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The origin of peace movements can be traced back to the early nineteenth century, with the foundation of the first peace societies in the Anglo-Saxon world. Issues addressed by the movements include the general fight against war and promotion of peace (including internationalism), antiwar mobilization, nuclear disarmament (including nuclear test ban), mobilization against military infrastructures, and for civil service. Different phases can be discerned in the Western context: the rise of pacifism as a collective and public issue during the nineteenth and early twentieth century; the Cold War era; peace movements as part of the new social movements from the late 1960s to the late 1980s; and the post-Cold War era. The strength and specific features of peace movements vary both across time and across space depending on the specific features of each national context. Today, peace movements are seen as part of the broader family of the new social movements. Scholarly works have characterized the profile of participants in these movements as being rooted in the new middle class, displaying left-libertarian values, and sharing a common concern over social issues, but have also stressed important difference across countries in their social bases. Peace movements find their most important effects at the societal and cultural level rather than at the political level.

Cover -- Foreword -- Important Dates at the Time of the Women's Movement -- Introduction: -- Working Toward the American Dream -- Chapter One: -- The Ordeal of Early American Women -- Chapter Two: -- Women Learn How to Organize -- Chapter Three: -- The Long Road to the Ballot Box -- Chapter Four: -- Emergence of the New Public Woman -- Chapter Five: -- Rising Demands for Gender Equality -- Chapter Six: -- A Continuing Fight for Status and Rights -- Notes -- For More Information -- Index -- Picture Credits -- About the Author

Women's movements, understood as variant forms of collective action in pursuit of common goals, have been analysed in both feminist political theory and development studies. This article aims to combine these two discussions to provide a theoretical account of the emergence and character of such movements through the identification of three different forms of collective action, termed 'independent', 'associative' and 'directed'. The article considers the relation of such movements to projects of general political import, be these of an authoritarian or democratic character, and returns to the debate over the usefulness or otherwise of conceptualizing women's interests. It concludes with an assessment of the place of women's movements in the contemporary politics of citizenship.

Eleanor Roosevelt's papers in the FDR Presidential Library contain approximately seventy musical works calling for world peace, the lyrics and/or music of which were created by women. Women's peace songs from the 1930s were often a response to the First Lady's press and radio statements about peace. They were also influenced by calls for cultural change by activists in the women's peace movement, represented by the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, groups with which Roosevelt was involved. Compositions about peace typically either featured march-like music and nationalistic imagery or were religious choral works and hymn-like expressions of women's collective action. Writers sometimes parodied well-known hymns or patriotic songs, providing them with less militaristic texts. Musical offerings for the First Lady reflected women's desire to assist Roosevelt in her peace efforts, their growing concern about the onset of World War II, and a strong belief in the power of music to help achieve a better world.

There is a long tradition of opposition to war and organized peace campaigns date from 1815. Since 1945, however, modern weapons technology has threatened world wide destruction and has stimulated widespread protests. This book sketches in the background of thinking about peace and resistance to war before 1945, and then examines how public opposition to nuclear weapons and testing grew in the 1950s and early 1960s. Later chapters cover the major ressurgence of nuclear disarmament campaigns in the 1980s. The book also looks at how peace protest has spread from its origins in North America and

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Created Equal -- Setting the Stage -- Another Fight for Freedom -- Coming Together -- Susan B. Anthony -- Competing Groups -- Small Steps -- Into The 20th Century -- Picketing and Prison -- The 19th Amendment -- The Future -- Timeline of the Women's Sufferage Movement -- Glossary -- Index, Websites -- Back Cover

Since the late 1960s, the women's movement has been strongly associated with the advancement of women's position in the work force. In spite of antidiscrimination laws, women still earn only about 70 percent of what men do. Three strategies to further reduce the wage gap are considered in detail: affirmative action, pay equity, and policies to make it easier to combine work and family life. Questions are raised about the implications of these strategies for the future of the women's movement.