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Problem setting. The state registration of birth is the first and one of the main steps to children's rights protection and it became a demonstration not only of identity, but also of the human existence. At the same time, when considering the current trends in the development of social and political life, electronic services gain great importance and they become priority development fields of electronic government.While most European countries already introduced in the web space almost all activities in regard to providing administrative services, Ukraine stands at the early stages of this course which has many obstacles and challenging issues that need to be resolved. Recent research and publications analysis. Over the last years many investigations and publications with different target purposes were dedicated to the issue of improvement and receiving of administrative services in the sphere of state registration of birth and specifically via the internet and with employment of other information technologies.Among foreign scientists these problematic issues were researched by such experts as M. Riekkinen, A. Afolayan, O. Iyare, T. Falua, B. Oyokoch, E. Lunyeva, S. Ryabchenko and others.The works of such Ukrainian scientists as O. Lovyaka, L. Chernenko, I. Demchyshyna, L. Lypets were focused on study of general issues of development of state registration of certain types of civil state acts, and specifically birth records.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The attempts of consistent implementation of information and communication technologies in the political system of our country particularly deal with relations in the sphere of civil status registration acts. The development of information technologies certainly showed up in the priority event of human life – birth, and the state registration of birth became the significant step in acquisition of human rights in all spheres of social life. Consequently, new problematic issues appeared in the practical activities of specialists and these matters were related to the issue of documentation of state registration of birth by means of information technologies, it requires classification of knowledge in this sphere and taking new decisions which would meet the requirements of present-day society.Paper main body. In juridical aspect the fact of child's birth and child's descent from certain man and woman can be confirmed only by way of state registration of child's birth in the organs of the civil status state registration. According to the regulations of the civil status registration department the registration of child's birth is fulfilled at the place of child's birth or at the place of residence of his parents or one of the parents. The main effective instrument in the sphere of civil status state registration is represented by web portal 'Requests in the sphere of civil status state registration' which is an electronic resource with its unique address in the Internet world network where organizational and methodical materials are placed. There you can make the registration of users, submission, data handling, information keeping and transfer in the sphere of civil status state registration. The great advantage of such web portal is the fact that it is accessible to all and unrestricted number of users of the internet world network, it works day and night in online mode, and it is also highly functional. This is evident from the fact that through the use of web portal physical person can submit to the civil status registration department an application of the state registration of marriage, the state registration of divorce, the state registration of name change, the amendments to the civil status registration act, their renewal or annulment, reissuance of certificates and extracts from the civil state registration of citizens, or application as to their formulation. There you can book your visit to the civil status registration department in advance with indication of convenient date and time; pay for provided services using payment systems, receive consultations from officials of the civil status registration department as to your requests and applications which were sent through the web portal.This innovation represented the first step to implementation of electronic service"e-malyatko". The project called "e-malyatko" provides the wide range of services using one application: state registration of child's birth, registration of child's permanent residence, granting an allowance at child's birth, registration of child's birth in the electronic health protection system; issue of certificates for the parents in families with many children and for the child from multiple children family (under certain conditions); registration in demographic register; ascertainment of child's descent at birth (in case child's parents are not married); registration in the state register of physical persons tax-payers; ascertainment of child's citizenship of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In that manner, the submission of applications in the sphere of civil status registration acts through the internet world network by citizens facilitates the proper organization of work of civil status registration departments ensuring their effective and prompt service, including the reduction of lines by offering the possibility to the citizens to visit the department at the time of appointment.Registration of birth is a fundamental step on the way to adequate government and it is an essential element which promotes democratic processes. ; Розглянуто основні організаційно-правові аспекти надання державної послуги щодо реєстрації народження. Значну увагу приділено особливостям удосконалення процедури державної реєстрації народження в Україні через запровадження веб-порталу та "пілотного" проекту "е-малятко". Досліджено специфіку застосування аналогічних моделей реєстрації у світі. Доведено необхідність подальшого удосконалення процедури запровадження інформаційно-комунікативних технологій у сфері реєстрації народження в Україні.

An important component in the modern hybrid warfare toolkit is legal warfare. This component is dangerous, like others, but remains poorly understood. The purpose of the article is to determine the role and place of international law in countering hybrid aggression.For hybrid warfare, there is no single universally accepted definition. Non-linear war, active measures or the conflict in the gray zone are used as alternative ones. A state that has launched a hybrid aggression achieves the goal of internal instability in another state, prioritizing non-military means, such as information attacks and influence operations, combined with economic pressure, support from local opposition groups, misinformation, and criminal activity. Also, troops without insignia or military personnel that are not part of the regular troops are used. The main emphasis is on information abilities and non-state actors. The strategic benefits of a hybrid war are that it is difficult to prove the aggressor's involvement. The legal uncertainty of the aggressor delays adequate opposition.The UN Charter prohibits aggression through non-recognition of the use of force without legal justification. Article 2 (4) guarantees the right of states to protection from the use of force against their territorial integrity and political independence. The ban on the use of force implies a level of armed aggression at which self-defense is justified in accordance with Art. 51 of the UN Charter or collective defense in accordance with Art. 5 of the Washington Treaty of 1949 on the establishment of NATO.The unlawful use of force, regardless of whether they are regular armed forces or non-state military groups, requires international opposition. This legal norm is able to respond to changes in the methods of warfare. Economic measures, misinformation and criminal activity are not considered a violation of Article 2 (4). However, actions that do not fall within the scope of the use of force may be illegal, as they will constitute a form of interference.Thus, theoretically, the scope of the UN Charter is sufficient to stop hybrid aggression, the level of which does not exceed the classical threshold for the use of military force. ; В наборе инструментов ведения современной гибридной войны важным компонентом является правовая война. Этот компонент опасный, как и другие, но остается недостаточно изученным. Целью статьи является определение роли и места международного права в противодействии гибридной агрессии.Для гибридной войны нет единого общепризнанного определения. В качестве альтернативных используются нелинейная война, активные мероприятия или конфликт "в серой зоне". Государство, которое начала гибридную агрессию, достигает цели внутренней нестабильности другого государства, делая приоритетом невоенные средства, такие как информационные атаки и операции влияния в сочетании с экономическим давлением, поддержкой местных оппозиционных групп, дезинформацией и преступной деятельностью. Также применяются войска без знаков отличия или военнослужащие, которые не входят в состав регулярных войск. Главный упор делается на информационные способности и негосударственные субъекты. Стратегические выгоды гибридной войны в том, что участие государства-агрессора трудно доказать. Правовая неопределенность агрессора задерживает адекватное противодействие.Устав ООН запрещает агрессию через непризнание применения силы без законных оснований. Статья 2 (4) гарантирует право государств на защиту от применения силы, направленной против их территориальной целостности и политической независимости. Запрет на использование силы предполагает такой уровень вооруженной агрессии, при котором оправдана самооборона в соответствии со ст. 51 Устава ООН или коллективная оборона в соответствии со ст. 5 Вашингтонского договора 1949 о создании НАТО.Незаконное использование силы, независимо от того, являются ли они регулярными вооруженными силами или негосударственными военными группировками, требует международного противодействия. Эта правовая норма способна реагировать и на изменения в способах ведения войны. Экономические меры, дезинформация и преступная деятельность не считаются нарушением статьи 2 (4). Однако действия, которые не подпадают под применение силы, могут быть незаконными, поскольку они будут представлять собой форму вмешательства.Таким образом, теоретически рамки Устава ООН достаточны для того, чтобы остановить гибридную агрессию, уровень которой не превышает классического порога применения военной силы. ; В наборі інструментів ведення сучасної гібридної війни є важливий компонент ‑ правова війна. Цей компонент небезпечний як і інші, але залишається недостатньо вивченим. Метою статтіє визначення ролі і місця міжнародного права в протидії гібридній агресії.У гібридної війни немає єдиного загальновизнаного визначення. Як альтернативні використовуються нелінійна війна, активні заходи або конфлікт "в сірій зоні". Держава, яка розпочала гібридну війну, досягає мети внутрішньої нестабільності іншої держави, роблячи пріоритетом невійськові засоби, такі як інформаційні атаки і операції впливу в поєднанні з економічним тиском, підтримкою місцевих опозиційних груп, дезінформацією і злочинною діяльністю. Такожзастосовується війська в формі без відзнак або військовослужбовці, які не входять до складу регулярних військ. Головний упор робиться на інформаційні спроможності і недержавні суб'єкти. Стратегічні вигоди гібридної війни в тому, що участь держави-агресора важко довести. Правова невизначеність агресора затримує адекватну протидію.Статут ООН забороняє агресію через невизнання застосування сили без законних підстав. Стаття 2 (4)гарантує право держав на захист від застосування сили, направленої проти їх територіальної цілісності і політичної незалежності. Заборонена на використання сили передбачає такий рівень збройної агресії, при якому виправдана самооборона відповідно до ст. 51 Статуту ООН або колективна оборона відповідно до ст. 5 Вашингтонського договору 1949 р. про створення НАТО.Незаконне використання сили, незалежно від того, чи є вони регулярними збройними силами або недержавними військовими угрупуваннями, вимагає міжнародної протидії. Ця правова норма здатна реагувати на зміни в засобах ведення війни. Економічні заходи, дезінформація і злочинна діяльність не вважаються порушенням статті 2 (4). Проте дії, які не підпадають під застосування сили, можуть бути незаконними, оскільки вони будуть являти собою форму втручання.Таким чином, теоретично рамки Статуту ООН достатні для того, щоб зупинити гібридну агресію, рівень якої не перевищує класичного порогу застосування воєнної сили.

