consolidate their democracies. Only two Latin American democracies measure up as full democracies, the rest are classified as faulty, hybrid or failed (The Economist, 2019). Democracies have also shifted from their traditional forms to focus on greater political exchange with unseen active citizen participation. Countries that have achieved full democratic consolidation such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany adapted to changes early enough reformulating how democratic practices operated in their countries. However, many of these mature countries are also economically developed with rising educational standards and improved access to information which helps mobilize citizens and stimulate higher levels of awareness and participation. Thus, they seem to have successfully innovated their traditional democratic models. They have effectively strived towards greater political awareness, direct participation, and open discussions. These changes did not pass undetected in the context of LACs which too have incorporated some of these democratic processes, but they keep failing to reap the benefits visible in other hemispheres. Innovation depends on knowledge, skills, and experiences, and these are embedded in individuals who need to be triggered to share such knowledge so that new routines and mental processes can be established and problems solved. Simultaneously, the provision and acquisition of knowledge among individuals is proven to contribute to the generation of new ideas and opportunities, thus enabling process innovations. Inspired by findings that have attributed to the success of innovations in knowledge sharing, this study explores the potential implications of knowledge sharing for innovations in a democratic setting with a particular focus on LACs. A gap was identified when exploring these issues. Only a few researchers have addressed the problems regarding the impact of knowledge sharing in the urgently-needed innovation processes in democracies and they have rarely used an empirical approach using data from a developing region, such as Latin America. Therefore, this work adds to available evidence on the effects of knowledge sharing and innovations, and tests their implications for innovations in democracy. It does so by addressing three studies. The first study models and tests citizens willingness to share knowledge. It does a thorough literature review of knowledge sharing and uses econometric techniques to estimate the explanatory variables that represent citizens motivation, opportunities, and abilities to share knowledge. Using panel data for 2001-2016 collected in 18 LACs, the study empirically tests which components influence citizens-driven knowledge provision and acquisition. The econometric estimation shows that while citizens knowledge provision was influenced by trust in the political system and educational attainments, support for democracy and perceptions about corruption influenced their knowledge acquisition. The second study follows the same lines and models and tests public managers willingness to share knowledge. After a literature review of knowledge sharing, it uses the same econometric techniques and estimates the explanatory variables which represent public managers motivations, opportunities, and abilities to share knowledge. The econometric estimation shows that while public managers knowledge acquisition was influenced by trust in people, support for democracy, and educational attainments; only support for democracy and perception about corruption influenced public managers knowledge provision. Finally, the last study determines whether knowledge sharing activities between citizens and public managers contribute to innovations in democracy. After considering existing literature on knowledge sharing and innovations, a link between knowledge sharing and innovations in democracy is hypothesized and estimated to explore whether citizens and public managers knowledge sharing contributes to democratic processes. The results show that citizens-driven knowledge sharing feeds public managers-driven knowledge sharing, and public managers-driven knowledge sharing feeds citizens-driven knowledge sharing. However, while citizens driven knowledge sharing contributes to the production of innovations in a democracy, public managers driven knowledge sharing does not contribute to the production of innovations in a democracy. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Problem Definition 4 1.3 Research Question 7 1.4 Research Objectives 8 1.5 Research Outline 9 Chapter 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Latin American Democracies 10 2.2 Willingness to Share Knowledge 14 2.3 The Impact of Knowledge Sharing on Innovations 18 Chapter 3. Methodology 22 3.1 Conceptual Model 22 3.2 Data Collection 28 3.3 Methodological Discussion 39 Chapter 4. Citizens Willingness to Share Knowledge 48 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Hypotheses 50 4.2.1 The Motivation Dimension 50 4.2.1 The Opportunity Dimension 53 4.2.2 The Ability Dimension 56 4.3 A Description of the Variables 58 4.4 Estimation Model and Results 62 Chapter 5. Public Managers Willingness to Share Knowledge 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Hypotheses 67 5.2.1 The Motivation Dimension 68 5.2.1 The Opportunity Dimension 70 5.2.2 The Ability Dimension 72 5.3 A Description of the Variables 75 5.4 Estimation Model and Results 79 Chapter 6. Impact of Knowledge Sharing on Innovations in a Democracy 82 6.1 Introduction 82 6.2 Hypotheses 84 6.3 A Description of the Variables 88 6.4 Estimation Model and Results 90 Chapter 7. Conclusions 92 7.1 Summary 92 7.2 Implications and Future Research 99 7.3 Limitations 102 Bibliography 105 Abstract in Korean 165 ; Doctor

Objective: To study knowledge and perceptions among residents of Bahir Dar about the causation, prevention, and treatment of sexually transmitted illnesses.

