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The close relationship between money and votes has been exposed in contemporary democracies through the influence of the former in election results and in the creation of public policies. Studies have pointed out that the progressive inequity of financial resources available to the candidates running for elections unbalances democracy and promotes plutocracy, increasing the oligarchical ruling over the political processes by the wealthiest citizens and groups. This work contributes to this debate by analyzing the relationship between fundraising and electoral performance and the success of 317,107 candidates running in local legislative elections in 2008, 2012, and 2016 in 441 Brazilian municipalities with over 50,000 inhabitants. This is an unprecedented study regarding its period, filling a gap in electoral studies on sub-national elections, particularly regarding elections for the legislative branch. Data was collected from the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court, from candidate lists, results, and accounting. The tests and data analysis and information employed correlation and regression statistical resources, along with central measures and odds ratio. The results confirmed a strong association between money, vote, and electoral success, including in the 2016 election when company donations had been prohibited. The maintenance of a pattern, regarding both time and geography, indicates the existence of structural characteristics of a plutocratic character in the election funding of those running for the council in the municipalities studied and, consequently, in the creation of public policies in Brazil. ; La intimidad entre dinero y voto ha sido expuesta en las democracias contemporáneas a través de su influencia en los resultados electorales y en la producción de políticas públicas. Los estudios muestran que la desigualdad progresiva entre los recursos financieros de los candidatos en las elecciones debilita la democracia y promueve la plutocracia, es decir, aumenta el dominio oligárquico en los procesos políticos por parte de los ciudadanos y grupos más ricos. Contribuyendo a este debate, el presente trabajo analiza la relación entre los ingresos por financiamiento y el desempeño y el éxito electoral de 317.107 candidatos a concejal en las elecciones de 2008, 2012 y 2016 en 441 municipios brasileños con más de 50 mil votantes. Es un estudio sin precedentes en su alcance temporal que permite suplir la falta de estudios sobre elecciones subnacionales, especialmente en disputas relacionadas con el Poder Legislativo Municipal. Los datos utilizados provienen del Tribunal Superior Electoral, de los cuadros de candidaturas, resultados y rendición de cuentas. Las pruebas y análisis de datos e información utilizan recursos estadísticos de correlación y regresión, además de medidas centrales y razón de probabilidades. Los resultados confirman una fuerte asociación entre dinero, votación y éxito electoral, incluso en las elecciones de 2016, cuando se prohibieron las donaciones corporativas. El mantenimiento de un patrón tanto temporal como geográfico indica la existencia de características estructurales de carácter plutocrático en el financiamiento electoral de los candidatos a concejal en las ciudades encuestadas y, en consecuencia, en la producción de políticas públicas en Brasil. ; A intimidade entre dinheiro e voto tem sido exposta nas democracias contemporâneas por meio de sua influência nos resultados eleitorais e na produção de políticas públicas. Estudos apontam que a progressiva iniquidade entre os recursos financeiros dos candidatos nas eleições abala a democracia e promove a plutocracia, ou seja, amplia o domínio oligárquico dos processos políticos pelos cidadãos e pelos grupos mais ricos. Contribuindo para esse debate, o presente trabalho analisa a relação entre receitas de financiamento e o desempenho e o sucesso eleitoral de 317.107 candidaturas a vereador nas eleições de 2008, 2012 e 2016, em 441 municípios brasileiros com mais de 50 mil eleitores. Trata-se de um estudo inédito em sua abrangência temporal, que permite suprir uma carência de exames sobre eleições subnacionais, em especial nas disputas ao Legislativo municipal. Os dados utilizados têm origem no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, nas tabelas de candidaturas, nos resultados e na prestação de contas. Os testes e as análises de dados e informações utilizam recursos estatísticos de correlação e regressão, além de medidas centrais e razão de chances. Os resultados permitem confirmar uma forte associação entre dinheiro, voto e sucesso eleitoral, inclusive no pleito de 2016, quando estiveram proibidas as doações empresariais. A manutenção de um padrão, tanto temporal quanto geográfico, indica a existência de características estruturais de caráter plutocrático no financiamento eleitoral dos candidatos a vereador nas cidades pesquisadas e, consequentemente, sobre a produção de políticas públicas no Brasil.

Innovative clean technologies are part of the solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in both Canada and Alberta, particularly in the latter's petroleum industry. However, while governments and their agencies may provide policies and financial support, proponents of cleantech still face numerous barriers to full deployment and commercialization. To navigate the innovation and funding process successfully, it's crucial for proponents to know the factors that impact the effective commercialization of cleantech innovations. They must also understand the role policies play in either supporting or hindering favourable outcomes. Start-ups require support that focuses on innovation with a strong commercial potential, while scale-ups need to rely on proven strengths if they want to obtain private sector support for growth. Granting agencies and governments have an important role in supporting innovation. More clearly demonstrating and communicating their due diligence around funding decisions justifies expenditure of public money. Moreover, their decisions can and should send a signal to private sector financiers whether a certain innovation represents a good investment. Due diligence equally works to signal financiers when a specific project does not merit investment. Innovative clean technologies are part of the solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in both Canada and Alberta, particularly in the latter's petroleum industry. However, while governments and their agencies may provide policies and financial support, proponents of cleantech still face numerous barriers to full deployment and commercialization. To navigate the innovation and funding process successfully, it's crucial for proponents to know the factors that impact the effective commercialization of cleantech innovations. They must also understand the role policies play in either supporting or hindering favourable outcomes. Start-ups require support that focuses on innovation with a strong commercial potential, while scale-ups need to rely on proven strengths if they want to obtain private sector support for growth. Granting agencies and governments have an important role in supporting innovation. More clearly demonstrating and communicating their due diligence around funding decisions justifies expenditure of public money. Moreover, their decisions can and should send a signal to private sector financiers whether a certain innovation represents a good investment. Due diligence equally works to signal financiers when a specific project does not merit investment. The need to find innovative solutions to reducing emissions may seem pressing, but the race should not be to the swiftest. De-risking for commercialization means that a proponent must firmly establish that the technology works, is economically feasible and can attain sufficient market penetration for a return on investment to the prospective financier, as well as provide socio-economic and environmental benefits. Trying to simplify or speed up the stages of innovation and the funding process means proponents can be exposed to incompletely proven and riskier technologies, which can damage credibility with financiers. A balance must be struck between the financier's wish to expedite the de-risking process and the need to avoid inadequate de-risking which can jeopardize the project and its funding at a later stage. Distinctions must also be made between firm-level support, which allows a company more flexibility in pursuing or cancelling projects, and project-level supports, in which the funding is specifically targeted for use in the development of a particular innovation and has a defined end point. Cleantech innovation in Alberta faces added hurdles associated with a post-2014 economic downturn that has reduced some firms' cash flows and has made firms, as well as government, less inclined to support cleantech innovations. This situation makes it crucial for innovation proponents seeking funding to distinguish clearly between a proposed project's economic and environmental benefits. A technology whose primary benefit is reducing emissions is susceptible to changes in emissions pricing or regulations, and thus is not an attractive candidate for investors. An innovation that primarily reduces costs but offers a secondary environmental benefit is a better investment because it is much less sensitive to policy changes. Alberta innovators must make sure they emphasize the economic benefits, and do their due diligence and careful de-risking if they want to surmount the added obstacles. Cleantech innovation doesn't have to become a casualty of the provincial economic environment if the proper steps in the innovative and fiscal processes are conscientiously followed.