The Covid-19 crisis and the widespread stay-at-home orders fuel a debate already raging in the public and academic spheres: can people afford to shelter? How uneven are gains and losses when it comes to asset accumulation in the housing market? Is this an intergenerational conflict, and if so, what can we do about it? It is too soon to tell how Covid-19 will affect housing access and affordability, but it is already clear that younger generations are experiencing a second "once-in-alifetime" crisis in their critical early adult years. The first, a global financial crisis, was triggered by the 2008 US housing market crash. The second now asks them to shelter in homes they struggle to afford.The pandemic comes on top of an already bad set of conditions: expensive housing and stagnant wages, potential for intergenerational conflict due to the privatisation of risk and the different needs of cohorts at different life stages, and increasing income and wealth inequality that continues to limit the varying opportunities of young people as they try to establish themselves in the housing market.Thus, the housing affordability crisis is widely, but unevenly felt. The unevenness of the intergenerational experience is particularly acute because of a combination of age, period, and cohort effects. While young people at the beginning of their income trajectories will always have more difficulty competing in tight housing markets, today's young people are experiencing unique housing burdens that older generations never had to confront. The unevenness is also acute within younger cohorts. Those at the top have easier access to credit because of their jobs or parental resources. Those at the bottom often experience the opposite, because wealth is sticky and prone to transfer within families, not across. of course, there is cross-national and individual-level variation, but the on average increases in rent and house prices, as well as the risk factors associated with placing household assets in global financial markets, combine to create an explosive situation.This timely issue of the Intergenerational Justice Review examines the broader structural challenges that young people face in the current financialised housing market. The authors in this issue assess the relatively grim picture of housing affordability for young people, but also indicate that structural reform might be possible. The article by Demography Prize 2019 winner Veronika Riedl starts from the premise that a dual shift in housing markets – whereby social housing stock has decreased in many countries and global financial markets increasingly dominate real estate (recommodification and financialisation, respectively) – creates critical affordability challenges for young people. Riedl examines the cross-country contours of these challenges, which vary in intensity and magnitude. She then describes how a housing strategy steeped in a rights-based approach can begin to address some of the housing challenges young people face. The approach considers the specific needs of young people shut out of housing markets, young people who may be experiencing severe housing insecurity or homelessness, and the spatial dimension of such challenges. While finding merit in this approach, Riedl emphasises the need for a multi-prong political strategy to effectuate this change.The article by Demography Prize 2019 winners Laura Naegele, Wouter De Tavernier, Moritz Hess and Sebastian Merkel starts in a similar place, describing contemporary housing challenges stemming from demographic shifts, increasing housing prices, and the effects of urbanisation. But these authors focus on testing the presence of two cross-cutting pressures between younger and older cohorts. On the one hand, older and younger cohorts might band together to ensure housing opportunities for a younger cohort facing expensive housing. On the other hand, a generational conflict is possible as older cohorts look towards retirement and as governments face increasing costs from an ageing population. The authors leverage the design of the Eurobarometer survey to test the relative strength of each possibility, contrasting how people in different age groups assess their own housing situations relative to how they view the country's housing situation. The authors find some level of support that housing is – at least in terms of identifying the need for public attention – a potential locus of intergenerational solidarity.The discussion paper by Elena Lutz identifies a two-pronged strategy to address the affordability challenges that young cohorts face in the German housing market. These include measures to facilitate first-time homeownership, as well as measures that create more affordable housing through both rental policy changes and broader measures to increase housing supply. Lutz justifies the policy proposals by articulating the reasons why housing affordability is an intergenerational justice issue. While this piece focuses on the German housing market, the justice concerns resonate in other country contexts.The issue concludes with three book reviews focused on the pan-European context, the US context, and the UK context, respectively. Two are provocative reviews that identify the key merits of the books, and all three note just how complicated the intergenerational housing picture really is. The books and the reviews describe the current channels that link financialisation to wealth inequality, bring in the human and political dimensions to housing access challenges, and unpack the various policylevers contributing to expensive housing and subsequent social tensions.All said, if fairness is about current generations having similar housing opportunities as their predecessors, access to affordable housing must be addressed. If progress is about ensuring that younger generations today have accessible housing paths so that one day they can help their own children launch, the intergenerational justice framework should push us to act even more quickly. Lindsay B. Flynn, Guest Editor

A partir del desinterés de los estudiantes en participar en procesos de construcción ciudadana dentro de las aulas, se busca promover el desarrollo del pensamiento sistémico de los estudiantes del grado décimo a partir del diseño de una secuencia didáctica. Esto legitimaria desde sus vivencias y situaciones problémicas, asimismo, comprender y analizar situaciones involucrando distintas dimensiones, pero a su vez reconocer la relación entre ellas, y de esta manera, podrían proyectar escenarios futuros que conlleven a la transformación del contexto, desde el desarrollo del pensamiento sistémico Se hace indispensable que el estudiante adquiera la habilidad para identificar y relacionar los diferentes contextos sociales, políticos, culturales, económicos y ambientales en los que se puede generar un conflicto y los factores que pueden contribuir a la solución en determinados contextos. Sin lugar a dudas el objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar una secuencia didáctica para promover las competencias ciudadanas a través del desarrollo del pensamiento sistémico de los estudiantes del grado décimo de la Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Laureano Gómez Castro de Aguachica (Cesar). A partir de este, se establecieron unos objetivos específicos: Realizar un diagnóstico sobre el nivel de los(as) estudiantes para reconocer que resolver situaciones problemicas involucra diferentes dimensiones, estimular la capacidad de los estudiantes para reconocer las dimensiones presentes en situaciones problemicas, promover actividades orientadas a reconocer los efectos en distintas dimensiones que tendría una solución, diseñar una secuencia didáctica que promueva las competencias ciudadanas a través del desarrollo del pensamiento sistémico. Dichos objetivos fueron orientados por el paradigma cualitativo. Bajo la metodología de investigación- acción. Desde el promover del desarrollo del pensamiento sistémico, el cual permite que el estudiante analice y estructure posibles soluciones que lleven a un cambio de paradigma y los efectos que se puedan producir en un futuro. A partir de la participación crítica y reflexiva de los procesos. La propuesta concluye, en el diseño realizado bajo el relato de las experiencias vividas o hipotéticas de los participantes desde su acontecer dentro del aula. Es por ende que, el aula de clase debe convertirse en el principal escenario donde se vivan los procesos de diálogo y se favorezca la creación espacios para resolución de conflictos. ; Resumen 9 Introducción 12 Capítulo I Problema 14 Antecedentes 14 Internacional 15 Nacional 17 Local 20 Situación problémica 22 Limitaciones y delimitaciones 26 Objetivos 28 Objetivo general 28 Objetivos específicos. 28 Justificación 28 Manejo de supuestos cualitativo 33 Capítulo II 34 Marco Contextual 34 Marco Teórico 45 La participación ciudadana como eje de los procesos de democracia 46 El pensamiento sistémico como ruta de orientación 48 Las competencias ciudadanas más allá del aula 55 Marco Conceptual 58 Competencias Ciudadanas 58 Secuencia Didáctica 59 Pensamiento Sistémico 60 Estimular: 62 Promover: 62 Desarrollo: 63 Solución de problemas 64 Marco legal 65 Capítulo III Metodología 69 Tipo de investigación 70 Descripción de la investigación – acción 72 Fases de la investigación acción 76 Población y muestra 78 Procedimiento en la aplicación de instrumentos y análisis de datos 82 Entrevista como prueba diagnóstica 90 Validación de los Instrumentos 91 Aspectos éticos 93 Capítulo 4 Análisis y resultados. 94 Diseño de la Entrevista 94 Análisis de resultados de la entrevista aplicada a los estudiantes del grado décimo de la Institución educativa Técnico Industrial Laureano Gómez Castro de Aguachica - Cesar. 96 Resultados 137 Discusión 151 Alcances 156 Capítulo 5 159 Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 159 Recomendaciones 162 Secuencia Didáctica Explorando Nuevos Rumbos. 163 REFERENCIAS 182 ; Maestría ; Starting from of the students disinterest of participating in processes of citizen construction into the class rooms, it seecks to promote the systematic thinking of the tenth grade students from a design of a didactic secuence.With which , from their experiences and problematic situations they can understand and analyze situations involving different dimensions but at the same time recognizingthe relation between them , and in that way, can to project future scenaries to carry to the transformation of the context, from the development of the systematic thinking based in citizen competences . Also, it is indispensable that the student gets the ability to identify and relate the different social, politic, cultural, economic and enviromental in which is possible to generate a conflict and the factors that can help to the solution in determinated contexts. Without a doubt, the main goal of this research was to design a didactic secuence to stimulatethe citizen competences through the development of the systematic thinking of the tenth grade students of the educative institution Tecnico Industrial Laureano Gomez Castro Of Aguachica Cesar. For this reason, it is stablished some specific objetives: to perform a diagnostic about the capacity of the students to solve problematic situations that involve different dimensions.To stimulate the capacity of the students to recognize the dimensions present in problematic situations .To promote didactic strategies oriented to recognize the effects in differents dimensions that would have a solution .To design a didactic stretegy that promote the citizen competences throuh the development of the systematic thinking. These objetives were oriented by the qualitative paradigm under the methodology of investigation-action since to promote the developmentof systematic thinking which allows the student to analyze, and structure possible solutions that carry tio a change of paradigm and the effetc that it can cause in the future .thruohg the critical and reflexive participation. The proposal conclude that the design made based in the report of lived or hypothetical experiences of the participants since their happening into the classroom, so it must become in the principal scenary where it lives the process to dialogue and it helps the creation to the conflict resolution.

