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"This reference set discusses the impact social media has on an individuals' identity formation as well as its usage within society and cultures, exploring new research methodologies and findings into the behavior of users on social media as well as the effects of social media on society and culture as a whole"

The social scientific study of religion is a crucial arena of human endeavor, as questions about the existence and nature of God interact with the study of religion as a human phenomenon. The twenty-third volume of RSSSR continues the tradition of promoting extended debate of current issues in the field. The special section on Theism and Non-Theism in Psychological Science includes contributions from leading researchers in this area. This landmark collection of papers draws on a range of perspectives that both summarize the theism debate in psychology and help to move it forward in new directions. In addition, the volume includes papers on other key areas in the study of religion such as spirituality and social capital

Recent developments in the history, philosophy, psychology, and sociology of science raise serious challenges to our traditional notions about the decisive power of experiments in the development of scientific knowledge. These developments suggest that the power of an experiment is only as strong as the clarity af the basic assumptions which underlie it. Such assumptions not only underlie laboratory experimentation but social evaluation research as well. A dialectical methodology is proposedfor assessing the influence of key assumptions in both settings. Among other conclusions, analysis of the role and influence of key assumptions suggests an additional source of experimental error, termed the error of the third kind, or E III. E III is defined and discussed as the probability af conducting the "wrong" experiment when one should have conducted the "right" experiment.

Many Americans endorse misinformation about vaccine safety. This is problematic because those who do are more likely to resist evidence-based policies, such as mandatory vaccination for school attendance. Although many have attempted to correct misinformation about vaccines, few attempts have been successful. This study uses psychological correlates of vaccine misinformation acceptance to develop a novel misinformation correction strategy by tailoring provaccine messages to appeal to these psychological traits. For example, people with higher moral purity levels are more likely to view vaccines as contaminating the body, but messages highlighting disease via under-vaccination can use their higher moral purity to push them toward vaccine support. Using a large survey experiment ( N = 7,019) and a smaller replication experiment ( N = 825) of American adults, we demonstrate that interventions designed to appeal to people high in moral purity and needle sensitivity—two relatively understudied correlates of vaccine misinformation support—can also be targeted to effectively reduce vaccine misinformation endorsement. This study provides a better understanding of the psychological origins of misinformed political and policy attitudes, and it suggests a strategy for combating policy-related misinformation more generally, ultimately boosting support for evidence-based policies.