Methods: Sixty randomly selected informants, including 20 key informants, were interviewed about the occurrence of the most common sexually transmitted and other diseases, as well as illness perception, causation, prevention, and treatment in Bahir Dar using semi-structured interview guides. Ten health practitioners also were interviewed about their knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and patients infected with them.


Results: The five most frequently named STDs were AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), in that order. HIV/AIDS and gonorrhea were relatively well known compared to the other STDs, reflecting their high prevalence. Community members used many local vernacular names to refer to sexually transmitted illnesses. This use of euphemisms reflects the cultural belief that such diseases should not be talked about openly. While the considerable stigma attached to all STDs inhibits open discussion, it is easier to talk about AIDS because of the wider publicity the epidemic has received. A number of misconceptions about causes and ways to prevent STDs were identified. Government health services were found to be used relatively
infrequently by persons with STDs. Stigma, inconvenience, problems in patient-provider interactions, and issues of confidentiality and privacy were major factors in both the underutilization of public health services and the widespread use of self-medication, traditional healers, private doctors, and injectionists (local practitioners who administer medical injections for a fee).


Conclusion and Recommendations: A combination of persisting misconceptions about the causation, transmission, and treatment of most STDs exists. The ethnomedical environment surrounding these diseases is characterized by strong stigmas, secrecy, delayed treatment, widespread self-medication, and problematic patient-health services relationships, all of which impede the prevention and control of STDs in Bahir Dar. Development and implementation of collaborative programs involving official health services and community-based organizations may increase STD clinic utilization rates.

The post-COVID-19 economic crisis has resulted in widespread unemployment and the migration of workers in India, particularly in the informal sector, which accounts for more than 90 percent of total employment in the country. Migrant workers are returning to their homes and will soon be looking for alternative sources of income. Entrepreneurship centered on locally made traditional products can provide revenue to migrant workers in such conditions. These returning underprivileged workers can use their traditional knowledge and skills to support their families and create new employment opportunities in their communities. Laws relating to geographical indications will aid in the protection and promotion of such traditional product lines in domestic consumer markets. The protection and promotion of such traditional product lines in domestic consumer markets will be aided by laws relating to geographical indications. The same can be further complemented by the new Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement, which went into effect in February 2020 and allows for the registration system of Geographical Indications in multiple countries through a single procedure with the World Intellectual Property Organization. As a result, it is proposed that the government should promote geographical indications as a policy instrument to help the rural economy during these ongoing difficult times.

Justin Stoler1, Stephanie K Brodine2, Simeon Bromfield3, John R Weeks1, Henroy P Scarlett41Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; 2Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; 3Mosquito Control Section, St Catherine Health Department, Spanish Town, Jamaica; 4Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies at Mona, Kingston, JamaicaPurpose: Dengue fever has re-emerged as an increasingly significant global health threat amid diminishing resources pledged for its control in developing nations. Efforts to limit breeding of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti are often hampered by lack of community awareness of the disease.Methods: Sixty-eight households in St Catherine Parish, Jamaica completed a pilot knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire as part of a routine container survey for presence of A. aegypti larvae.Results: Infestation levels were high according to traditional Stegomyia indices (Breteau index = 325); however, general knowledge of dengue symptoms, A. aegypti breeding sites, and preventive practices was low. After examining the links between demographic characteristics, dengue knowledge, and the number of breeding sites per house, higher educational achievement was associated with higher dengue knowledge, but also with more unprotected containers. Overall dengue knowledge was not associated with household container counts. Spatial statistics identified weak clustering of larvae-positive containers, and larvae were concentrated in three key container types.Conclusion: Residents may only understand the role of certain container types, and significant gaps in general knowledge of the disease may inhibit vector control. This pilot demonstrates the feasibility of conducting inexpensive, rapid assessment of community knowledge and breeding levels for local governments lacking the resources for a more methodologically robust vector assessment strategy.Keywords: GIS, community knowledge, KAP survey