Military fighter aircraft are designed to operate in difficult conditions, such as suddenly changing pressure and temperature environments. This brings complex requirements and interfaces between many systems on board. Fuel system is one of the critical systems with the function of pressurizing the fuel tanks it uses. The source of the air that pressurizes the fuel tanks is important for reducing fuel evaporation, especially at high altitudes where ambient air pressure is much lower than the sea level. This air comes from the environmental control system and is converted into nitrogen-enriched air thanks to the modules that separate oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the air in inerting system. The bleed air taken from the engine compressor causes a significant reduction in the power or thrust produced by the engine. Traditional mechanical valves, called climb and dive valves, are generally developed to maintain a certain pressure limit. In aircraft using a closed pressurization system, the climb valve allows air to come out as the atmospheric pressure decreases, while the dive valve allows air flow from the source during descending. On the other hand, while the transfer of fuel from the tank takes place, the empty space (ullage) in the tank increases, resulting in a pressure drop. Mechanical valves operate according to the binary logic. Predefined pressure limits are set and up to this level, the valve is closed and when it reaches the limit, it becomes open. This may be sufficient to maintain fuel tank pressurization but does not take into account engine compressor air consumption. In this thesis, the design and implementation of a fuzzy logic controller that can be applied to the electro-mechanical valve to regulate the flow of air coming into the fuel tanks for pressurization is discussed. Mamdani's method is selected for the inference system. Fuzzy logic was preferred to design a controller due to the modeling complexity caused by the sudden change of air pressure in the fuel tanks. At the same time, fuzzy logic was found appropriate, as it reflects the experience and perspective of experts with linguistic terms, rather than with a high level of mathematical infrastructure and analytical models for designing a controller. The main purpose in this study is to reduce the waste of supply air while meeting the pressurization requirement. Since modern fighter aircraft often perform different types of missions, two flight profiles have been created to test the controller. Four experimental and four control groups/cases were analyzed by simulation to compare the effectiveness of the new type of electro-mechanical valve with traditional mechanical ones. The designed controller has kept the fuel tank pressure within predetermined limits, while providing significant savings in the amount of supply air. In the case of fuel transfer, it was observed that bleed air consumption was decreased by 90% while in the absence of fuel transfer, bleed air was consumed almost negligibly. The designed controller can be applied for a type of electro-mechanical valve and bleed air consumption can be saved. Therefore, saved bleed air can be distributed to other systems or used to generate more power. ; Muharip uçaklar, aniden değişen basınç ve sıcaklık ortamları gibi zorlu koşullarda çalışmak üzere tasarlanmaktadır. Bu durum, uçaktaki birçok sistem arasındaki karmaşık gereksinimleri ve ara yüzleri getirir. Yakıt sistemi, kullandığı yakıt tanklarını basınçlandırma fonksiyonuna sahip kritik sistemlerden biridir. Yakıt tanklarını basınçlandıran havanın kaynağı, özellikle açık hava basıncının deniz seviyesinden çok daha düşük olduğu yüksek rakımlarda yakıt buharlaşmasının azaltması açısından önemlidir. Kullanılan bu hava, çevresel kontrol sisteminden gelir ve patlama önleyici sistem içindeki havanın içinde oksijen ve azot moleküllerini ayıran modüller sayesinde azotça zenginleştirilmiş havaya dönüştürülür. Motor kompresöründen çekilen besleme havası motor tarafından üretilen gücün veya itmenin önemli miktarda azalmasına neden olur. Tırmanma ve dalış vanaları olarak adlandırılan geleneksel mekanik vanalar genellikle belirli bir basınç sınırını korumak üzere geliştirilmiştir. Kapalı basınçlandırma sistemi kullanan uçaklarda tırmanış sırasında, tırmanma valfi atmosfer basıncı düştükçe tank içindeki havanın dışarıya çıkmasına izin verirken, dalış valfi alçalma sırasında tanka kaynaktan havanın içeri girmesine izin verir. Öte yandan, tanktan yakıt transferi gerçekleşirken tank içindeki boşluk artar ve bu da basınçta bir azalmaya neden olur. Mekanik valfler, temel mantık çerçevesine göre çalışır. Önceden tanımlanmış basınç limitleri belirlenir ve bu seviyeye kadar vana kapalıdır ve sınıra ulaştığında açık konuma gelir. Bu, yakıt tankı basınçlandırmasını sürdürmek için yeterli olabilir, ancak motor kompresör havası tüketimini dikkate almaz. Bu tezde, yakıt tanklarına basınçlandırma için gelen havanın akışını düzenlemek için elektro-mekanik valfe uygulanabilecek bir bulanık mantık kontrolörünün tasarımı ve uygulanması ele alınmıştır. Mamdani'ye ait çıkarım metodu tercih edilmiştir. Yakıt tanklarındaki hava basıncının ani değişikliğinden kaynaklanan modelleme karmaşıklığı nedeniyle kontrolör tasarlamak için bulanık mantık kullanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bulanık mantık, kontrolör tasarımı için yüksek düzeyde matematiksel altyapı ve analitik modellerden ziyade uzmanların deneyim ve görüşlerini insan diline ait terimlerle yansıttığı için uygun bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmadaki temel amaç basınçlandırma gereksinimini karşılarken besleme havası kullanımındaki israfı azaltmaktır. Modern muharip uçaklar genellikle farklı tipte görevler icra ettiklerinden, kontrolörü test etmek için iki uçuş profili oluşturulmuştur. Yeni tipteki elektro-mekanik vananın etkinliğini geleneksel mekanik olanlarla karşılaştırmak için dört deney ve dört kontrol grubu benzetim yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Tasarlanan kontrolör, yakıt tankı basıncını önceden belirlenmiş sınırlarda tutarken, besleme havası miktarında kayda değer tasarruf sağlamıştır. Yakıt transferinin olduğu durumlarda hava alma miktarı kadar düşmüş iken, yakıt transferinin olmadığı durumlarda besleme havasının neredeyse ihmal edilecek kadar az tüketildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile uçak yakıt sisteminin tank basınçlandırılması için yeni bir bakış açısı elde edilmiştir. Tasarlanan kontrolör uyumlu bir elektro-mekanik valf için uygulanabilir ve yakıt tanklarını basınçlandırmak için gerekli olan motordan çekilen kompresör havasından tasarruf sağlanabilir. Bu nedenle, tasarruf edilen kompresör havası diğer sistemlere dağıtılabilir veya daha fazla güç üretimi için kullanılabilir.

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Cooperació al Desenvolupament (Pla de 2015) (A distància). Codi: SRP531. Curs acadèmic: 2018-2019 ; Las Cooperativas a nivel mundial a lo largo del siglo XX han contribuido silenciosamente al desarrollo de minorías poblacionales a nivel mundial. Sin embargo el concepto con el cual se ha difuminado el cooperativismo en América Latina y particularmente en Ecuador ha sido un tanto distorsionado y por ende su difusión ha sido incompleta para que pudiera lograr un impacto significativo en la población beneficiaria, no obstante los beneficios que aporta en las distintas sociedades son evidentes a simple vista; la unión de un grupo de personas para buscar beneficios de salud, económicos, laborales y todo ello en forma equitativa y justa para un conjunto de personas dentro de una población con aspiraciones de progreso y desarrollo es la mejor alternativa de apoyo para un desarrollo sostenible, sin embargo la sostenibilidad radicaría en el desempeño de sus participantes y en la concordancia de valores morales y éticos así como principios de vida para su accionar. Así, la COAC EMAP-Q sienta sus bases en el cooperativismo en el año 1962 enfocando el desarrollo de sus actividades principalmente en la intermediación financiera, en la actualidad tiene ya 57 años de trayectoria su accionar, y se ha centrado en beneficiar a los socios con créditos de consumo que claramente han constituido una ayuda para satisfacer las necesidades básicas inmediatas de los socios de la cooperativa, sin embargo con el transcurrir de los años la legislación ecuatoriana se ha fortalecido y por tanto ha tenido una significante variación en sus concepciones, la más importante radica en incluir a la Economía Popular y solidaria como la base de su actuar económico y de esta forma se ha creado por primera vez en la nación los parámetros que incluyen principios, características y formas de actuar de diversas instituciones que se enmarcan en esta forma de organización económica. Las exigencias de la sociedades a nivel mundial, demandan una retribución a la sociedad por parte de cada empresa o institución que funciona dentro de una nación; el ecuador no es la excepción, y dentro de este contexto la COAC EMAP-Q busca alinearse para cumplir con este deber institucional y aportar positivamente a la sociedad ecuatoriana dentro de conceptos de Desarrollo sostenible que es el principal horizonte que guiará las acciones de Responsabilidad social que se pretende emprender en esta cooperativa. La igualdad, la equidad y la cooperación no deberían ser únicamente principios dentro de un modelo económico, sino más bien formas habituales de vida inyectadas principalmente a través de la educación, para que cale en lo profundo de las conciencias de los niños que en el futuro serán quienes tomen las riendas de la economía de la nación, por ello los proyectos de responsabilidad social que emprenda la EMAP-Q buscan llegar a ese segmento de la población que generará cambios a futuro. ; Worldwide cooperatives along the 20th century have quietly contributed to the development of population-wide minorities worldwide. However, the concept with which cooperativism has blurred in Latin America and particularly in Ecuador has been distorted and thus its diffusion has been incomplete so that it could make a significant impact on the beneficiary population, notwithstanding the benefits that it brings in the different societies it is evident to the naked eye; when a group of people to seek health benefits, economic, labor and all this in an equitable and fair way for a set of people within a population with aspirations of progress and development is the best alternative of support for a development Sustainable, however, sustainability would lie in the performance of its participants and in the concordance of moral and ethical values as well as principles of life for its action. Thus, the COAC EMAP-Q lays its foundations in the cooperative in the year 1962 focusing the development of its activities mainly in financial intermediation, this cooperative has 57 years of experience its action, and has focused on benefiting partners with Consumer credits that have clearly been an aid to meet the immediate basic needs of cooperative members, however over the years the Ecuadorian legislation has been strengthened and therefore has had a significant variation in their conceptions, the most important is to include the Popular economy and solidarity as the basis of its economic action and this Form has been created for the first time in the nation parameters including principles, characteristics and ways of acting of various institutions that are framed in this form of economic organization. The demands of societies worldwide, demand a remuneration to society by each company or institution that operates within a nation, Ecuador is not the exception, and within this context the COAC EMAP-Q seeks to align itself to comply with this institutional duty and positively contribute to the Ecuadorian society within concepts of sustainable development that is the main horizon that will guide the Actions of social responsibility that is intended to be undertaken in this cooperative. Equality, equity and cooperation should not only be principles within an economic model, but rather habitual forms of life injected mainly through education, so that penetrate in the depths of the consciences of the children that in the future will be those who take the reins of the economy of the nation, therefore the projects of social responsibility that undertake the EMAP-Q seek to reach that segment of the population that generates changes to Future.