Abstrak Semakin tingginya populasi penduduk maka akan menghasilkan sampah yang tinggi pula, aktifitas-aktifitas manusia setiap harinya akan membuat timbulan sampah semakin banyak. Salah satunya yaitu kota terbesar di Jawa Timur yaitu Kota Surabaya dengan timbulan sampah per harinya mencapai 9.896,78 meter kubik perhari. Maka dari itu perlu adanya pengelolaan sampah yang baik agar timbulan sampah menjadi berkurang sehingga lingkungan akan tetap bersih dan sehat. Upaya dalam pengelolaan sampah yang telah dilakukan sala satunya yaitu dengan adanya bank sampah, namun perlu adanya upaya lainnya agar timbulan sampah dapat semakin berkurang. Dalam hal ini Dinas Kebersihan dan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Surabaya membuat inovasi dengan mengubah sampah menjadi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa) yang berlokasi di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Benowo. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan inovasi pengelolaan sampah menjadi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Benowo Surabaya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Fokus yang digunakan utuuk menganalisis penelitian ini adalah menggunakan teori Halverson yang terdiri dari 4 indikator yaitu Technology Procurement (Pengadaan Teknologi), Technology Development (Pengembangan Teknologi), Bureaucratic and Organizational Reform (Reformasi Birokrasi dan Organisasi), dan New Policies (Kebijakan baru). Adapun teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini yaitu dengan melaukan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini berdasarkan atribut inovasi Halvorsen yakni 1) Pengadaan teknologi Inovasi pengelolaan sampah menjadi listrik di TPA Benowo ini menggunakan teknologi Landfill Gas Collection dan teknologi Gasifikasi Power Plant, 2) Pengembangan teknologi yang dilakukan agar pengelolaan sampah di TPA Benowo dapat lebih efektif dan berkembang menjadi lebih baik lagi dengan adanya sistem baru yaitu dengan sistem Gasifikasi dan aplikasi SWAT (Solid Waste Aplication Transportation). 3) Stakeholder yang terlibat dalam inovasi pengelolaan sampah di TPA Benowo ini adalah Dinas Kebersihan dan Ruang Terbuka Hijau, PT.Sumber Organik dan PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). 4) Pengelolaan sampah di TPA Benowo sebelumnya hanya dikelola secara konvensional tanpa adanya pemanfaatan lainnya. Dengan adanya keputusan untuk mengelola sampah agar dijadikan pembangkit listrik juga merupakan suatu kebijakan atau langkah pemerintah untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Kata kunci : Inovasi, Pengelolaan Sampah, Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa) Abstract The more the population, the more waste will be produced. Human activities will increase the waste generation every day. One of them is the largest city in East Java, namely the city of Surabaya, with a daily waste generation of 9,896.78 cubic meters per day. Therefore, it is necessary to have good waste management so that waste generation is reduced so that the environment will remain clean and healthy. Waste management efforts that have been carried out in other ways with the existence of a waste bank, however, need other management efforts so that waste generation can be reduced. In this case, the Surabaya City Cleanliness and Green Open Space Agency made an innovation by converting waste into a Waste Power Plant (PLTSa) located at the Benowo Final Disposal Site. The purpose of this study is to describe the innovation of waste management into a solid waste power plant at Benowo landfill, Surabaya. This type of research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. The focus used to analyze this research is to use the Halverson theory which consists of 4 indicators, namely Technology Procurement (Technology Procurement), Technology Development (Technology Development), Bureaucratic and Organizational Reform (Bureaucratic and Organizational Reform), and New Policies (New Policies). The data learning technique in this research is by observing, interviewing and documenting. The results of the research are based on Halvorsen's innovation attributes, namely 1) Procurement of innovation technology for waste management into electricity at Benowo TPA using Landfill Gas Collection technology and Gasification Power Plant technology, 2) Technology development carried out so that waste management at Benowo TPA can be more effective and develop into more good again with the new system, namely the Gasification System and SWAT (Solid Waste Aplication Transportation) applications . 3) Stakeholders involved in the innovation of waste management at TPA Benowo are the Office of Cleanliness and Green Open Space, PT. Organic Source and PT. State Electricity Company (PLN). 4) Waste management at TPA Benowo previously was only managed conventionally without any other use. With the government's decision on waste, so that electricity generation is also a policy or step to overcome this problem. Keywords: Innovation, Waste Management, Waste Power Plant

MITIS – Musical Informational Technology in School The aim of the MITIS - project is to explore possibilities to create interactive teaching materials where new technology is used to distribute knowledge about musical structure (i.e. notation) as well as content in an interactive and creative way. This is carried out as a collaborative project between a group of music teachers, the company DoReMir, and researchers and staff from the Institution for Folk Music and the Institution for Music, Pedagogics and Society at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm. The core foundation of the project is literacy in music – for example reading and writing notation (Asmus, 2004). Notation is for most musicians an important tool to use both for taking part of, interpreting, documenting and pass music on (Hultberg, 2000). In connection with the digitalization of society and digital tools to do things such as interpreting, documenting and pass music on made available to a broader public, traditional notation has got a more hidden place in music education in schools. In the Swedish curricula for the compulsory School, notation is explicitly mentioned in 1969. In the later Curricula's, different kind of notation is mentioned, but not as explicitly as in earlier years (Skolöverstyrelsen, 1969; Skolverket, 2019). This also aligns with the development of society as a whole, and with the strategy for digitalization that was established by the Swedish government in 2017 (Regeringen, 2017) and can be seen as a development towards a wider view on different forms of notation. However, in the aesthetic program for the upper secondary school, reading traditional notation on a basic level, is required in the Curricula (Skolverket, 2020). Furthermore, to get access to higher music education in Sweden, the skill of reading traditional notation, is required. We argue therefore, that to increase music literacy, also in regard to reading notation, can be seen as an democratic issue. To make learning notation available and possible in an easy and digitalized way, with devices available to pupils in school, may be an important step to advance possibilities for every child to access higher music education. An important part of the project is to develop and support learning and interpretation of notation in different creative ways. One of the starting points for this project is the technique for