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Die Autoren setzen sich kritisch mit der Konstruktion von Bildungsstandards auseinander. Sie vertreten einen Kompetenzbegriff, der sich in wesentlichen Punkten von jenem unterscheidet, den führende Vertreter der aktuellen Bildungsforschung nutzen - und der sich auch in der bildungspolitischen Praxis weitgehend etabliert zu haben scheint. Die Autoren votieren für ein Kompetenzverständnis, dem zufolge der Rekurs auf Aufgabenmengen und Kompetenzgrade unerlässlich sei, das neben dem kognitiven auch den sozial-emotionalen und den psychomotorischen Bereich berücksichtige und schließlich die Eigenschaft einer Kompetenz als Präskription betone. (DIPF/Orig.).

AbstractNatural organic matter reacted with chlorine used for disinfection, and finally, trihalomethanes (THMs) are formatted. The main purpose of this study was to determine four THM concentrations and human health cancer risk and non-cancer risk assessment from exposure through oral ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation for males and females in Abadan. Two sampling sites were selected, and five samples before and after treatment by two different water treatment systems (RO and ion exchange) were collected every week. Results showed that total THM concentrations before and after treatment by RO were 98.1 and 8.88 μg/L, and ion exchange ranged between 101.9 and 14.96 μg/L, respectively, that before treatment was upper than the maximum of 80 mg/L recommended by USEPA. Inhalation was the primary route of exposure by around 80–90% of cancer risk. Total cancer risk was higher than the USEPA acceptable limit of 10−6 via three exposure routes. Oral route has the higher hazard index values than dermal ways.

Introduction: Obviously, medical tourism is growing rapidly. This study aimed to identify the challenges and achievements of medical tourism from the viewpoint of medical tourists and service providers in the public hospitals of Shiraz in 2007. Method: This descriptive study was carried out through structural and thematic analysis, using a method called SWOT. The study sample included all tourists, medical tourists, and service providers in the public hospitals of Shiraz. Accordingly, 21 medical staff and 31 medical tourists were investigated. The Friedman Test was used to prioritize and rank the most important weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of medical tourism. Results: The results showed that medical tourism in the public hospitals of Shiraz had 9 strengths, 8 weaknesses, 8 opportunities, and 6 threats. A total of 17 strategies, including four SO strategies, three ST strategies, six WO strategies, and four WT strategies for medical tourism in the public hospitals of Shiraz were developed. Some of the major parts of these strategies included the development of medical tourism in the public hospitals of Shiraz, the establishment of medical justice for medical tourists through the optimal distribution of services and control over price and quality, the fight against corruption and collusion, plans for supporting the officials, financial support and investment in the medical tourism sector, and the development of strategic plans for supporting medical tourism. Conclusion: It seems that appropriate policies should be legislated by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education to improve the medical tourism in Shiraz.