The transformation of economy and society of Ukraine especially in conditions of European integration makes goods and services consumption safety to become one of the prerequisites of state economic security. This is due to the intensification of intra-systemic threats from socio-economic and political crisis, the low purchasing power of the population, the saturation of the internal market with dangerous goods and services and their negative impact on the environment. In this case, the theoretical and methodological basis of consumption safety is imperfect. It is necessary to investigate the change of the essence of the concept of "consumption" in time and space and its relationship with safety category. The aim of research is to determine the features of ensuring safety of consumption as an object of study of various sciences. Methodology: theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the fundamental basics of security studies, economics, global science, philosophy, ecology, political science, consumption. To ensure the conceptual integrity of the study, the following methods have been used: theoretical generalization, comparison, dialectics, analysis and systematization; institutional analysis; brainstorming, office research. The scientific importance of the work is that the essential characteristics of the "consumption safety" category have been determined as: the structure, needs, nature of their satisfaction and interests, rationality and value orientation, connection with production and its purpose in economic terms; motivational factors, behavioral patterns, social conditions, mass culture and culture of consumption in sociological terms; features of consumer behavior, their individual selection criteria, form and models of consumption, methods of evaluation of goods in psychological terms; "green consumption", "balance between man and nature", "survival of man as a species" in ecological terms; the concept of "philosophy of security of consumption", the society of consumption and consumerism, as its extreme form, which opposes the society of development in philosophical terms; the need to improve the institutional framework in political and legal terms. The value of the research is that it is increasingly necessary to overcome the threats of consumption safety as for individuals, so for states in sustainable development terms. JEL Classification: A13, E21, H56. ; Трансформация экономики и общества Украины, особенно в условиях европейской интеграции, делает безопасность потребления товаров и услуг одной из предпосылок экономической безопасности государства. Это связано с усилением внутрисистемных угроз от социально-экономического и политического кризиса, низкой покупательной способностью населения, насыщенностью внутреннего рынка опасными товарами и услугами и их негативным влиянием на окружающую среду. В этом случае теоретико-методологическая основа безопасности потребления несовершенна. Необходимо исследовать изменение сущности понятия «потребление» во времени и пространстве и его связь с категорией безопасности. Целью исследования является определение особенностей обеспечения безопасности потребления в качестве объекта изучения различных наук. Методология: теоретико-методологической основой исследования являются фундаментальные основы исследования науки о безопасности, экономики, глобалистики, философии, экологии, политологии, потребления. Для обеспечения концептуальной целостности исследования были использованы следующие методы: теоретическое обобщение, сравнение, диалектика, анализ и систематизация; институциональный анализ; мозговой штурм, кабинетные исследования. Научное значение работы состоит в том, что сущностные характеристики категории «безопасность потребления» определяются как: структура, потребности и интересы, характер их удовлетворения, рациональность и ценностная ориентация, связь с производством и его назначением в экономическом плане; мотивационные факторы, поведенческие модели, социальные условия, массовая культура и культура потребления в социологическом отношении; особенности поведения потребителей, их индивидуальные критерии отбора, форма и модели потребления, методы оценки товаров в психологическом плане; «экологическое потребление», «баланс между человеком и природой», «выживание человека как вида» в экологическом отношении; концепции «философии безопасности потребления», общества потребления и потребления как ее крайней формы, противостоящей обществу развития в философском плане; необходимость совершенствования институциональной базы в политическом и правовом аспектах. Ценность исследования заключается в актуализации необходимости преодоления угроз безопасности потребления как для людей, так и для государств в условиях устойчивого развития. JEL Classification: A13, E21, H56. ; Трансформація економіки та суспільства України, особливо в умовах європейської інтеграції, робить безпеку споживання товарів і послуг однією з передумов економічної безпеки держави. Це пов'язано з посиленням внутрішньосистемних загроз від соціально-економічної та політичної кризи, низькою купівельною спроможністю населення, насиченістю внутрішнього ринку небезпечними товарами та послугами та їх негативним впливом на навколишнє середовище. У цьому випадку теоретико-методологічна основа безпеки споживання є недосконалою. Необхідно дослідити зміну сутності поняття «споживання» у часі та просторі та його зв'язок із категорією безпеки. Метою дослідження є визначення особливостей забезпечення безпеки споживання як об'єкта вивчення різних наук. Методологія: теоретико-методологічною основою дослідження є фундаментальні основи досліджень безпекознавства, економіки, глобалістики, філософії, екології, політології, споживання. Для забезпечення концептуальної цілісності дослідження були використані такі методи: теоретичне узагальнення, порівняння, діалектика, аналіз та систематизація; інституційний аналіз; мозковий штурм, кабінетні дослідження. Наукове значення роботи полягає в тому, що сутнісні характеристики категорії «безпека споживання» визначаються як: структура, потреби та інтереси, характер їх задоволення, раціональність та ціннісна орієнтація, зв'язок із виробництвом та його призначенням в економічному плані; мотиваційні фактори, поведінкові моделі, соціальні умови, масова культура та культура споживання в соціологічному відношенні; особливості поведінки споживачів, їх індивідуальні критерії відбору, форма та моделі споживання, методи оцінки товарів у психологічному плані; «екологічне споживання», «баланс між людиною та природою», «виживання людини як виду» в екологічному відношенні; концепції «філософії безпеки споживання», суспільства споживання та споживання як її крайньої форми, яка протистоїть суспільству розвитку у філософському плані; необхідність вдосконалення інституціональної бази в політичному та правовому аспектах. Цінність дослідження полягає в актуалізації необхідності подолання загроз безпеці споживання як для людей, так і для держав в умовах сталого розвитку. JEL Classification: A13, E21, H56.

La situación de pobreza, incluso de extrema pobreza, agudizada por el contexto de una sociedad con muchas desigualdades sociales, está directamente relacionada a la dinámica laboral. Así es en Brasil, un país en el que, a pesar de tener un Producto Interno Bruto (pib) alto, la mayoría de la población no tiene acceso a esta riqueza y, por lo tanto, el país figura como uno de los más desiguales del mundo. En este contexto están las personas en situación de calle, las cuales tienen diferentes motivos para vivir de esta manera y también enfrentan diferentes dificultades para cambiar de vida. Lo cierto es que tienen en común la pobreza extrema, en la medida en que sus necesidades no son atendidas en un contexto en que las políticas públicas no son efectivas para cambiar esta realidad y promover la participación de las personas como agentes políticos. Las personas en situación de calle, en su mayoría, son trabajadoras, cuyos trabajos son el enfoque de este artículo, específicamente los que son realizados en una playa de Recife-Brasil, nombrada Boa Viagem. Uno de los trabajos más notables en esta playa es el comercio de bebidas y comidas a las personas que van a este local para tener experiencias de esparcimiento y de tranquilidad. Alrededor de este comercio están las personas en situación de calle que trabajan en el transporte de las mercancías hasta la playa y en el servicio a los/as clientes. En este sentido, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proceso de trabajo de estas personas. A través de observaciones, entrevistas, grupos focales y fotografías, bajo el concepto trabajo no clásico, se ha constatado que estos trabajos tienen procesos de control propios, pues son realizados en las calles. Además, la articulación entre esta perspectiva conceptual y la metodología configuracionista permitió analizar la noción amplia de la subjetividad en estos trabajos. Los resultados presentados en este artículo, derivados de la investigación desarrollada en el marco del doctorado, apuntan a la constatación de que estos trabajos, precarios y no clásicos, contribuyen a la acumulación del capital. ; The situation of poverty, including extreme poverty, relates directly to labor dynamics aggravated by the context of many social inequalities. This is the situation in Brazil, a country where despite having a high Gross Domestic Product (gdp), the majority of the population does not have access to this wealth, making this country one of the most unequal in the world. Homeless people, in this context, have diverse motives for living this way and face different life-changing difficulties. This population has extreme poverty in common, in a context where public policies are ineffective to cover their needs, change this reality and promote people's participation as political agents. Most of the homeless people are hard workers, whose work is the focus of this article, specifically those developed on the beach Boa Viagem in Recife-Brazil. One of the most notable works on this beach is the commercialization of drinks and food for people who visit this place to have leisure and tranquility experiences. Around this economic activity are the homeless people who work on transporting goods to the beach and serving customers. In this sense, the objective of this article is to analyze the work process of these people. Through observations, interviews, focus groups, and photographs, based on the concept non-classic work, was found that these works have their own control processes, as these are performed on the streets. Moreover, the articulation between this conceptual perspective and the configurationist methodology allowed us to analyze the broad notion of subjectivity in these works. The results presented in this article, derived from the research developed in the doctorate, point out that these precarious and non-classic works contribute to the accumulation of capital. ; A situação de pobreza, inclusive de pobreza extrema, agudizada pelo contexto de muitas desigualdades sociais, está diretamente relacionada à dinâmica laboral. Assim é no Brasil, um país em que, não obstante, tenha um Produto Interno Bruto (pib) alto, a maioria da população não tem acesso a essa riqueza e, o país se apresenta como um dos mais desiguais do mundo. Nesse contexto, estão as pessoas em situação de rua, as quais têm diferentes motivos para viver dessa maneira e também enfrentam diferentes dificuldades para mudar suas vidas. É certo que essas pessoas têm em comum a pobreza extrema, na medida em que suas necessidades não são atendidas em um contexto em que as políticas públicas não são efetivas para mudar essa realidade e promover a participação das pessoas como agentes políticos. A maioria das pessoas em situação de rua são trabalhadores cujos trabalhos são o foco deste artigo, especificamente os que são realizadas em uma praia de Recife-Brasil denominada Boa Viagem. Um dos trabalhos mais notáveis nessa praia é o comércio de bebidas e comidas para as pessoas que vão a esse lugar para ter experiências de lazer e de tranquilidade. Ao redor desse comércio estão as pessoas em situação de rua que trabalham no transporte das mercadorias até a praia e no serviço aos/às clientes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de trabalho dessas pessoas. Através de observações, entrevistas, grupos focais e fotografias, com base no conceito trabalho não clássico, verificou-se que esses trabalhos têm processos de controle próprios, pois são realizados nas ruas. Ademais, a articulação entre essa perspectiva conceitual e a metodologia configuracionista permitiu analisar a noção ampla de subjetividade nesses trabalhos. Os resultados apresentados neste artigo, derivados da investigação desenvolvida no doutorado, apontam à constatação de que esses trabalhos, precários e não clássicos, contribuem à acumulação de capital.