digital music interpretation that has been developed by DoReMir Music Research AB. This technique has been used in an app called Notysing, for learning to read and sing traditional notation with a digital device such as a reading tablet or mobile phone. The project has been running since 2018. The first year the focus was to develop the app, test it within a small group of music teachers, and ensure good technical quality as well as pedagogical foundations for the design. In 2019 testing started in compulsory as well as in upper secondary School in Sweden, with focus on gathering qualitative data through a digital survey in the app. During autumn 2020 a qualitive study has been conducted, and in-depth interviews are in progress. Pupils in San Diego has been included in 2020, also as a part of finding new teaching strategies for distance education during the Covid19 pandemic. It has been developed and tested with over 200 pupils and music teachers. Preliminary results suggest that pupils and music teachers are positive to learn notation through an app that uses gamification to enhance and motivate learning, and that issues that arise are mostly technical, and that the equipment of the schools, and technical skills ana knowledge of the music teacher are crucial for success. Furthermore, the results indicate that regards must be taken to different systems for managing IT in different schools and municipalities. Last but not least, there are great school-cultural differences in how schools work with notation in San Diego and in Sweden, which once again raises questions about how to work with it in our context, and also, why we work with it the way we currently do. References Asmus, E. P. (2004). Music Teaching and Music Literacy. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 13(2), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/10570837040130020102 Hultberg, C. (2000). The Printed Score As a Mediator of Musical Meaning – Approaches to Musical notation on Western Tonal Tradition. [Doctoral thesis, Malmö Academy of Music]. Regeringen. (2017). Nationell digitaliseringsstrategi för skolväsendet. Utbildningsdepartementet: Bilaga till regeringsbeslut I:1, 2017-10-19. Skolöverstyrelsen. (1969). Läroplan för grundskolan 1 Allmän del. Utbildningsförlaget Skolverket (2019). Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet 2011. Reviderad 2019. Skolverket. Skolverket.( 2020). https://www.skolverket.se/undervisning/gymnasieskolan/laroplan-program-och-amnen-i-gymnasieskolan/gymnasieprogrammen/amne?url=1530314731%2Fsyllabuscw%2Fjsp%2Fsubject.htm%3FsubjectCode%3DMUS%26courseCode%3DMUSINS01S%26tos%3Dgy&sv.url=12.5dfee44715d35a5cdfa92a3#anchor_MUSINS01

AbstractThis paper analyzes the transformations induced by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the extractive sector, through an ethnographic study of villages neighboring an oil-drilling site in the Peruvian Amazon. It examines the materialization of a specific CSR device—the communal enterprise—which involves the majority of village members in the extractive industry as workers, owners, and managers of a subcontractor that provides services to the oil company. The paper highlights the importance of work and socialization to assess the transformative power of this original CSR device. After an opening section on how to study extractive governmentality "at work," the paper presents a genealogy of the communal enterprise. It then examines how communal enterprises tend to transform indigenous inhabitants into workers and entrepreneurs and thereby impact the everyday organization of the entire community. By examining the ways residents adopt these social technologies, the paper shows how the partial normalization of individual bodies and collective organization induced by CSR technologies is an ambivalent mix resulting from a process of mutual appropriation between the industrial milieu and the villages. In doing so, it contributes to governmentality studies related to extractive capitalism, corporate strategies for disciplining dissent, and the social transformations they generate locally.Cet article analyse les transformations induites par la Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) dans le secteur de l'extraction par le biais d'une étude ethnographique des villages voisins d'un site de forage pétrolier d'Amazonie péruvienne. Il examine la matérialisation d'un dispositif de RSE spécifique : une entreprise communautaire qui implique la majorité des villageois dans l'industrie de l'extraction en tant que travailleurs, propriétaires et gérants d'un sous-traitant fournissant des services à la compagnie pétrolière. Cet article souligne l'importance du travail et de la socialisation pour évaluer le pouvoir de transformation de ce dispositif de RSE original. Après une section introductive portant sur la façon d'étudier la gouvernementalité de l'extraction « au travail », cet article présente une généalogie de l'entreprise communautaire. Il examine ensuite la manière dont les entreprises communautaires tendent à transformer les habitants indigènes en travailleurs et en entrepreneurs et ainsi à impacter l'organisation quotidienne de l'ensemble de la communauté. Cet article montre en quoi la normalisation partielle des corps individuels et de l'organisation collective induite par les techniques de RSE est un mélange ambivalent résultant d'un processus d'appropriation mutuelle entre le milieu industriel et les villages en examinant la façon dont les habitants adoptent ces techniques sociales. Ce faisant, il contribue aux études de gouvernementalité liées au capitalisme de l'extraction, aux stratégies mises en œuvre par les entreprises pour discipliner la dissidence et aux transformations sociales qu'elles génèrent localement.En este artículo se analizan las transformaciones impulsadas por la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) en el sector de la extracción mediante un estudio etnográfico de las aldeas que se encuentran cerca de un sitio de extracción de petróleo en la Amazonía peruana. También se examina la materialización de un método específico de RSC, la empresa comunal, en la que la mayoría de los miembros de la aldea participan en la industria como trabajadores, propietarios y administradores de un subcontratista que presta servicios a la compañía petrolera. Además, se destaca la importancia del trabajo y la socialización para evaluar el poder de transformación de este método original de RSC. Después de la primera sección, donde se explica cómo estudiar la gobernabilidad extractiva ``en el trabajo'', en el artículo se presenta una genealogía de la empresa comunal. En esta se explora la forma en la que las empresas comunales suelen transformar a los habitantes autóctonos en trabajadores y emprendedores y, por lo tanto, modifican la organización establecida de toda la comunidad. Al analizar las formas en las que los residentes adoptan estas tecnologías sociales, en el artículo se muestra cómo la normalización parcial de los cuerpos individuales y de la organización colectiva producida por las tecnologías de RSC es una mezcla ambivalente que se produce como consecuencia de un proceso de apropiación mutua entre el entorno industrial y las aldeas. Este análisis contribuye a los estudios de gobernabilidad relacionados con el capitalismo extractivo, las estrategias corporativas para disciplinar la disidencia y las transformaciones sociales que generan a nivel local.