Srbija pripada korpusu od više od polovine zemalja sveta koje imaju veoma niske nivoe rađanja. Prema podacima popisa iz 2011, nijedna generacija žena u Srbiji (bez Kosova i Metohije), rođenih u periodu 1930-1962. nije rodila više od dvoje dece. Značajno je porastao broj žena starosti 30-34, bez dece (sa 21,2% [2002], na 30,3% [2011]). One su najčešće same, neudate i van unija, sa višim ili visokim obrazovanjem, radno aktivne, zaposlene i žive u urbanim sredinama. Kao odgovor na problem niskog rađanja, Vlada Srbije je krajem 2017. usvojila revidiranu StrateGiju podsticanja rađanja, koja ce naslanja na prethodnu Strategiju iz 2008, koju dopunjuje i dodatno razrađuje. U ovom radu se ukratko elaborira treći cilj najnovijeg dokumenta, snižavanje socio-psihološke cene rađanja, koji, uz njen drugi cilj, usklađivanje rada i roditeljstva, treba da stvori uslove da ce smanji preogtgerećenost majki/žena u roditeljstvu i domaćinstvu, i time olakša tranziciju ka višem redu rađanja. Kao empirijska podloga u ovom radu korišćeni su, pored ostalih, rezultati najnovijeg anketnog istraživanja "Kultura rađanja - reproduktivne i partnerske strategije žena u Srbiji danas" iz 2017, koje je sproveo Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Rezultati su ukazali na umereno jake patrijarhalne stavove i veoma izraženu patrijarhalnu praksu u braku i roditeljstvu, odnosno na perzistirajuću normu "intenzivnog majčinstva", te odvojenih muš koženskih praksiu kritičnom momentu "ranog roditeljstva", kao i kasnije tokom porodičnog života, u okolnostima niskog kvaliteta svakodnevnog života i opšte oskudice u društvu poluperiferije. Takve norme i reproduktivne prakse, nisu, kako savremena litetatura pokazuje, u funkciji povišenog rađanja, već naprotiv, odlaganja i odustajanja od rađanja, posebno, višeg reda. Zato ce kao politički odgovor predlaže aktivnije uključivanje muškaraca u roditeljstvo, uvođenjem kvote za očeve u trajanju od dve sedmice, plaćenog odsustva. Ova mera trebalo bi da bude praćena širom, društvenom promocijom očinstva, posebno u poslovnoj sferi, kod poslodavaca i drugih zaposlenih muškaraca. ; Serbia is a part of the corpus of more than a half of world populations with very low fertility. According to census from 2011, none of the generations born between 1930 and 1962 in Serbia (without Kosovo and Metohija) gave birth to more than two children. The share of childless women aged 30-34 has been on rise, from 21.2% in census 2002 up to 30.3% in census 2011. These women are most often single, living out of unions, with tertiary education, economically active, employed, living in urban settings. Government of the Republic of Serbia has adopted revised Birth Promotion Strategy by the end of 2017 as the response to the problem of low fertility. It relies on the previous Strategy from 2008, but it upgrades and further evolves the document. This paper is aimed at short elaboration of the third goal of the revised Strategy (decrease of the socio-psychological cost of childbearing). Altogether with the second one (reconciliation of work and family), it should create conditions in favour of diminishing enormous exploitation of women/mothers' resources in parenthood and in household and thus alleviate transition to further birth parities. Empirical base consists of different sources of data, most prominent one being the last fieldwork carried out in 2017 by the Institute for Sociological Research, Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade: "Culture of Childbearing - Reproductive and Partnership Strategies of Women in Serbia today". Results have demonstrated moderate patriarchal statements among females in Serbia, altogether with quite strong patriarchal practice in partnering and parenting. It is the persistence of the ideology of "intensive motherhood" and divided female/male performance in the critical moment of "early baby stage" and later on in the course of family life in the context of low quality of everyday life and vast impoverishment at the semiperiphery. Such ideology and reproductive behaviour are not conducive to increased childbearing which is well documented in literature and research. To the contrary, they lead to postponement and giving up births eventually, especially of higher parities. As a political response we recommend i more active inclusion of males into parenthood, by, inter alia, introducing of "daddy quota" in Serbia. This short term and fully compensated paternal leave is recommended to last two weeks. The measure should be followed by vast social promotion of fatherhood, especially in business, with employers, employees and other males.

AbstractInstead of being agents of inquiry and change, Southeast Asian American (SEAA; Viet, Hmong, Lao, Cambodian) refugee subjects are often objectified and essentialized by researchers in the social sciences. In this article, we document our collaborative journeys to unlearn colonial and racist ways of thinking about and conducting research on marginalized communities, including our own SEAA communities. Specifically, we present participatory action research (PAR) and testimonios—two examples of counter‐storytelling—as promising critical race methodologies. Using PAR, our team of academic researchers and participant‐researchers collaborated on research to create change in our communities. To assess our experiences with PAR, we used testimonios to share our self‐reflections and stories on the research process and the training relationship. We end by offering suggestions for using PAR and testimonios to engage in anti‐colonial and anti‐racist research.