Purpose. The paper examines the peculiarities of the contemporary state and opportunities of further development of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China. The purpose of the paper is to study the state of implementation of the "Belt and Road Initiative" within the strategic partnership between Ukraine and China, as well as to identify threats and prospects for this form of cooperation for economic development of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The paper analyzes the scientific achievements of domestic and foreign researchers on the possibilities of Ukraine's inclusion in the "Belt and Road Initiative", it has been analyzed the current state of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China in the aspect of the project implementation, analyzed the dynamics of bilateral trade between Ukraine and China over the past 10 years, and disclosed the commodity structure of foreign trade between the countries. Investment flows between China and Ukraine have been analyzed, implemented, projected and not implemented projects of Ukraine, which were financed by Chinese investments have been considered. SWOT analysis of straegic cooperation between Ukraine and China in terms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" was carried out and a set of recommendations for the strategic partnership development between Ukraine and China was proposed in the paper. Results. The dynamics of trade in services between Ukraine and China during the studied period had the following changes: growth was observed from 2011, 2014, 2016 and 2019, a positive balance for Ukraine was from 2009 to 2013. The structure of Ukrainian exports of services to China was dominated by: transport services 54.3%, business services 22.8%, repair and maintenance services, which do not belong to other categories 8.2%. The structure of imports of services from China was dominated by: services related to financial activities 57.7%, transport services 6.2%. Currently there is a significant imbalance in trade operations between Ukraine and the People's Republic of China. The largest share in the sectoral structure of Chinese direct investments in the share capital occupies the industry – 33.1%, in particular processing industry - 30.6%, extractive industry - 1.8%; professional and scientific-technical activities – 24.3%, as well as agriculture – 19.9% (Fig. 2). The SWOT-analysis conducted of opportunities, advantages, threats and advantages of strategic cooperation between Ukraine and China in terms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" proves the presence of a large number of possible directions for cooperation between the countries, but their successful implementation of these opportunities largely depends on the desire for cooperation between the governments of both countries. Practical significance. The results of this study can be used by the authorities at the state level to improve the conditions of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China, to attract foreign investment in the necessary sectors of the economy. ; Для Украины вопрос стратегического партнерства с Китаем, который является мировым лидером торговли товарами и инвестиционной деятельности, является крайне актуальным. Внешнеэкономическая политика Китая по отношению к развивающимся странам направлена на заключение взаимовыгодных соглашений и инвестиционную поддержку инновационной деятельности в этих странах. Инициатива «Один пояс, один путь» нацелена на формирование новой свободной экономической зоны торговли, к которой в качестве транзитного государства имеет возможность присоединиться и Украина. По прогнозам экспертов, возобновление Шелкового пути из Китая в Европу позволит сформировать новую зону свободной торговли, которая со временем будет определять развитие отрасли торговли во всём мире. Такого рода сотрудничество безусловно является достаточно выгодным для Украины, ведь оно позволит за счет иностранного капитала модернизировать транспортные пути, наладить более тесное сотрудничество со странами Европы (как конечным потребителем транзитных товаров), развить инновационную инфраструктуру и привлечь в государственный бюджет средства за предоставление услуг транспортировки и обслуживания. Однако, участие в инициативе может иметь и значительніе риски для экономики государства, ведь по состоянию на 2019 объемы импорта и экспорта во взаимоотношениях Украины и Китая несопоставимы с доминированием последнего. Относительно товарной структуры, стоит отметить, что в основном Украина экспортирует сырье, а импортирует готовую продукцию. Организация масштабного транзита китайских товаров по территории Украины может создать на внутреннем рынке нашего государства значительный профицит дешевых товаров и поставить вопрос о рентабельности отечественного производства определенных групп товаров. Интеграция Украины в формируемую зону свободной торговли в основном является вопросом времени, однако крайне важно провести детальный анализ возможностей, угроз и последствий данного процесса. ; Для України питання стратегічного партнерства з Китаєм, який є світовим лідером торгівлі товарами та інвестиційної діяльності, є вкрай актуальним. Зовнішньоекономічна політика Китаю щодо країн, що розвиваються, спрямована на укладання взаємовигідних угод та інвестиційну підтримку інноваційної діяльності в цих країнах. Ініціатива «Один пояс, один шлях» має на меті формування нової вільної економічної зони торгівлі, до якої у якості транзитної держави має змогу приєднатись і Україна. За прогнозами експертів, відновлення Шовкового шляху з Китаю до Європи дозволить сформувати нову зону вільної торгівлі, яка з часом буде визначати розвиток торговельної галузі в усьому світі. Такого роду співпраця безумовно є достатньо вигідною для України, адже вона дозволить за рахунок іноземного капіталу модернізувати транспортні шляхи, налагодити більш тісну співпрацю з країнами Європи (як кінцевим споживачем транзитних товарів), розвинути інноваційну інфраструктуру та залучити до державного бюджету кошти за надання послуг транспортування та обслуговування. Проте, участь в ініціативі може нести і значні ризики для економіки нашої держави, адже станом на 2019 р. обсяги імпорту та експорту у взаємовідносинах України та Китаю є неспівставними з домінуванням останнього. Щодо товарної структури, то здебільшого Україна експортує сировину, а імпортує готову продукцію. Організація масштабного транзиту китайських товарів територією України може створити на внутрішньому ринку нашої держави значний профіцит дешевих товарів та поставити питання щодо рентабельності вітчизняного виробництва певних груп товарів. Інтеграція України у новостворену зону вільної торгівлі здебільшого є питанням часу, проте вкрай важливим є ґрунтовний аналіз можливостей, загроз та наслідків даного процесу.

The purpose of this paper is aimed at defining the border of the suburban zone behind economic approaches and leveling (comparing) the results with certain borders in the General plan. The development of suburban areas is one of the elements of the transformation of the economy of the city and region, determines the pace of their development. Though even today there is no common point of view on the interpretation of the concept of "suburban zone", there is no clear distinction between the definitions of "suburb", "suburban territory", "suburban area". In addition, it is important to define the boundaries of the city and suburban area, since cities tend to "expand" and "capture" adjacent territories. The boundaries of cities change significantly, which requires a corresponding study of the boundaries of the suburban zone, thus, the topic of work is re-levant. Methodology. The article considers options for delineating borders according to existing legislative acts that define the outer border of the suburban zone of large cities with an isochronous 45-60-minute accessibility by public transport to the city. In addition, the analysis of research and publications of scientists made it possible to identify other approaches to determining the boundaries of the suburban zone and compare the results with the specified border of the suburban zone in the General plan of Odessa. Thus, calculations were made and the results were visualized, using the ArcGIS Pro software, several options for determining the boundaries of the suburban zone of the city of Odessa, namely: a methodological approach was applied to calculate the population concentration index, the results of which confirmed our assumptions about the concentration of the population in the suburban zone to the place of employment, study, cultural and social development. The second methodological approach is the calculation of the gravitational model based on the distance parameter. The results allowed us to conclude that accessibility of localities to the city center is crucial. In the third approach, using the gravity model of Kareem that combines distance and demographic potential centers of research, defines the borders of suburban zone of the city of Odessa, which are maximally correlated with the specified bounds in the General plan. Practical significance.Therefore, the conducted research makes it possible to assert that one of the important indicators in determining the border of a suburban zone is the temporary isochrone, that is accessibility to the city, which, in most cases, forms a multidimensional relationship between the city and the suburban zone. The delimitation of the borders of suburban areas of cities will allow for targeted planning of the territory, organization of an effective management system, establishment of geographical features of the city development, use of the suburban territorial resources for urban development, and the relationship between the development of the city and its suburban zone. The city center and its suburban area are interconnected objects of spatial planning documentation at the stages of development of master plans for localities. ; В статье освещена актуальность исследования относительно вопроса определения границ пригородных зон. Рассмотрены варианты делимитации границ по существующим законодательными актами. Кроме того, анализ исследований и публикаций ученых дал возможность выделить и другие подходы к определению границ пригородной зоны и сравнить результаты с указанной границей пригородной зоны в Генеральном плане г. Одессы. Таким образом, проведены расчеты и визуализированы результаты, с помощью программного обеспечения ArcGIS Pro, несколько вариантов определения границ пригородной зоны города Одесса, а именно: применен методический подход по расчету индекса концентрации населения, результаты которого подтвердили наши предположения относительно концентрации населения в пригородной зоне. Второй методический подход представляет собой расчет гравитационной модели на основе параметра расстояния. Результаты позволили сделать вывод о решающей роли доступности населенных пунктов к городу-центру. В третьем подходе, с помощью гравитационной модели Г. Кареема, которая сочетает параметр расстояния и демографический потенциал центров исследования, определены границы пригородной зоны города Одессы, которые максимально коррелируют с указанными границами в Генеральном плане. Итак, проведенные исследования дают возможность утверждать, что одним из важных показателей в определении границы пригородной зоны является временная изохрона, тоесть доступность к городу, что, в большинстве случаев, формирует многоаспектные связи города и пригородной зоны. Делимитация границ пригородных зон городов даст возможность целенаправленного планирования территории, организации эффективной системы хозяйствования, установление географических особенностей развития города, использования для городской застройки территориальных ресурсов пригорода, взаимосвязи развития города и его пригородной зоны. ; В статті висвітлено актуальність дослідження щодо питання визначення меж приміських зон. Розглянуто варіанти делімітації меж за існуючими законодавчими актами. Крім того аналіз досліджень і публікацій учених дав можливість окреслити й інші підходи до визначення меж приміської зони й порівняти результати з зазначеною межею приміської зони в Генеральному плані м. Одеси. Таким чином, проведено розрахунки та візуалізовано, за допомогою програмного забезпечення ArcGIS Pro, кілька варіантів визначення межі приміської зони міста Одеса, а саме застосовано методичний підхід з розрахунку індексу концентрації населення, результати якого підтвердили наші припущення щодо концентрації населення в приміській зоні. Другий методичний підхід з розрахунку гравітаційної моделі на основі параметру відстані дав можливість зробити висновок про вирішальну роль доступності населених пунктів до міста-центру. В третьому підході, за допомогою гравітаційної моделі Г. Кареєма, яка поєднує параметр відстані та демографічний потенціал центрів дослідження, визначили межі приміської зони міста Одеси, які максимально корелюють з зазначеною межею в Генеральному плані. Отже проведені досліджені дають можливість стверджувати, що одним із важливих показників у визначенні межі приміської зони є часова ізохрона, тобто доступність до міста, яка, в більшості випадків, формує багатоаспектні зв'язки міста і приміської зони. Делімітація меж приміських зон міст дасть можливість цілеспрямованого планування територій, організації ефективної системи господарювання, встановлення географічних особливостей розвитку міста, використання для міської забудови територіальних ресурсів передмістя, взаємозв'язок розвитку міста та його приміської зони.