Relevance of the research topic. In the conditions of systemic restructuring of the economy of Ukraine in the direction of its adaptation to world standards, one of the integral components of the successful functioning of modern business is the development of a strategy of corporate social responsibility. Today, sustainable economic development is not determined by the factor of availability of raw materials or markets, but the opportunity for companies to join the market of highly skilled labor, scientific inventions and the latest technologies. The problems of employment, social instability, and deteriorating environment are becoming more acute and urgent in the world. All this necessitates the formation of an innovative model of development and principles of corporate social responsibility, which is becoming one of the most important areas of a market economy. Formulation of the problem. It is theoretically proven and confirmed by the practice of the world's leading companies that social responsibility can and should be considered as an important social resource of the organization, able to form concrete benefits, ensure sustainable development, adequately respond to social challenges (both internal and external), turning the latter into opportunities. It should be emphasized that social responsibility appears as an important social resource, regardless of the concept of social responsibility the company adheres to. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation and development of social responsibility of business are embedded in the studies of the following leading foreign scientists: A. Berle, G. Bowen, M. Velazquez, A. Carroll, F. Kotler, G. Minz, J. Rawls, K. Smith, M Friedman et al. Of particular interest in studying this problem are the works of modern domestic scientists: O. Danylenko, V. Yevtushenko, A. Kolota, N. Kyryliuk, M. Kuzhelev, V. Mamontova, O. Sheremeta and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the effectiveness of the functioning of corporate social responsibility in Ukrainian business practice and the formation of the domestic model of CSR remains insufficiently studied in the domestic scientific environment. Problem statement, purpose of research. The key direction of the world community today is the development of human capital as the basis of the general welfare of the state. One of the conditions for the implementation of the concept of human development and human capital is the introduction and compliance with the basics of corporate social responsibility of business (CSR). The purpose of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the development of CSR in Ukraine. Research methodology. During the writing of the article the methods of analysis and synthesis, system approach, statistical analysis, generalization and structuring were used. Presentation of the main research material. The institution of socially responsible business is typical of most countries with economies based on market values, long-standing democratic traditions, and a developed civil society. In modern conditions in different countries, the participation of business in solving social problems is either strictly regulated under current commercial, tax, labor, environmental legislation or carried out independently under the influence of specially established incentives and benefits. In Ukraine, this process is in the initial stages of its development and takes place in a dominant position of the state, extremely weak development of civil society institutions and oligarchic business development. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be applied in the process of forming a strategy of corporate social responsibility of a modern enterprise. Conclusions in accordance with the article. Corporate social responsibility in the developed world has long been part of society. Today, domestic business leaders are joining the global movement for socially responsible business. In order for funds allocated for social initiatives to bring sustainable results and work on the image of the business, companies must move to building these activities on a systemic basis in accordance with the strategy. It is here that broad prospects open up for the joint efforts of companies, civil society organizations, the media and the state. The immediate business benefits of CSR are the creation of a stable business environment, reduced operational risks, increased financial performance and sales, increased productivity, reduced recruitment costs, market expansion and, consequently, increased market value in the future. The interaction of political, social and economic actors, based on the principles of social partnership, allows to ensure the stable progressive development of the state. With the increasing importance of non-financial factors of sustainable development (social stability, environmental security, etc.), the practical and theoretical aspects of social responsibility are updated.

In today's world where fewer and fewer barriers and borders limit relationships, interactions between things, people, services, it is no wonder that in a globalized economy like ours, interests, connections, needs of various aspects from people all around the world, happen to coexist and working their way out in certain defined places. There are indeed, some places which more than others, for various reasons ranging from political situation, location, economy rather than taxation, have the ability to attract capital and resources from other countries, giving rise to international financial hubs. One on all in Europe is definitively the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which with an area of 2,586 km² and a population of only 602,005 people, it is home to more than 130 international banks, Europe's number one investment fund centre, World's top ten largest Private Equity houses, Europe's number one cross-border insurance center, and EU-regulatory framework and EU-wide licensing of financial services. The following chapters, indeed, aim to disclose the main features which bring Luxembourg to be that leading financial center in Europe, the reasons why so many international banks and firms choose the Grand Duchy as their home, the most relevant aspects of the country economy with a focus on the leading sectors. The first two chapters will give a global overview of what the situation is in Luxembourg in order to have a picture of today business and highlighting the strength of the grand duchy economy, bringing on aspects and achievements globally acknowledged. The second chapter however will give more insights on the specific of Luxembourg tax system, detailing the appealing tax regime and even so, the support and protection of the double tax conventions signed with countries worldwide, strengthen the business climate in this country. The analysis will go through the key factors that make Luxembourg so attractive, like favourable tax treaty agreements with 57 countries, a very competitive company taxation at 28.59%, no withholding taxes on dividends, paid to EU or double tax treaty resident, lowest VAT rate in Europe at 15%. Will together be analysed, the most used incentives for the entities, as the investment tax credits (Luxembourg tax law, indeed provides a tax credit available and amounts to 13% of the increase in investments in tangible depreciable assets made during the tax year), or the new regime of the intellectual properties which give the possibility to have on a net income from qualifying IP assets, a benefits of an 80% exemption from income taxes. The essay will continue with the coverage of the core business of Luxembourg financial activity; the third chapter will give a detailed analysis of banking and wealth management, asset management services offered, the corporate finance services required by all the entities which are created and have the registered office in the Grand Duchy, followed by the analysis pf private equity and venture capital investments, real estate investment vehicles, and hedge funds which can be considered the main features of the country financial activity. The last two chapters will analyze and emphasize the international character of the system and the future prospective on how the economy, the activities and the services may evolve, giving more insights on which the priorities will be in the near futures and where the efforts will be made in other achieve some certain standard of sustainability. The fourth chapter indeed will focus on the constantly growing relationship established with the Chinese economic world the Arabic world, which both play a very important role in the today economy and happen to be two of the main actors of Luxembourg financial system. The fifth and last chapter will highlight how Luxembourg has a comprehensive domestic climate finance agenda which since 2015, have seen the government and the financial services industry, working together in a dedicated climate finance task force to implement a coherent and fully integrated climate finance strategy. The Luxembourg government contributes to the technical support facility of the Amundi Planet Emerging Green One, the largest green bond fund in the world. This Luxembourg based investment fund targets green bonds emitted by banks in developing countries and at the same time helps develop green bond policies, training programs, and best practices in such markets through the technical support facility.