Introduction / Michael Zimmer & Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda -- Internet research ethics : twenty years later / Elizabeth Buchanan -- Challenges -- Recasting justice for internet and online industry research ethics / Anna Lauren Hoffmann & Anne Jonas -- A feminist perspective on ethical digital methods / M.E. Luka, Mélanie Millette & Jacqueline Wallace -- Sorting things out ethically : privacy as a research issue beyond the individual / Tobias Matzner & Carsten Ochs -- Chasing isis : network power, distributed ethics and responsible social media research / Jonathon Hutchinson, Fiona Martin & Aim Sinpeng -- Lost umbrellas : bias and the right to be forgotten in social media research / Rebekah Tromble & Daniela Stockmann -- Bad judgment, bad ethics? validity in computational social media / Cornelius Puschmann -- To share or not to share : ethical challenges in sharing social media-based research data / Katrin Weller & Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda -- "We tend to err on the side of caution" : ethical challenges facing canadian research ethics boards when overseeing internet research / Yukari Seko & Stephen P. Lewis -- Internet research ethics in a non-western context / Soraj Hongladarom -- Cases -- Living labs : an ethical challenge for researchers and platform providers / Philipp Schaer -- Ethics of using online commercial crowdsourcing sites for academic research : the case of amazon's mechanical turk / Matthew Pittman & Kim Sheehan -- Museum ethnography in the digital age : ethical considerations / Natalia Grincheva -- Participant anonymity and participant observations : situating the researcher within digital ethnography / James Robson -- The social age of "it's not a private problem" : case study of ethical and privacy concerns in a digital ethnography of south asian blogs against intimate partner violence / Ishani Mukherjee -- Studying closed communities on-line : digital methods and ethical considerations beyond informed consent and anonymity / Ylva Hard af Segerstad, Christine Howes, Dick Kasperowsk & Christopher Kullenberg -- An ethical inquiry about youth suicide prevention using social media mining / Amaia Eskisabel Azpiazu, Rebeca Cerezo-Menéndez & Daniel Gayo-Avello -- Death, affect and the ethical challenges of outing a griefsquatter / Lisbeth Klastrup -- Locating locational data in mobile and social media / Lee Humphreys -- How does it feel to be visualized? : redistributing ethics / David Moats & Jess Perriam -- Contexts -- Negotiating consent, compensation, and privacy in internet research : patientslikeme.com as a case study / Robert Douglas Ferguson -- The ethics of using hacked data : patreon's data hack and academic data standards / Nathaniel Poor -- The ethics of sensory ethnography : virtual reality fieldwork in zones of conflict / Jeff Shuter & Ben Burroughs -- Images of faces gleaned from social media in social psychological research on sexual orientation / Patrick Sweeney -- Twitter research in the disaster context ¿ ethical concerns for working with historical datasets -- Martina wengenmeir -- Epilogue: internet research ethics for the social age / Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda & Michael Zimmer -- Contributor -- Biographies

Contemporary Indigenous mental health research is beginning to address colonization, contextualizing Indigenous health within a history of colonial relationships and inadequate mental health responses. In practice, however, dominant counselling models for mental health in Canada have neglected Indigenous perspectives and there is a paucity of research regarding interventions that address psychological trauma with Indigenous populations. We identified 11 Canadian studies that employed culturally appropriate trauma interventions within Indigenous communities. We discuss the findings in relation to the study participants, outcomes reported, and research design. Recommendations are provided to address the need for evidence-based trauma interventions that have efficacy for Indigenous people in Canada to address Indigenous historical trauma.

Disparaging rhetoric about Arab people was prevalent during Donald Trump's political rise in the United States. Although this rhetoric was intended to energize conservative Americans, it also echoed throughout many liberal parts of the United States and around the world. In this research, we experimentally examined the effects of such rhetoric on American and Arab people's attitudes and visual representations of each other before and after Trump was elected. Although people overwhelmingly reported not liking the negative rhetoric, the rhetoric alone did not influence explicit and implicit intergroup biases in either location, as measured by feeling thermometers and Implicit Association Tests. However, the election outcome moderated the way rhetoric influenced how American and Arab people visually represented each other. Our research sheds light on nuanced effects of global politics on various information processing stages within intergroup perception.

Background  The aim of the present study was to identify factors associated with the level of psychological distress reported by family carers of children with intellectual disability living in a large urban conurbation.Method  Information was collected by postal questionnaire (or interview for family carers who did not have English as their first language) from the family carers of 408 children with intellectual disability (31% of all children within the area administratively identified as having an intellectual disability).Results  Results indicated that 47% of primary carers scored above the threshold for psychological distress on the GHQ and that scoring above the threshold was strongly related to the emotional and behavioural needs of the index child and South‐Asian ethnicity and moderately associated with the severity of the child's delay in communication.Conclusions  The rates of psychological distress (47% overall, 70% among South‐Asian carers) were markedly higher than that found in previous studies of carers supporting a child with intellectual disabilities. It is suggested that these elevated rates of psychological distress may be mediated by socio‐economic deprivation.