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :환경대학원 협동과정 조경학,2020. 2. 윤희연. ; Local governments of South Korea have been following the Healthy Cities Movement, and they are making continuous efforts in creating healthy cities and communities. The local governments treat the design and planning of cities with much importance, because an integration of activities in urban settings has been identified as an important factor in creating healthy cities. However, anecdotal evidence has raised questions about the effectiveness of those designs and planning projects based on Healthy Cities approaches. In addition to questions about past projects, citizens and the media are looking for new systems and amenities to solve emerging social and environmental problems to which most people are new. This increase in questions and demands from citizens not only leads to dissatisfaction with local governments and their communities, but also hinders the proper use of government budgets. Therefore, studies that seek to evaluate past projects and to explore possible projects for healthy cities are becoming important in the field of sustainable development. Among the factors for creating a healthy city, there is a growing interest in promoting people's active lifestyles through provision of public safety. This safety is emphasized in various areas such as pedestrian safety, crime prevention, air pollution prevention, and drinking water contamination prevention. Various Healthy City projects have been conducted to solve these problems, but due to the lack of data and evaluation tools, the systems and amenities have not been properly evaluated in these projects. Also, for the same reason, there is currently a lack of projects focused on emerging problems. This two-part research thesis develops a methodology and framework for finding weaknesses of existing Healthy City projects in Seoul. The thesis also identifies new environmental issues to address, in order to provide a healthier environment for citizens. To evaluate the performance of existing projects related to road safety, the first part of this study investigates Silver Zones in Seoul, which are constantly questioned in terms of effectiveness. To explore new environmental issues related to air pollution prevention, the second part of this study analyzes changes in citizens' behavior regarding recreational site selection based on the air pollution severity. This study seeks to develop useful decision support tools for design and planning for Healthy Cities approaches, by providing an empirical methodology for evaluation of existing projects and for the exploration of new environmental issues. The evaluation process and results of each chapter will be beneficial in the future for larger communities as they can be used to update design and planning guidelines and explore new issues that may affect citizens' health. ; 최근 우리나라의 여러 지방자치 단체들은 세계건강보건기구 (WHO)에서 제시하는 건강도시 개념을 바탕으로 건강도시의 구현을 위해 지속적인 노력을 하고 있다. 건강도시 개념에 따르면 여러가지 건강도시적 요소 중 시민들이 여러가지 신체 활동을 할 수 있는 도시환경을 만드는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이에 따라 우리나라의 여러 지방자치 단체들도 건강도시 접근법을 사용하여 도시환경의 계획 및 설계 관련 사업을 지속적으로 수행하고 지역의 보건을 증진시키는 노력을 해왔다. 하지만 정부가 설립한 여러 건강도시 사업들의 효용성에 대해서는 꾸준히 의문이 제기되어왔다. 또한 국민들은 새로운 사회 및 환경 문제 해결을 위한 건강도시적 시스템과 편의시설 사업의 부족함을 문제삼고 이에 대한 해결 방안을 해당 지방정부에 직접 요구하기도 한다. 국민들의 이러한 불만과 요구가 전략적으로 해결되지 않을 경우, 정부에 대한 국민들의 불신을 야기할 수 있는 것은 물론, 건강도시 구현이라는 궁극적 목적에 부합하지 않는 예산 사용을 초래할 수 있다. 따라서, 과거에 설립된 건강도시 사업을 주기적으로 재평가하여 지속적으로 개선해 나아가고, 급부상 중인 사회적, 환경적 문제를 능동적으로 파악하여 우리사회에 새롭게 필요한 건강도시 사업을 제안하는 연구가 중요시되고 있다. 건강도시 개념에는 건강도시 구현을 위한 여러 요소가 있으며 그 중에서도 안전한 환경은 중요한 요소이다. 이에 따라, 도시 내에서 사람들이 더욱 활동적으로 생활할 수 있도록 하는 안전한 도시환경을 조성하는 것에 대한 관심이 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. '안전'에는 보행자 보호, 범죄 예방, 대기 오염 또는 식수 오염 방지 등과 같은 다양한 세부요소가 있으며, 국내에서도 이러한 안전과 예방에 목적을 둔 다수의 건강도시 사업이 수행되어 왔다. 하지만, 데이터 및 평가방법의 부족으로 인해 기존의 안전 관련 건강도시 사업의 효용성이 제대로 평가되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 또한, 이러한 데이터와 평가방법의 결여는 우리 사회에서 새롭게 나타나는 사회적, 환경적 문제를 능동적으로 탐색하고 그에 알맞는 건강도시 사업 구상을 어렵게 한다. 본 연구는 건강도시 요소 중 안전과 관련된 서울시의 기존 건강도시 사업의 평가와 새롭게 필요한 건강도시 사업의 탐색에 적합한 방법론과 프레임워크를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 두개의 챕터로 구성되어 있는 본 연구의 첫번째 챕터에서는 보행자 안전과 관련된 기존 건강 사업의 효용성 평가를 위해 서울시의 노인보호구역 (Silver Zones)를 사례로 들어 평가한 후 개선점을 제시하였다. 두번째 챕터에서는 최근 국내 대기 오염의 심각화로 인해 발생할 수 있는 새로운 사회적, 환경적 문제를 탐색하기 위해 대기오염 수준이 서울시민들의 여가활동 장소 선택에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 이에 대응하는 새로운 건강도시 사업을 제안하였다. 본 연구 과정에서 사용된 평가방법은 향후 건강도시 구현을 위한 도시계획 및 설계 과정에서 평가 및 의사결정지원 도구로 활용 가능할 것으로 예상된다. 또한, 각 챕터의 분석 결과는 건강도시 계획 및 설계 가이드라인에 개선점을 제시하는 데에 근거 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. ; I. Introduction 1 II. Chapter 1. Do Silver Zones reduce auto-related elderly pedestrian collisions Based on a case in Seoul, South Korea 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2. Background 8 2.3. Analytical Design 14 2.4. Analytical Plan 16 2.5. Findings 21 2.6. Conclusion 29 III. Chapter 2. Where do people spend their leisure time on dusty days Application of spatiotemporal behavioral responses to particulate matter pollution 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2. Background 33 3.3. Analytical Design 36 3.4. Analytical Plan 40 3.5. Findings 44 3.6. Conclusion 60 IV. Conclusions 64 V. Bibliography 66 Appendices 79 ; Doctor

Problem statement. Medical tourism, one of new directions of the tourist industry, promptly develops in the world in recent decades. Nowadays, it is already seen the growing number of countries which specialize in providing this type of service, that was caused by economic, social and other advantages. These are not always developed countries, but they are interesting to foreign patients by low-cost of medical care and high quality of providing medical services. Ukrainian medical tourism has recently begun to be the special direction. But there are questions on organization and policy implementation of governmental regulation in this branch of business activity. This is connected with necessity of streamlining of legal framework, economic and organizational basis, infrastructure upgrade, etc.Analysis of last researches and publications. The research of development problems of medical tourism in Ukraine, its influence on the development of countries and its regions, was devoted many scientific works of domestic authors, such as: V. Baiev, T. Bezverkhniuk, M. Bil, O. Bordun, I. Vakhovych, K. Didenko, V. Zhuchenko, V. Malimon, M. Malska, A. Postianyi, A. Romanova and others. But not all answers to questions on governmental regulation of the development of medical tourism are given in these scientific works.Nowadays, opinions on organization of medical tourism in the country are contradictory; methodology of strategic development of destinations of this direction is developed insufficiently. Incomplete means of governmental regulation do not allow to perform practically purposeful planning of sustainable development of medical tourism.The purpose of an article is identification of problems on implementation of the role of the state in the development of medical tourism and definition of necessary changes in regulatory framework, economic and social system in ensuring the regulating influence of the state on this type of business activity.Statement of basic materials. Nowadays, medical tourism is a specific type of the tourist industry which is between, at first, two various spheres - health care and tourism. Medical institutions of its development are medical centres and companies on providing tourist facilities. This type of tourism already brings a considerable part of profit to the budget of touristically developed countries and is extremely perspective for Ukraine in the question of European integration. Development of this industry will cause socio-economic growth of regions and will improve investment image of the country.As the main clause of development of medical tourism and its target point in Ukraine is quantity input of foreign tourists that will promote receipt of considerable financial flows to the country, it is necessary to carry out justification of functions of state authorities and their opportunities of regulation of this sphere.It is noted that medical tourism is the whole system of interrelated main basic and infrastructure institutes of the country which influence on the development of this direction and provide its competitiveness. Special legislation, in many countries, is developed on support of medical tourism, but this sphere practically is outside state policy in Ukraine.There are organizational and legal problems in the country, that have negative effect on development of medical tourism, because of imperfection of available enactments and absence of follow-up. Nowadays, there is no connection between healthcare institutions and travel agencies that considerably complicates the process of arrangement of the medical direction of the tourist industry. Certain slowdown of development of medical tourism in Ukraine is also connected with low-level of services, old infrastructure. The absence of specialized tour operators leads to cooperation with intermediaries that causes excess expenses and treatment process detention. Concerning public health facilities, one of the main problems is outdated plant, underfunding for acquisition of new equipment and insufficiency of highly professional personnel.It is also necessary to note that such fixed assets of regulation and influence of the state on activity of menage entities as licensing, grant of patent, certification, standardization and so forth need details in the context of development of medical tourism.Conclusions. Medical tourism provides outlook of socio-economic development of the country in tourist and medical spheres, creation of workspaces not only in the sphere of health care, but also in other industries. But real development of medical tourism is possible only with the assistance of the state, in particular, during solutions of following questions: 1. Improvement of normative legal documents with accurate distribution of powers, functions, duties and responsibilities of all participants of development process of medical tourism. 2. Ensuring interaction of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture, in particular the Department of Tourism concerning development of medical tourism. 3. For the purpose to increase the attention of domestic public and private medical institutions to foreign patients, to develop and resolve organizational and technical issues of accreditation by analogy to JCI and ISO 9001. 4. Solutions of questions of issue of «the accelerated medical visa» to foreign citizens who arrive in Ukraine concerning medical tourism. 5. Creation of a system of medical insurance to people, who receive medical services within and beyond Ukraine. This is connected with risks which can arise during treatment and after it. 6. Creation of conditions for ensuring participation of representatives of Ukrainian health sector during international events of medical tourism for promoting of achievements and opportunities of domestic medicine. ; Наукова стаття присвячена теоретичному дослідженню ролі держави щодо розвитку медичного туризму в Україні. В роботі визначені основні передумови та проблеми становлення цієї галузі в нашій країні. Проведено аналіз літератури з питань регулюючого впливу держави на розвиток медичного туризму з погляду спеціалістів економічної та юридичної сфери.