Esta tesis indaga sobre los modos en que las tradiciones político-sindicales se construyen y operan en la vida laboral y sindical de los/as trabajadores/as del sector de agua y saneamiento de la provincia de Buenos Aires, durante los primeros dos años de gestión de gobierno provincial de Cambiemos (2015-2017). La investigación se realizó a partir de una perspectiva etnográfica cuyo trabajo de campo se desarrolló en tres espacios laborales que escogimos debido a la heterogeneidad de sus actividades: 1) la Planta Potabilizadora de Ensenada; 2) los Talleres del Parque ¨San Martín¨ de La Plata, ambos espacios pertenecientes a la empresa ABSA y, 3) tres organismos descentralizados del Ministerio de Infraestructura y Servicios Públicos de la provincia de Buenos Aires ubicados en un mismo edificio: la Autoridad del Agua, el Organismo de Control de Aguas de la provincia de Buenos Aires y el Servicio provincial de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rural. A lo largo de la tesis analizamos y dimos cuenta de diferentes dimensiones que consideramos necesarias para comprender las tradiciones de organización político-sindical. En primer lugar, las características del proceso de trabajo de los diferentes espacios laborales. En segundo lugar, los conflictos laborales y los modos de actuar frente a estos. En tercer lugar, analizamos los modos de construcción política y cómo intervienen allí narraciones y formas de recuperar el pasado, procesos de incorporación de valores y sentidos dominantes, de legitimación de prácticas y la construcción de liderazgos. En cuarto lugar, indagamos en los procesos de socialización y de transmisión de saberes laborales, sindicales y políticos que contribuyen a la construcción y actualización de las tradiciones así como las trayectorias familiares, laborales y de militancia. Por último, examinamos dos elementos que tensionan y desafían la tradición: la dimensión generacional a través de la incorporación de las nuevas generaciones y la dimensión de género, particularmente las masculinidades. La tesis nos permitió mostrar que lejos de ser un elemento conservador de la vida social, las tradiciones se erigen como verdaderos procesos sociales activos, reservorios de sentidos, valores y mecanismos institucionales que son recuperados y activados selectivamente para utilizarlos frente a nuevos escenarios y objetivos. ; This thesis analyzes the ways in which union-political traditions are built and operate in the labor and union life of workers of the water and sanitation sector in province of Buenos Aires, during the first two years of provincial government term of Cambiemos (2015-2017). The research was based on an ethnographic perspective whose field work was developed in three work places that we chose due to the heterogeneity of their activities: 1) the water treatment Plant from Ensenada; 2) The ¨San Martín¨ Park workshops in La Plata, both belonging to the ABSA company, and 3) three decentralized organizations of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Services of the province of Buenos Aires located in the same building: Autoridad del Agua, Organismo de Control de Aguas de la provincia de Buenos Aires and el Servicio provincial de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rural. Throughout the thesis we analyze different dimensions that we consider necessary to understand the traditions of political-union organization. Firstly, the features of the work process. Secondly, the labor conflicts and the ways of acting against them. Thirdly, we inquire the ways of the political construction and how narratives and ways of recovering the past affect them, processes of incorporation of dominant values and meanings, legitimization of practices and the construction of leadership. Fourthly, we investigate the processes of socialization and transmission of labor, union and political knowledge that contribute to the construction and updating of traditions as well as family, labor and militancy trajectories. Finally, we examine two elements that question and challenge tradition: the generational dimension through the incorporation of new generations and the gender dimension, masculinities in particular. The thesis allows us to show that far from being a conservative element of social life, traditions stand as true active social processes, reservoirs of meanings, values and institutional mechanisms that are selectively recovered and activated to use them in the face of new scenarios and objectives. ; Fil: Galimberti, Carlos María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Esta tesis indaga sobre los modos en que las tradiciones político-sindicales se construyen y operan en la vida laboral y sindical de los/as trabajadores/as del sector de agua y saneamiento de la provincia de Buenos Aires, durante los primeros dos años de gestión de gobierno provincial de Cambiemos (2015-2017). La investigación se realizó a partir de una perspectiva etnográfica cuyo trabajo de campo se desarrolló en tres espacios laborales que escogimos debido a la heterogeneidad de sus actividades: 1) la Planta Potabilizadora de Ensenada; 2) los Talleres del Parque ¨San Martín¨ de La Plata, ambos espacios pertenecientes a la empresa ABSA y, 3) tres organismos descentralizados del Ministerio de Infraestructura y Servicios Públicos de la provincia de Buenos Aires ubicados en un mismo edificio: la Autoridad del Agua, el Organismo de Control de Aguas de la provincia de Buenos Aires y el Servicio provincial de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rural. A lo largo de la tesis analizamos y dimos cuenta de diferentes dimensiones que consideramos necesarias para comprender las tradiciones de organización político-sindical. En primer lugar, las características del proceso de trabajo de los diferentes espacios laborales. En segundo lugar, los conflictos laborales y los modos de actuar frente a estos. En tercer lugar, analizamos los modos de construcción política y cómo intervienen allí narraciones y formas de recuperar el pasado, procesos de incorporación de valores y sentidos dominantes, de legitimación de prácticas y la construcción de liderazgos. En cuarto lugar, indagamos en los procesos de socialización y de transmisión de saberes laborales, sindicales y políticos que contribuyen a la construcción y actualización de las tradiciones así como las trayectorias familiares, laborales y de militancia. Por último, examinamos dos elementos que tensionan y desafían la tradición: la dimensión generacional a través de la incorporación de las nuevas generaciones y la dimensión de género, particularmente las masculinidades. La tesis nos permitió mostrar que lejos de ser un elemento conservador de la vida social, las tradiciones se erigen como verdaderos procesos sociales activos, reservorios de sentidos, valores y mecanismos institucionales que son recuperados y activados selectivamente para utilizarlos frente a nuevos escenarios y objetivos. ; This thesis analyzes the ways in which union-political traditions are built and operate in the labor and union life of workers of the water and sanitation sector in province of Buenos Aires, during the first two years of provincial government term of Cambiemos (2015-2017). The research was based on an ethnographic perspective whose field work was developed in three work places that we chose due to the heterogeneity of their activities: 1) the water treatment Plant from Ensenada; 2) The ¨San Martín¨ Park workshops in La Plata, both belonging to the ABSA company, and 3) three decentralized organizations of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Services of the province of Buenos Aires located in the same building: Autoridad del Agua, Organismo de Control de Aguas de la provincia de Buenos Aires and el Servicio provincial de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rural. Throughout the thesis we analyze different dimensions that we consider necessary to understand the traditions of political-union organization. Firstly, the features of the work process. Secondly, the labor conflicts and the ways of acting against them. Thirdly, we inquire the ways of the political construction and how narratives and ways of recovering the past affect them, processes of incorporation of dominant values and meanings, legitimization of practices and the construction of leadership. Fourthly, we investigate the processes of socialization and transmission of labor, union and political knowledge that contribute to the construction and updating of traditions as well as family, labor and militancy trajectories. Finally, we examine two elements that question and challenge tradition: the generational dimension through the incorporation of new generations and the gender dimension, masculinities in particular. The thesis allows us to show that far from being a conservative element of social life, traditions stand as true active social processes, reservoirs of meanings, values and institutional mechanisms that are selectively recovered and activated to use them in the face of new scenarios and objectives. ; Fil: Galimberti, Carlos María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