Using data from a US national probability sample of self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults (N = 662), this article reports population parameter estimates for a variety of demographic, psychological, and social variables. Special emphasis is given to information with relevance to public policy and law. Compared with the US adult population, respondents were younger, more highly educated, and less likely to be non-Hispanic White, but differences were observed between gender and sexual orientation groups on all of these variables. Overall, respondents tended to be politically liberal, not highly religious, and supportive of marriage equality for same-sex couples. Women were more likely than men to be in a committed relationship. Virtually all coupled gay men and lesbians had a same-sex partner, whereas the vast majority of coupled bisexuals were in a heterosexual relationship. Compared with bisexuals, gay men and lesbians reported stronger commitment to a sexual-minority identity, greater community identification and involvement, and more extensive disclosure of their sexual orientation to others. Most respondents reported experiencing little or no choice about their sexual orientation. The importance of distinguishing among lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in behavioral and social research is discussed.

Prevailing beliefs and attitudes encourage researchers and lay people to think almost exclusively in terms of the costs of pessimism and the benefits of optimism. This volume provides a forum for those involved with the study of optimism and pessimism to have an opportunity to examine these beliefs. The result is a critical survey that enables readers to recognize the importance of "balance" in understanding the relative powers of both optimism and pessimism. With a focus on the practical implications for therapy, contributors provide up-to-date reviews of the empirical foundations of these constructs. Particularly valuable is an examination of cultural, biological, and psychological factors related to optimism and pessimism. Through the diversity of views presented, the dynamic interplay between optimism and pessimism that reflects the fundamental tension and harmony found in life is illustrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)

PurposeThe purpose of the research is to demonstrate the impact of psychological contract infringement (independent variable) on organizational commitment, exit, voice and neglect (dependent variables) within a Canadian federal public organization located in Quebec, where individual (e.g. age), organizational (e.g. stricter rule enforcement) and situational (e.g., employment alternatives) variables are controlled.Design/methodology/approach – A pre‐tested questionnaire (204 questions) on the psychological contract was distributed to 357 Canadian civil servants in a one site federal department. One hundred and thirty‐two questionnaires were returned and considered usable for research, for a 37 per cent response rate. Bivariate analysis was performed on the various determinants and individual responses to psychological contract violation, including organizational commitment, departure designs and counterproductive behaviors.Findings – Results clearly illustrate the great complexity of the link between organizational variables and individual reactions and shed light, on a higher level, on the need to outgrow arguments that reduce bureaucracy to its mere perverse effects. These results suggest that the managerial challenge is not so much to produce a shift from an environment where the rule of law, standards and regulations prevails to an open and flexible environment where individual autonomy is prized as it is to ensure compliance with normative and regulatory constraints.Originality/value – The research seeks to enrich the knowledge base on the subject area because previous research has dealt almost exclusively with the psychological contract within large private companies.

The advent of remote work has revolutionized the traditional workplace, offering employees the flexibility to work from anywhere. This research paper aims to investigate the psychological effects of remote work on employee well-being, job satisfaction, and work-life balance. The implications of this research are significant for organizations and managers seeking to optimize remote work arrangements. By understanding the psychological effects of remote work and implementing effective management strategies, organizations can create a supportive and conducive work environment that promotes employee well-being and job satisfaction, ultimately leading to increased productivity and retention. Additionally, it explores strategies for effective remote management to ensure optimal employee outcomes. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather comprehensive data. A sample of remote workers from various industries and organizational settings will be recruited to participate in the study. The quantitative survey will assess variables such as perceived stress levels, job satisfaction, work-life balance, and overall psychological well-being. The qualitative interviews will provide deeper insights into the experiences, challenges, and coping mechanisms of remote workers. The findings of this research will contribute to the existing literature on remote work and its impact on employee well-being. It is hypothesized that remote work can have both positive and negative effects on psychological well-being. Factors such as autonomy, flexibility, reduced commuting time, and increased control over work environment may positively influence wellbeing. However, challenges such as social isolation, blurred boundaries between work and personal life, and increased pressure to be constantly available may negatively impact wellbeing. Furthermore, this research aims to identify effective strategies for remote management that can enhance employee well-being, job satisfaction, and work-life balance. These strategies may include clear communication channels, regular check-ins, fostering social connections, providing adequate resources and support, and promoting work-life integration.