This paper explores the links between the socio-cultural power structures of the Poro and Bondo secret societies and their interactions with internationalist human rights discourse in postconflict Sierra Leone. It argues that these secret societies offer gendered and cultural spaces that serve as social and political mobilizing symbols. These societies further provide forums as well as a stage for counter-discourses about gender-based violence and human rights violations, particularly with regards to the campaign against female circumcision. The paper concludes that despite internal tensions and squabbles, the Bondo secret societiy has gained most of its present-day solidarity by broadly disseminating to both members and non-members the highly charged narrative that the society's exposure leads to its destruction. The Bondo society has been able to maintain cohesion and defend its interests by appropriating and invoking traditional knowledge and ritual codes.This paper explores the links between the socio-cultural power structures of the Poro and Bondo secret societies and their interactions with internationalist human rights discourse in postconflict Sierra Leone. It argues that these secret societies offer gendered and cultural spaces that serve as social and political mobilizing symbols. These societies further provide forums as well as a stage for counter-discourses about gender-based violence and human rights violations, particularly with regards to the campaign against female circumcision. The paper concludes that despite internal tensions and squabbles, the Bondo secret societiy has gained most of its present-day solidarity by broadly disseminating to both members and non-members the highly charged narrative that the society's exposure leads to its destruction. The Bondo society has been able to maintain cohesion and defend its interests by appropriating and invoking traditional knowledge and ritual codes.

The post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) when implementing agricultural and conservation policies, face other challenges than Western European countries: (1) specifc institutional design for each, developed on the remnants of totalitarian system causing difculties for transposing directives; (2) different integration of Natura 2000 network into national protected area governance resulting in slow elaboration of the management plans; (3) farming landscapes were better preserved than in Western Europe, but lacking the continuity of extensive farming so large areas of conservation; and (4) formal protection of sites, lacking in many cases fnancial support. Tis paper summarizes: the historical background of the last century that changed the farming landscapes of the CEE countries and the challenges in the management of protected areas in an unsteady socio-economic and political context. Te results are focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Two main conclusions are proposed. First, socialism and capitalism slowly abolished family farming, causing people to become disconnected from the landscape – a key element in conservation oriented grassland management. Second, the gaps of knowledge on different aspects of policy implementation sabotage the results of conservation initiatives.

Intro -- Unbenannt -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Research Question -- 1.2. Methodology -- 1.3. Literature Review -- 2. A Hindu Nationalist Stance in Indian Foreign Policy -- 2.1. Civilisational Clashes -- 2.2. "Holy Cow" -- 3. The Seizure of Essential Generic Medicines from India byEU Border Agencies -- 3.1. Generic Drugs -- 4. Access to Medicine from a Human Rights Perspective -- 4.1. The Philosophical Dimension of the Right to Health -- 4.3. The Maastricht Principles of Extraterritorial Obligationsof States in the Area of the Economic, Social and CulturalRights -- 4.4. Evergreening -- 4.5. Initiative for Medicines, Access & -- Knowledge v. AbbottLaboratories -- 5. TRIPS -- 5.1. Compulsory Licenses -- 5.1.1. Natco Pharma Ltd v. Bayer Corporation -- 6. Traditional Knowledge -- Exhibit A. Neem -- Exhibit B. Turmeric -- Exhibit C. Basmati -- Exhibit D. Trichopus Zeylanicus -- Exhibit E. Yoga -- Exhibit F. Property Rights -- EU Trade Agreements -- 7.1. EU-India FTA -- 8. Impact Factors -- 8.1. Economic Interests v. Protectionism -- 8.2. Brexit -- 8.3. Unilateralism v. Multilateralism -- 9. Conclusion -- Bibliography.