The configuration of a FinTech business model is established by the selection of the characteristics associated with its five capitals (human, social and relational, production, intellectual, and financial) and its operation allows the creation of value and competitive advantage for the company. The development of business models depends on the local FinTech sector, and in the case of Colombia, this sector has limitations in terms of regulation, access and competition, infrastructure, and with a limited offer in government support programs and funding alternatives, which make FinTech's survival more complex. They must manage their uncertainty and risk factors, and communicate to investors the performance of their business model, scalability, future profitability, and sustainability over time to be attractive to investment funding. Nevertheless, the availability of data analysis and the reduced number of valuation methodologies make FinTech's funding difficult. Therefore, the identification of the determining characteristics for the development of the business models and the analysis on the valuation of the characteristics of the five capitals delivered by the entrepreneurs, lead to establish which characteristics generate a greater contribution for FinTech to access risk capital financing -designed for entrepreneurship. The methodology chosen for the analysis was the item response theory - IRT, using a gradual response model because of the nature of the data, which is categorical ordinal scale type. The model analyzes the relationship between the latent variable (access to venture capital funding) and the results of the assessment of the measurement variables by the FinTech´s entrepreneurs. The results of the IRT model determined that the characteristics with the greatest contribution to venture capital financing are: investor management, scalability and internationalization, investment analysis, and teamwork. Furthermore, the analysis of the variables indicated a higher valuation in the five capitals of the business model as they advanced in the development stages, with a percentage of access of 53% to support or boost programs, and 35% to financial support programs and risk capital financing. ; La configuración de un modelo de negocio FinTech se establece por la selección de las características asociadas a sus cinco capitales (humano, social y relacional, de producción, intelectual, y financiero) y su operación permite la creación de valor y de la ventaja competitiva para la empresa. El desarrollo de los modelos de negocio depende del sector FinTech local, y en el caso de Colombia este cuenta con limitaciones en materia de regulación, acceso y competencia, infraestructura, y con una oferta limitada en programas gubernamentales de apoyo y de alternativas de financiación, que complejizan la sobrevivencia de las FinTech. Estas deben gestionar su incertidumbre y los factores de riesgo, y comunicar a los inversionistas el desempeño de su modelo de negocio, escalabilidad, rentabilidad futura y sostenibilidad en el tiempo para ser atractivas a financiación de recursos de inversión. No obstante, la disponibilidad de datos de análisis y el número reducido de metodologías de valoración dificultan la financiación de las FinTech, por lo que la identificación de las características determinantes para el desarrollo de los modelos de negocio y el análisis sobre la valoración de las características de los cinco capitales entregada por parte de los emprendedores/empresarios, permiten establecer cuales características generan una mayor contribución para que las FinTech accedan a financiación de capitales de riesgo –diseñados para el emprendimiento. La metodología escogida para el análisis fue la teoría de respuesta al ítem – IRT, mediante el uso de un modelo de respuesta gradual por la naturaleza de los datos que son de tipo categórico de escala ordinal, el cual analiza la relación entre la variable latente (acceso a financiación de capitales de riesgo) y los resultados de la valoración de las variables de medición por parte de los emprendedores/empresarios de las FinTech. Los resultados arrojados por el modelo IRT determinaron que las características de mayor contribución a financiación de capitales de riesgo son gestión de inversionistas, escalabilidad e internacionalización, análisis de inversión y equipo de trabajo. Así mismo, el análisis de los resultados de valoración de las variables de medición señaló una mayor valoración en los cinco capitales del modelo de negocio al avanzar en las etapas de desarrollo, con un porcentaje de acceso del 53% a programas de acompañamiento o impulso, y del 35% a programas de apoyo financiero y a financiación de capitales de riesgo. ; Maestría

Aim of the study. To evaluate the results of the state food safety and hygiene control during 2015 – 2019 years, to evaluate the organization of nutrition and to find out the parents' attitude about the nutrition organization in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. Objectives. 1. To evaluate the results of the state food safety and hygiene control during 2015 – 2019 years (identify the most common violations, preventive measures, sanctions) in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. 2. To analyze managers' attitudes towards nutrition organization and emerging issues in different children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. 3. To find out the parents' attitude about the organization of nutrition in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. Methods. Three different research methods were used: 1. The data in the Food Information System (FIS) were analyzed and processed in Excel in order to evaluate the results of state food safety and hygiene control. 14 institutions were evaluated. 2. A semi-structured interview was used to find out the views of the managers, the interview was transcribed and analyzed by the content method. 11 managers participated in the survey. 3. Parents' attitudes were examined in anonymous questionnaires and processed using SPSS and Excel. 893 questionnaires were distributed, 546 were filled in, response rate 61.21 %. Results. During 2015 – 2019 years 75 state food control inspections were carried out, most of which (89.3%) were planned, received 7 complaints, of which 3 (42.3%) were confirmed, imposed 11 sanctions – 8 administrative penalties and 3 "Decisions to ban products", received 51 "Deficiency plan" and 62 information that the instructions have already been executed, identified 257 violations, of which were most often recorded self-monitoring, product safety, hygiene and traceability, and 7 hygiene of premises and equipment violations in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. It was found that from the studied 12 children's educational institutions 4 of them buy the service and 8 of them organize nutrition independently. The nature of the nutrition organization does not affect the quality of the food. When food is imported from another corps, raises the problem that sometimes food is not aesthetic. When legislative changed most of the children stopped eating some of the dishes. Children's fasting is determined by habits formed in the family. It was determined that the two most difficult stages of nutrition organization are menu preparation and public procurement. Managers are in constant communication with their staff and the parents of the children they solve the problems that arise, educational activities with children are carried out in all institutions. Kindergarten managers need more funding from the municipality and additional staff to improve the nutrition organization process. Most of the respondents knew who provides food in the educational institution, however, No.7 institutions even 62.5 %. respondents indicated that meals were provided by the institution itself, although the service was purchased. The majority (93.4 %) of the surveyed respondents trust the nutrition organizers, but a statistically significant difference was observed, however, a statistically significant difference was observed that greater distrust of catering organizers is when catering is organized by a private company or person (χ2=21,716, lls=2, p<0,05). Respondents get most of their knowledge about nutrition from educators. Respondents said menus always hang in cloakroom, they read them. The menus need to be changed as not all meals are eaten by children. Not all parents knew if the institution was involved in EU-sponsored programs. Conclusion. 1. During 2015 – 2019 years 75 state food control inspections were carried out, received 7 complaints, imposed 11 sanctions, identified 257 violations. 2. Educational activities with children are held in all institutions. This encourages children to eat healthier. Parents are introduced to the problems of organizing nutrition as meetings are held. If the food is imported from another corps it is difficult to maintain the aesthetics of the food. Legislative changes have become a challenge for some institutions, because after the changes, the children stopped eating some of the dishes. Two most difficult stages of nutrition organization are menu preparation and public procurement. 3. The majority of respondents knew who provides meals in educational institutions and part of them trust the nutrition organizers. Parents get the most knowledge from educators. The menus always hang in the locker room, but the menus needed to be changed because the parents wanted a more varied and aesthetically pleasing food, and the children should get fruit, vegetables and fish more often.