Aim. To analyze trends of the global pharmaceutical market development and its prospects.Materials and methods. The following methods of research were used: the review of literature data and generalization of the material, methods of analysis and synthesis, marketing, system, logical-structural and comparative analysis, forecasting and programming.Results and discussion. It has been determined that in the present-day conditions the intensification of the interaction between production, wholesale and retail links is of great importance at the global pharmaceutical market. Their current relationships are characterized by a constant search for new forms of cooperation; it is quite logical today since they should be mutually beneficial and highly effective, bringing the maximum profit to all members of the commodity network, on the one hand, and maximally providing all the needs of the population, on the other hand. According to the results of the statistical data analysis, it has been determined that the maximum annual increase of the volume of the pharmaceutical market (107.0 %) was achieved in 2016, but in recent years it has been slowed down. The average market volume changes by 5-6 %. The analysis of the dynamics of the world exports and imports of medicines characterizes the dynamics of the pharmaceutical market (the growth rate of exports is 7.7 %, and imports – 10.1 %). There is a worldwide tendency to increase the volume of production of pharmaceutical products (by 29 %), research and development costs (by 58 %), the market value of medicines in retail prices (by 24.1 %), and their payment by the state medical insurance (by 298.48 %). The global trend of healthcare is to increase the cost of generic drugs (up to 36 % of the total pharmaceutical market). The growth rates of sales of medicines in terms of value in general at the world pharmaceutical market by therapeutic groups are uneven. The problems of world pharmacy include insufficient number of research and development work, the emergence of new legal and regulatory constraints, political tension and the economic crisis in the world.Conclusions. According to the results of the study the main trends of development and disadvantages of the world pharmaceutical market have been identified. Based on the analysis the key tasks of its development have been formulated. ; Цель исследования – анализ тенденций развития мирового фармацевтического рынка и перспектив его развития.Материалы и методы исследования. Методы исследования – обзор литературных данных и обобщение материала, методы анализа и синтеза, маркетингового, системного, логико-структурного и сравнительного ана-лиза, прогнозирования и программирования.Результаты и их обсуждение. Определено, что в современных условиях на мировом фармацевтическом рынке огромное значение приобретает усиление взаимодействия между производственным, оптовым и розничным звеньями. Их нынешние взаимоотношения характеризуются постоянным поиском новых форм сотрудничества, что в сложившихся условиях вполне закономерно, так как оно должно быть взаимовыгодным и высокоэффективным, приносящим максимальную прибыль всем участникам товаропроводящей сети, с одной стороны, и максимально обеспечивать все потребности населения, с другой стороны. По результатам анализа статистических данных определено, что максимальный ежегодный прирост объемов фармацевтического рынка (107,0 %) достигнут в 2016 году, но в последние годы наблюдается его замедление. Изменение объемов рынка в среднем составляет 5-6 %. Анализ динамики мирового экспорта и импорта лекарственных средств характеризует динамичность фармацевтического рынка (темп прироста экспорта – 7,7 %, импорта – 10,1 %). Наблюдается мировая тенденция к увеличению объемов производства фармацевтической продукции (на 29 %), расходов на научно-исследовательские и опытно-конструкторские работы (на 58 %), рыночной стоимости лекарственных средств по розничным ценам (на 24,1 %) и их оплаты по государственному медицинскому страхованию (на 298,48 %). Мировой тенденцией здравоохранения является увеличение расходов на генерические лекарственные средства (до 36 % от общего объема фармацевтического рынка). Темпы прироста объемов продаж лекарственных средств в стоимостном выражении в целом на мировом фармацевтическом рынке по терапевтическим группам не равномерны. К проблемам мировой фармации отнесено недостаточное количество научно-исследовательских и опытно-конструкторских работ, появление новых юридических и регуляторных ограничений, политическая напряженность и экономический кризис в мире.Выводы. По результатам исследования установлены основные тенденции развития и недостатки мирового фармацевтического рынка. На основании анализа сформулированы ключевые задачи его развития. ; Мета дослідження – аналіз тенденцій розвитку світового фармацевтичного ринку і перспектив його розвитку.Матеріали та методи. Методи дослідження – огляд літературних даних і узагальнення матеріалу, методи аналізу і синтезу, маркетингового, системного, логіко-структурного і порівняльного аналізу, прогнозування і програмування.Результати та їх обговорення. Визначено, що в сучасних умовах на світовому фармацевтичному ринку величезного значення набуває посилення взаємодії між виробничою, оптовою і роздрібною ланками. Їх нинішні взаємини характеризуються постійним пошуком нових форм співпраці, що на сьогоднішній день є цілком закономірним, так як вони повинні бути взаємовигідними і високоефективними, що принесе максимальний прибуток усім учасникам товаропровідної мережі, з одного боку, і максимально забезпечить усі потреби населення, з іншого боку. За результатами аналізу статистичних даних визначено, що максимальний щорічний приріст обсягів фармацевтичного ринку (107,0 %) досягнуто в 2016 році, але в останні роки спостерігається його уповільнення. Зміна обсягів ринку в середньому становить 5-6 %. Аналіз динаміки світового експорту й імпорту лікарських засобів характеризує динамічність фармацевтичного ринку (темп приросту експорту – 7,7 %, імпорту – 10,1 %). Спостерігається світова тенденція до збільшення обсягів виробництва фармацевтичної продукції (на 29 %), витрат на науково-дослідні та дослідно-конструкторські роботи (на 58 %), ринкової вартості лікарських засобів за роздрібними цінами (на 24,1 %) і їх оплати за державним медичним страхуванням (на 298,48 %). Світовою тенденцією охорони здоров'я є збільшення витрат на генеричні лікарські засоби (до 36 % від загального обсягу фармацевтичного ринку). Темпи приросту обсягів продажів лікарських засобів у вартісному виразі в цілому на світовому фармацевтичному ринку за терапевтичними групами є нерівномірними. До проблем світової фармацією віднесено недостатню кількість науково-дослідних та дослідно-конструкторських робіт, появу нових юридичних і регуляторних обмежень, політичну напруженість і економічну кризу в світі.Висновки. За результатами дослідження встановлені основні тенденції розвитку та недоліки світового фармацевтичного ринку. На підставі аналізу сформульовані ключові завдання його розвитку.

ÖZİNSAN PLATFORMLARIN VE TEMEL LİBERAL DEMOKRATİK DEĞERLERİN AZALTIMASI: MACARİSTANDA STK KARŞITI ÇABALARIN YÜKSELİŞİELGABAILI, TIRIAYüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararsı İlişkiler Anabilim DalıTez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Erhan Doğan2020Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasından sonra, Macar hükümeti ile hükümet dışı kuruluşlar arasındaki ilişkilerde bazı değişiklikler oldu. Komünist dönemlerde (1949-1989), egemen bir sivil toplum örgütü oluşturulması yasaktı. Bağımsız bir üçüncü sektörün kurulması, demokratik dönemin başlangıcında ana endişelerden biri haline geldi. Bu tez, üçüncü sektörü ve kiliseler için ilk hükümet yardım sistemi olan "Bir ve Yüzde Bir" yasasını vurgulayarak Macar üçüncü sektörünün büyümesini analiz etmeyi amaçlamıştır."Bir ve Yüzde Bir" yasasına göre, vergi mükellefleri yıllık vergi indirimlerinin yüzde 1'ini sivil toplum kuruluşları için, diğer yüzde 1'ini de kiliseler için ayırabilir. "Bir ve Yüzde Bir" yasası, komünizm sonrası zayıflamış bir sivil toplum içinde hükümet dışı alanı desteklemek için yeterli midir? Bu tez, Macar sivil toplumunda "Yüzde Bir" yasasının ortaya çıkışını ve uygulanmasını tartışmış ve sivil toplum örgütleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmıştır. Tez ayrıca, bu yasanın sivil toplumun hayırseverlik alışkanlıklarını nasıl etkilediğini de incelenmektedir. Bu tez, Macaristan'daki sivil toplum örgütleri, vakıflar ve dernek temsilcileriyle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelerden, bu konudaki bilimsel çalışmalardan, vakıflar ve dernekleri kapsayacak bir biçimde arşiv verilerinden ve 1949'dan 2018'e kadar hükümet idaresinin tarihçesinden faydalanılarak yazılmıştır.iiBu tezde, halen maddi sorunlar yaşayan Macaristan üçüncü sektörünün gelişmesi için "Bir ve Yüzde Bir" yasasının yeterli olmadığı iddia edilmektedir. Bu mali desteğin alıcılarını vergi mükellefleri belirlese de, kaynak esas olarak hazineden gelmektedir. Bu nedenle Macar toplumunun, Macaristan'ın üçüncü sektörünün geliştirilmesine ve genişletilmesine daha fazla kaynak ayırması ve devleti de bu kaynakların hızlı ve eksiksiz bir biçimde sivil toplum kuruluşlarına ulaştırılması yönde zorlaması gereklidir. Sivil toplum örgütlerinin etkinliğini artırabilecek diğer unsurları belirlemek amacıyla daha fazla araştırmaya gereksinim bulunmaktadır.ContentsÖZ. iABSTRACT . iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT .v1. INTRODUCTION.82. COMMUNIST HERITAGE OF CIVIL SOCIETY . 122.1 Introduction . 122.2 Communist effects on the institutional system . 132.3 Civil Participation in Nongovernmental Sector after the transition. 152.4 Initiative of Democratic Civil Society . 172.4.1 Democratic institutional system . 212.5 Conclusion . 223. ONE AND ONE PERCENT LAW . 233.1 Introduction . 233.2 Decree of One Percent Law . 23 3.3 Reception of the One and One Percent Law . 333.4 The Structure of Taxation. 383.5 Role of the Government . 423.6 Conclusion . 464. TECHNICAL USAGE OF ONE AND ONE PERCENT LAW . 484.1 Introduction . 484.2 Overall legal context, the rights for associations, rights of foundations . 504.3 Eligibility for nonprofit status . 554.4 Eligibility for taxpayers . 604.5 Duties and obligations of the tax authorities . 634.6 Common rules of utilization . 684.7 Conclusion . 705. CURRENT RELATIONS OF THE HUNGARIAN THIRD SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND THE GOVERNMENT . 71vii5.1 Introduction . 715.2 Civil Society after 1989. 725.3 Relations of the Hungarian Nongovernmental Sector and the State. 785.4 Conclusion . 866. CONCLUSION . 87Bibliography . 89 --- ABSTRACTREDUCING THE HUMANITARIAN PLATFORM AND THE FUNDAMENTAL LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC VALUES: RISE OF THE HUNGARIAN ANTI-NGO ENDEAVORELGABAILI, TIRIAM.A., Department of International RelationsSupervisor: PROF. DR. ERHAN DOĞAN2020After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were several changes between the Hungarian government and the nongovernmental institutions' relationship. Under the Communist order, it was forbidden to create a sovereign civil society organization. The establishment of an independent third sector has become one of the main concerns at the beginning of the democratic era. This thesis aimed to analyze the growth of the Hungarian third sector, highlighting the "One and One Percent" law, which is the first governmental aiding system for the nongovernmental sector and the churches. According to the "One and One Percent" law, taxpayers can allocate one percent from their annual tax deductions to members of the nongovernmental sector and an additional one percent for churches. Is the "One and One Percent" law sufficient enough to supportivthe nongovernmental sphere within a weakened, post-Communist civil society? This dissertation discussed the emergence of Hungarian civil society and the implementation of the "One and One Percent" law within the Hungarian context and explored its effects on the nongovernmental sector. Additionally, it discusses how this law influences the philanthropic habits of the Hungarian civil society. The thesis was conducted secondary scholarly studies, archival data from Hungary about the nongovernmental organizations, including foundations, and associations and the history of the government administration from 1949 to 2018.The thesis argues that the "One and One Percent" law is not sufficient for the expansion of the Hungarian third sector, which still experiences financial and material deficits. Even though taxpayers determine the recipients of this financial support, the funding originates from the government's aid framework. Therefore, it is essential to encourage civil society organizations to invest more in the progress and expansion of the Hungarian third sector by the state administration. Further research is needed to identify other factors that could promote the support of the nongovernmental sector.ContentsÖZ. iABSTRACT . iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT .v1. INTRODUCTION.82. COMMUNIST HERITAGE OF CIVIL SOCIETY . 122.1 Introduction . 122.2 Communist effects on the institutional system . 132.3 Civil Participation in Nongovernmental Sector after the transition. 152.4 Initiative of Democratic Civil Society . 172.4.1 Democratic institutional system . 212.5 Conclusion . 223. ONE AND ONE PERCENT LAW . 233.1 Introduction . 233.2 Decree of One Percent Law . 23 3.3 Reception of the One and One Percent Law . 333.4 The Structure of Taxation. 383.5 Role of the Government . 423.6 Conclusion . 464. TECHNICAL USAGE OF ONE AND ONE PERCENT LAW . 484.1 Introduction . 484.2 Overall legal context, the rights for associations, rights of foundations . 504.3 Eligibility for nonprofit status . 554.4 Eligibility for taxpayers . 604.5 Duties and obligations of the tax authorities . 634.6 Common rules of utilization . 684.7 Conclusion . 705. CURRENT RELATIONS OF THE HUNGARIAN THIRD SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND THE GOVERNMENT . 71vii5.1 Introduction . 715.2 Civil Society after 1989. 725.3 Relations of the Hungarian Nongovernmental Sector and the State. 785.4 Conclusion . 866. CONCLUSION . 87Bibliography . 89

Problem statement. Medical tourism, one of new directions of the tourist industry, promptly develops in the world in recent decades. Nowadays, it is already seen the growing number of countries which specialize in providing this type of service, that was caused by economic, social and other advantages. These are not always developed countries, but they are interesting to foreign patients by low-cost of medical care and high quality of providing medical services. Ukrainian medical tourism has recently begun to be the special direction. But there are questions on organization and policy implementation of governmental regulation in this branch of business activity. This is connected with necessity of streamlining of legal framework, economic and organizational basis, infrastructure upgrade, etc.Analysis of last researches and publications. The research of development problems of medical tourism in Ukraine, its influence on the development of countries and its regions, was devoted many scientific works of domestic authors, such as: V. Baiev, T. Bezverkhniuk, M. Bil, O. Bordun, I. Vakhovych, K. Didenko, V. Zhuchenko, V. Malimon, M. Malska, A. Postianyi, A. Romanova and others. But not all answers to questions on governmental regulation of the development of medical tourism are given in these scientific works.Nowadays, opinions on organization of medical tourism in the country are contradictory; methodology of strategic development of destinations of this direction is developed insufficiently. Incomplete means of governmental regulation do not allow to perform practically purposeful planning of sustainable development of medical tourism.The purpose of an article is identification of problems on implementation of the role of the state in the development of medical tourism and definition of necessary changes in regulatory framework, economic and social system in ensuring the regulating influence of the state on this type of business activity.Statement of basic materials. Nowadays, medical tourism is a specific type of the tourist industry which is between, at first, two various spheres - health care and tourism. Medical institutions of its development are medical centres and companies on providing tourist facilities. This type of tourism already brings a considerable part of profit to the budget of touristically developed countries and is extremely perspective for Ukraine in the question of European integration. Development of this industry will cause socio-economic growth of regions and will improve investment image of the country.As the main clause of development of medical tourism and its target point in Ukraine is quantity input of foreign tourists that will promote receipt of considerable financial flows to the country, it is necessary to carry out justification of functions of state authorities and their opportunities of regulation of this sphere.It is noted that medical tourism is the whole system of interrelated main basic and infrastructure institutes of the country which influence on the development of this direction and provide its competitiveness. Special legislation, in many countries, is developed on support of medical tourism, but this sphere practically is outside state policy in Ukraine.There are organizational and legal problems in the country, that have negative effect on development of medical tourism, because of imperfection of available enactments and absence of follow-up. Nowadays, there is no connection between healthcare institutions and travel agencies that considerably complicates the process of arrangement of the medical direction of the tourist industry. Certain slowdown of development of medical tourism in Ukraine is also connected with low-level of services, old infrastructure. The absence of specialized tour operators leads to cooperation with intermediaries that causes excess expenses and treatment process detention. Concerning public health facilities, one of the main problems is outdated plant, underfunding for acquisition of new equipment and insufficiency of highly professional personnel.It is also necessary to note that such fixed assets of regulation and influence of the state on activity of menage entities as licensing, grant of patent, certification, standardization and so forth need details in the context of development of medical tourism.Conclusions. Medical tourism provides outlook of socio-economic development of the country in tourist and medical spheres, creation of workspaces not only in the sphere of health care, but also in other industries. But real development of medical tourism is possible only with the assistance of the state, in particular, during solutions of following questions: 1. Improvement of normative legal documents with accurate distribution of powers, functions, duties and responsibilities of all participants of development process of medical tourism. 2. Ensuring interaction of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture, in particular the Department of Tourism concerning development of medical tourism. 3. For the purpose to increase the attention of domestic public and private medical institutions to foreign patients, to develop and resolve organizational and technical issues of accreditation by analogy to JCI and ISO 9001. 4. Solutions of questions of issue of «the accelerated medical visa» to foreign citizens who arrive in Ukraine concerning medical tourism. 5. Creation of a system of medical insurance to people, who receive medical services within and beyond Ukraine. This is connected with risks which can arise during treatment and after it. 6. Creation of conditions for ensuring participation of representatives of Ukrainian health sector during international events of medical tourism for promoting of achievements and opportunities of domestic medicine. ; Наукова стаття присвячена теоретичному дослідженню ролі держави щодо розвитку медичного туризму в Україні. В роботі визначені основні передумови та проблеми становлення цієї галузі в нашій країні. Проведено аналіз літератури з питань регулюючого впливу держави на розвиток медичного туризму з погляду спеціалістів економічної та юридичної сфери.