Aim of the study. To evaluate the results of the state food safety and hygiene control during 2015 – 2019 years, to evaluate the organization of nutrition and to find out the parents' attitude about the nutrition organization in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. Objectives. 1. To evaluate the results of the state food safety and hygiene control during 2015 – 2019 years (identify the most common violations, preventive measures, sanctions) in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. 2. To analyze managers' attitudes towards nutrition organization and emerging issues in different children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. 3. To find out the parents' attitude about the organization of nutrition in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. Methods. Three different research methods were used: 1. The data in the Food Information System (FIS) were analyzed and processed in Excel in order to evaluate the results of state food safety and hygiene control. 14 institutions were evaluated. 2. A semi-structured interview was used to find out the views of the managers, the interview was transcribed and analyzed by the content method. 11 managers participated in the survey. 3. Parents' attitudes were examined in anonymous questionnaires and processed using SPSS and Excel. 893 questionnaires were distributed, 546 were filled in, response rate 61.21 %. Results. During 2015 – 2019 years 75 state food control inspections were carried out, most of which (89.3%) were planned, received 7 complaints, of which 3 (42.3%) were confirmed, imposed 11 sanctions – 8 administrative penalties and 3 "Decisions to ban products", received 51 "Deficiency plan" and 62 information that the instructions have already been executed, identified 257 violations, of which were most often recorded self-monitoring, product safety, hygiene and traceability, and 7 hygiene of premises and equipment violations in children's educational institutions that organize nutrition for preschool children in Kaišiadorys. It was found that from the studied 12 children's educational institutions 4 of them buy the service and 8 of them organize nutrition independently. The nature of the nutrition organization does not affect the quality of the food. When food is imported from another corps, raises the problem that sometimes food is not aesthetic. When legislative changed most of the children stopped eating some of the dishes. Children's fasting is determined by habits formed in the family. It was determined that the two most difficult stages of nutrition organization are menu preparation and public procurement. Managers are in constant communication with their staff and the parents of the children they solve the problems that arise, educational activities with children are carried out in all institutions. Kindergarten managers need more funding from the municipality and additional staff to improve the nutrition organization process. Most of the respondents knew who provides food in the educational institution, however, No.7 institutions even 62.5 %. respondents indicated that meals were provided by the institution itself, although the service was purchased. The majority (93.4 %) of the surveyed respondents trust the nutrition organizers, but a statistically significant difference was observed, however, a statistically significant difference was observed that greater distrust of catering organizers is when catering is organized by a private company or person (χ2=21,716, lls=2, p<0,05). Respondents get most of their knowledge about nutrition from educators. Respondents said menus always hang in cloakroom, they read them. The menus need to be changed as not all meals are eaten by children. Not all parents knew if the institution was involved in EU-sponsored programs. Conclusion. 1. During 2015 – 2019 years 75 state food control inspections were carried out, received 7 complaints, imposed 11 sanctions, identified 257 violations. 2. Educational activities with children are held in all institutions. This encourages children to eat healthier. Parents are introduced to the problems of organizing nutrition as meetings are held. If the food is imported from another corps it is difficult to maintain the aesthetics of the food. Legislative changes have become a challenge for some institutions, because after the changes, the children stopped eating some of the dishes. Two most difficult stages of nutrition organization are menu preparation and public procurement. 3. The majority of respondents knew who provides meals in educational institutions and part of them trust the nutrition organizers. Parents get the most knowledge from educators. The menus always hang in the locker room, but the menus needed to be changed because the parents wanted a more varied and aesthetically pleasing food, and the children should get fruit, vegetables and fish more often.

This article describes the methodology for managing the strategic activities of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine within the logistics chains. The proposed procedure for managing the strategic activity of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine within the logistics chains provides for the selection of strategic partners, the definition of the target guidelines of the unit within the community, the redistribution of commercial operations in the event of disruptions, coordination of management of technological chains, conflicts. In the work it is stated that logistics chains have the highest efficiency for the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine due to the fact that the information system of military formations in this case acts as a central node, coordinating and integrating the functions of the security systems, significantly reducing the cost of servicing the links of the chain. The general features of the fulfillment of the functions of the logistics system by the information system of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine in the logistics chain are considered. The implementation of logistical processes for military units within the chain may be presented in the form of the proposed multi-step procedure. The proposed methodology assumes that for each logistical project, one applicant company is selected for a partnership in a modern information environment. Thus, the number of potential partners is equal to the number of logistics projects. In the process of strategic development of the activities of military units, iterative repetition of this procedure should be envisaged if new entrants are included in the technological chain. The further direction of research may be the development of a methodology for optimizing the logistics chains of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The proposed procedure for managing the strategic activity of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine within the logistics chains provides for the selection of strategic partners, the definition of the target guidelines of the unit within the community, the redistribution of commercial operations in the event of disruptions, coordination of technology chain management, conflicts between conflicts. In the process of strategic development of the activities of military units, iterative repetition of this procedure should be envisaged if new entrants are included in the technological chain. The further direction of research may be the development of a methodology for optimizing the logistics chains of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. ; В данной статье представлена методика управления стратегической деятельностью военных подразделений Национальной гвардии Украины в рамках логистических цепочек. В работе указывается, что логистические цепочки имеют наибольшую эффективность для военных подразделений Национальной гвардии Украины вследствие того, что информационная система военных формирований в этом случае выступает центральным узлом, координируя и интегрируя функции обеспечивающих систем, существенно снижая затраты на обслуживание звеньев цепочки. Рассмотрены общие особенности выполнения функций системы логистики информационной системой военных подразделений Национальной гвардии Украины в логистической цепочке. Осуществление логистических процессов военных подразделений в рамках цепочки может быть представлено в виде предложенной в статье многошаговой процедуры. В предлагаемой методике предполагается, что для каждого логистического проекта отбирается одна компания-претендент на партнерство в современной информационной среде. Таким образом, количество потенциальных партнеров полагается равным числу логистических проектов. В процессе стратегического развития деятельности военных подразделений следует предусматривать итеративный повтор данной процедуры в случае включения новых участников в технологическую цепочку. ; У даній статті подано методику управління стратегічною діяльністю військових підрозділів Національної гвардії України в рамках логістичних ланцюжків. В роботі вказується, що логістичні ланцюжки мають найбільшу ефективність для військових підрозділів Національної гвардії України внаслідок того, що інформаційна система військових формувань в цьому випадку виступає центральним вузлом, координуючи та інтегруючи функції забезпечуючих систем, істотно знижуючи витрати на обслуговування ланок ланцюжка. Розглянуто загальні особливості виконання функцій системи логістики інформаційною системою військових підрозділів Національної гвардії України в логістичному ланцюжку. Здійснення логістичних процесів військових підрозділів в рамках ланцюжка може бути представлене у вигляді запропонованої в статті багатокрокової процедури. У пропонованій методиці припускається, що для кожного логістичного проекту відбирається одна компанія-претендент на партнерство в сучасному інформаційному середовищі. Таким чином, кількість потенційних партнерів покладається рівним числу логістичних проектів. У процесі стратегічного розвитку діяльності військових підрозділів слід передбачати ітеративний повтор даної процедури у випадку включення нових учасників у технологічний ланцюжок.

La economía circular es un modelo que se fundamenta en los principios de sostenibilidad y crecimiento verde, el cual propende por maximizar el valor de los materiales y derivados del proceso productivo, es decir, en el uso de materiales y en la generación de residuos para el aprovechamiento de estos (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020a), es importante resaltar que el sistema de producción actual (lineal) ya no es factible para el gobierno, la empresa, la comunidad en general y en especial para el medio ambiente, por tanto, se deberá promover el concepto de circularidad para beneficio de todos. Según datos de la fundación Ellen Macarthur, para 2050 cerca de 66% de la población mundial vivirá en ciudades, no obstante, la migración de los procesos lineales a circulares se prevén de manera paulatina, lo que conlleva per se, los efectos en generación de residuos, datos de investigación demuestran que las ciudades consumen el 75% de los recursos naturales, producen más del 50% de los desechos globales y emiten casi un 80% de los gases de efecto invernadero (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020b). Por ende, la economía circular en ciudades y en el sector salud, se centra en varios desafíos entre los que se encuentran la construcción de edificaciones, la movilidad, el consumo de productos, el aprovechamiento de residuos y el concepto de hospitales y centros de salud inteligentes apalanca la implementación de los modelos circulares en el sector salud. Cabe resaltar que la cadena del sector salud consume gran variedad de productos plásticos, papel, químicos, fármacos, metales, madera; además de la necesidad de consumo de energía, gas y agua para su operación, lo que genera grandes volúmenes de residuos sólidos no aprovechables, en su gran mayoría por desconocimiento o por regulaciones en materia de gestión y manejo de residuos peligrosos y contaminantes para el ser humano y su ecosistema. Con relación a lo anterior, este trabajo de investigación propende por estudiar la aplicación de concepto de economía circular en el sector salud y su contribución por el aprovechamiento de los residuos hospitalarios y la implementación de estrategias para generar sostenibilidad y contribución al calentamiento global, mediante la inclusión de procesos circulares con generación de eficiencias operativas (Caicedo, 2017). ; The circular economy is a model that is based on the principles of sustainability and green growth, tending to maximize the value of materials and derivatives of the production process, that is, in the use of materials and the generation of waste for their use (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020a). It is important to emphasize that the current production system (linear) is no longer feasible for the government, the company, the community in general and especially for the environment, therefore, the concept of circularity should be promoted for the benefit of all. According to data from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, by 2050 about 66% of the world's population will live in cities, however, the migration from linear to circular processes is expected to be gradual, which per se entails the effects on waste generation. Research data show that cities consume 75% of natural resources and produce more than 50% of global waste and emit almost 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020b) Therefore, the circular economy in cities and in the health sector, focus on several challenges in which are the construction of buildings, mobility and consumption of products and waste utilization, the concept of hospitals and smart health centers leverage the implementation of circular models in the health sector. It is worth noting that the health sector chain consumes a great variety of plastic products, paper, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, metals, and wood, in addition to the need to consume energy, gas, and water for its operation, which generates large volumes of solid waste that cannot be used due to lack of knowledge or regulations on the management and handling of hazardous and contaminating waste for the human being and its ecosystem. In relation to the above, this research work tends to study the application of the concept of circular economy in the health sector and its contribution to the use of hospital waste and the implementation of strategies to generate sustainability and contribution to global warming, through the inclusion of circular processes with the generation of operational efficiencies. (Caicedo, 2017)

Esta tesis indaga sobre los modos en que las tradiciones político-sindicales se construyen y operan en la vida laboral y sindical de los/as trabajadores/as del sector de agua y saneamiento de la provincia de Buenos Aires, durante los primeros dos años de gestión de gobierno provincial de Cambiemos (2015-2017). La investigación se realizó a partir de una perspectiva etnográfica cuyo trabajo de campo se desarrolló en tres espacios laborales que escogimos debido a la heterogeneidad de sus actividades: 1) la Planta Potabilizadora de Ensenada; 2) los Talleres del Parque ¨San Martín¨ de La Plata, ambos espacios pertenecientes a la empresa ABSA y, 3) tres organismos descentralizados del Ministerio de Infraestructura y Servicios Públicos de la provincia de Buenos Aires ubicados en un mismo edificio: la Autoridad del Agua, el Organismo de Control de Aguas de la provincia de Buenos Aires y el Servicio provincial de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rural. A lo largo de la tesis analizamos y dimos cuenta de diferentes dimensiones que consideramos necesarias para comprender las tradiciones de organización político-sindical. En primer lugar, las características del proceso de trabajo de los diferentes espacios laborales. En segundo lugar, los conflictos laborales y los modos de actuar frente a estos. En tercer lugar, analizamos los modos de construcción política y cómo intervienen allí narraciones y formas de recuperar el pasado, procesos de incorporación de valores y sentidos dominantes, de legitimación de prácticas y la construcción de liderazgos. En cuarto lugar, indagamos en los procesos de socialización y de transmisión de saberes laborales, sindicales y políticos que contribuyen a la construcción y actualización de las tradiciones así como las trayectorias familiares, laborales y de militancia. Por último, examinamos dos elementos que tensionan y desafían la tradición: la dimensión generacional a través de la incorporación de las nuevas generaciones y la dimensión de género, particularmente las masculinidades. La tesis nos permitió mostrar que lejos de ser un elemento conservador de la vida social, las tradiciones se erigen como verdaderos procesos sociales activos, reservorios de sentidos, valores y mecanismos institucionales que son recuperados y activados selectivamente para utilizarlos frente a nuevos escenarios y objetivos. ; This thesis analyzes the ways in which union-political traditions are built and operate in the labor and union life of workers of the water and sanitation sector in province of Buenos Aires, during the first two years of provincial government term of Cambiemos (2015-2017). The research was based on an ethnographic perspective whose field work was developed in three work places that we chose due to the heterogeneity of their activities: 1) the water treatment Plant from Ensenada; 2) The ¨San Martín¨ Park workshops in La Plata, both belonging to the ABSA company, and 3) three decentralized organizations of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Services of the province of Buenos Aires located in the same building: Autoridad del Agua, Organismo de Control de Aguas de la provincia de Buenos Aires and el Servicio provincial de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Rural. Throughout the thesis we analyze different dimensions that we consider necessary to understand the traditions of politicalunion organization. Firstly, the features of the work process. Secondly, the labor conflicts and the ways of acting against them. Thirdly, we inquire the ways of the political construction and how narratives and ways of recovering the past affect them, processes of incorporation of dominant values and meanings, legitimization of practices and the construction of leadership. Fourthly, we investigate the processes of socialization and transmission of labor, union and political knowledge that contribute to the construction and updating of traditions as well as family, labor and militancy trajectories. Finally, we examine two elements that question and challenge tradition: the generational dimension through the incorporation of new generations and the gender dimension, masculinities in particular. The thesis allows us to show that far from being a conservative element of social life, traditions stand as true active social processes, reservoirs of meanings, values and institutional mechanisms that are selectively recovered and activated to use them in the face of new scenarios and objectives. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación