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This article was born as a result of a research financed within the framework of the Internal Call 001 - 2017 for the Financing of Research and Development Projects of the Technological Institution Colegio Mayor de Bolívar and is part of the macro-project "Social Restoration as a Tool for the Action without Harm and Peacebuilding, after the Armed Conflict in Colombia ".Objective: Describe the incidence of the effects of the armed conflict and the peace accords in the social restoration of victims and displaced persons in seven (7) municipalities of the Colombian Caribbean Coast, promoting the implementation of actions for their integral reparation, as part of the dynamics of the post-agreements.Material and Method: The study was carried out with a qualitative approach, from an exploratory-descriptive research, which will recognize the social, demographic, cultural and economic characteristics of the victims of the armed conflict in the municipalities of Tuchín (Córdoba), Chalán (Sucre) ), Carmen de Bolívar (Bolívar), Santa Lucía (Atlántico), Ariguaní (Magdalena), Bosconia (Cesar) and Villanueva (Guajira).Consistent with the investigative approach and according to Passos (2015), it was determined "a part of the population, sufficiently necessary to obtain the required information" (Therefore, a probabilistic sample was worked, stratified at random and for convenience, since each element could be determined the possibility of forming part of the sample in question (p. 24, 25); in the sense of the above it was necessary to determine a stratified sample proportional to random of 1% of the total inhabitants of the municipalities of the seven selected departments whose approximate universe is 227,887, leaving a population of 2,278 and a convenience sample of 340 inhabitants of the Colombian Caribbean affected by the violence.Referring to conflict, unfailingly leads us to think about an undeniable reality that Colombia has been going through for more than five decades; This article shows an investigative phase that reports the results of the impact that the peace accords have had on the aforementioned municipalities; evidencing that the population victim of the armed conflict, expressed their refusal to the Peace Agreement, since they feel that they were not taken into account in the construction of such a transcendental agreement, not only for the region, but also for the country and for Latin America. . On the other hand, there are those who, if they approve the agreement, but consider that there could be better, if it had contemplated their positions vis-à-vis the process as such; Likewise, one found a minority that showed their total and absolute agreement, arguing that it is the best way to end this scourge.Likewise, 80% of those surveyed stated that after the signing of the aforementioned agreement, there has not been a positive development regarding security on the Caribbean Coast, with 10% of the population saying that they have seen slight progress. in security aspects.In addition to the fact that the vast majority of the population object of the investigation stated that they did not show positive aspects regarding security in the regions, special emphasis was placed on the increase in insecurity, because although the agreement implied the end After the war, illegal groups are also identified by appropriating some territories, as well as dissidents from the peace process. This is how the majority of respondents consider that security on the Caribbean coast is considered that the impact of the signing of the agreement has not changed the harsh reality marked by the violence of social conflicts that permeates the territories and even more the expression of sentiment of bewilderment and laziness about what they consider continues to be the lack of protection of the State.In summary, the municipalities that are the object of the investigation have been the most affected by the armed conflict in the Caribbean region, since for many years they were the epicenter of combats between the FARC and the paramilitaries; coupled with the governmental neglect of both the national and territorial order and that despite the signing of the agreement, they continue to feel abandoned by the State. ; El presente artículo nace como resultado de una investigación financiada en el marco de la Convocatoria Interna 001 – 2017 para la Financiación de Proyectos de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Institución Tecnológica Colegio Mayor de Bolívar y hace parte del macroproyecto "La Restauración Social como Herramienta para la Acción sin Daño y Construcción de Paz, posterior al Conflicto Armado en Colombia".Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de los efectos del conflicto armado y los acuerdo de paz en la restauración social de personas víctimas y desplazadas en siete (7) municipios de la Costa Caribe colombiana, propiciando la implementación de acciones para su reparación integral, como parte de las dinámicas de los post-acuerdos.Material y Método: El estudio se dio con enfoque cualitativo, desde una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva, que permitió reconocer las características sociales, demográficas, culturales y económicas que tienen las víctimas del conflicto armado en los municipios de Tuchín (Córdoba), Chalán (Sucre), Carmen de Bolívar (Bolívar), Santa Lucia (Atlántico), Ariguaní (Magdalena), Bosconia (Cesar) y Villanueva (Guajira).Consecuentes con el enfoque investigativo y de acuerdo con Passos (2015), se determinó "una parte de la población, lo suficientemente necesaria para obtener la información requerida" (Por lo tanto, se trabajó una muestra probabilística, estratificada al azar y por conveniencia, ya que a cada elemento se le pudo determinar la posibilidad de que forme parte de la muestra en cuestión (p. 24, 25); en sentido de lo anterior fue necesario determinar una muestra estratificada proporcional al azar del 1% del total de los habitantes de los municipios de los siete departamentos seleccionados cuyo universo aproximado es de 227.887, quedando una población de 2.278 y una muestra por conveniencia de 340 personas habitantes del caribe colombiano afectados por la violencia.Conclusiones: Hacer referencia a conflicto, de forma indefectible nos lleva a pensar en una innegable realidad por la que atraviesa Colombia desde hace más de cinco décadas; el presente artículo muestra una fase investigativa que relata los resultados del impacto que han tenido los acuerdos de paz en los municipios referidos; evidenciándose que la población víctima del conflicto armado, manifestó su negativa frente al Acuerdo de Paz, toda vez que sienten que no fueron tenidos en cuenta en la construcción de tan trascendental acuerdo, no solo para la región, sino también para el país y para Latinoamérica. Por otro parte, están quienes, si aprueban el acuerdo, pero consideran que pudo haber mejor, si el mismo hubiera contemplado sus posiciones frete al proceso como tal; así mismo una se encontró una minoría que mostró su total y absoluto acuerdo argumentando que el mismo es la mejor forma de acabar con este flagelo. Así mismo, el 80% de los encuestados manifestaron, que posterior a la firma del mencionado acuerdo, no se ha visto un desarrollo positivo respecto a la seguridad en la Costa Caribe, con un 10% de población que manifestó que han visto un leve avance en aspectos de seguridad.Adicionalmente al hecho que la gran mayoría de la población objeto de la investigación manifestó no evidenciar aspectos positivos en lo que respecta a la seguridad en las regiones, se hizo especial énfasis con respecto al incremento de la inseguridad, pues si bien el acuerdo implicó el fin de la guerra, igualmente se identifican grupos al margen de la ley apropiándose de algunos territorios, así como disidentes del proceso de paz. Es así como la mayoría de encuestados considera que la seguridad en la costa Caribe se considera que el impacto de la firma del acuerdo no ha cambiado la cruda realidad marcada por la violencia de conflictos sociales que permea los territorios y más aún la expresión de sentimiento de desconcierto y desidia sobre lo que ellos consideran sigue siendo la desprotección del Estado. En síntesis, los municipios objeto de la investigación han sido los más afectados por el conflicto armado en la región caribe, toda vez que durante muchos años fueron epicentro de combates entre las FARC y los paramilitares; aunado al olvido gubernamental tanto del orden nacional como del territorial y que a pesar de la firma del acuerdo, se siguen sintiendo abandonados por el Estado.

V magistrskem delu obravnavamo različne politike internacionalizacije visokega šolstva v Sloveniji in na Nizozemskem. Glavni temelj naloge predstavlja analiza in primerjava strateških dokumentov internacionalizacije visokega šolstva obeh izbranih držav. V teoretičnem delu izpostavimo internacionalizacijo v zgodovinski perspektivi. Na kratko opišemo družbenoekonomski kontekst razvoja nizozemskih univerz ter obravnavamo nastanek in razvoj slovenskih in nizozemskih univerz. Osredotočimo se na njihovo poslanstvo ter z njim povezanim položajem jezika v raziskovalni in pedagoški dejavnosti. Opredelimo tudi termin internacionalizacije in navedemo različne definicije. Nato predstavimo oblike internacionalizacije: internacionalizacijo doma, internacionalizacijo kurikuluma ter internacionalizacijo v tujini. V okviru razvoja bolonjskega procesa predstavimo nastanek evropske gospodarske skupnosti, začetke samega procesa ter kritiko njegove neoliberalne zasnove. Raziščemo tudi zelo relevantno temo – transfer izobraževalnih politik. Zaključimo s predstavitvijo jezikovne problematike, to je vedno večja vloga angleščine v pedagoškem in raziskovalnem visokošolskem prostoru ter položaj nacionalnih jezikov. V okviru empiričnega dela najprej ugotavljamo podobnosti in razlike med nacionalnimi politikami internacionalizacije visokega šolstva v Sloveniji in na Nizozemskem ter med politikami na institucionalni ravni – opravimo torej primerjavo Univerze v Ljubljani in Univerze v Amsterdamu. Analiza nacionalnih strateških dokumentov dokazuje, da tako slovensko kot nizozemsko visoko šolstvo sledi podobnim ciljem internacionalizacije. Kot prvo bistveno razliko pa lahko izpostavimo težnjo Nizozemske po povezovanju visokošolskih institucij z gospodarstvom in posledično prevlado gospodarskih motivov za internacionalizacijo. Nasprotno pa internacionalizacijo slovenskega visokega šolstva usmerjajo predvsem politični motivi, saj želi država utrditi prepoznavno podobo nacionalnega visokega šolstva. S tem pa je povezana tudi druga pomembna razlika. V nizozemskih strateških dokumentih je poudarjena namera po konkurenčnosti in prepoznavnosti države na globalni ravni, medtem ko je v slovenskih strateških dokumentih v ospredju potreba po vzpostavitvi regionalne identitete. Nizozemska se torej usmerja v bolj globalno internacionalizacijo, Slovenija pa v regionalno. Državi sta si podobni v tem, da vidita internacionalizacijo kot poglavitni dejavnik pri razvoju svojega visokega šolstva, ki rezultira v izboljšanje njegove kakovosti. Analiza politike internacionalizacije dveh osrednjih univerz v obeh država pokaže, da je zaradi statusa mednarodne in dvojezične univerze Univerze v Amsterdamu internacionalizacija njena ključna značilnost, medtem ko je ljubljanska univerza pri svoji internacionalizaciji dokaj omejena. Zaradi svoje izrazite mednarodne usmerjenosti Univerza v Amsterdamu izvaja pouk v t. i. mednarodni predavalnici. Nizozemska in njene univerze so že – gledano z zgodovinske perspektive – veliko bolj mednarodno odprte. Slednje pa je prispevalo k temu, da Nizozemska spada med najbogatejše države na svetu. Prednost bogatih držav pa niso le zadostna finančna sredstva za implementacijo optimalne internacionalizacije, ampak tudi »privilegij« postavljanja trendov na področju internacionalizacije. Preučujemo tudi medsebojno skladnost strateških dokumentov v posamezni državi ter način odražaja ciljev bolonjskega procesa v ciljih strateških dokumentov. Ugotovimo, da je v nizozemskih strateških dokumentih v primerjavi s slovenskimi prisotno bistveno večje ujemanje v ključnih oziroma prioritetnih ciljih, kar je mogoče pripisati aktivni vključenosti nizozemskih univerz pri oblikovaju politik. Bolonjski cilji so izraženi v obeh državnih in obeh institucionalnih strategijah internacionalizacije. Izpostavili bi cilj pospeševanja mobilnosti, ki se pojavi v vseh štirih strategijah. Na koncu raziskujemo, kako državi urejata oziroma rešujeta vprašanje jezika visokega šolstva. Ugotovili smo, da v obeh državah zakona, ki urejata področje visokega šolstva, izpostavljata skrb za materinščino. Ta naloga spada v okvir visokošolskih zavodov. Univerza v Amsterdamu ima – za razliko od Univerze v Ljubljani – oblikovano svojo jezikovno strategijo, v kateri je pojasnjeno, na kakšen način se izbere oziroma določi jezik poučevanja, s čimer je odločitev o jeziku poučevanja olajšana. Kot je pokazala primerjava različnih dokumentov s področja visokega šolstva in strategij, je današnja internacionalizacija v različnih državah pod vplivom tako sodobnih procesov, konkretneje bolonjskega procesa, kot tudi različnih zgodovinskih dejavnikov oziroma okoliščin. Enake politike internacionalizacije se torej v različnih okoljih implementirajo različno. S tem tudi potrjujemo ugotovitev de Wita in F. Hunter (2015, str. 2), da ni modela internacionalizacije, ki bi ustrezal vsem. ; Internationalisation of Higher Education in Slovenia and the Netherlands After the Implementation of the Bologna Process In this thesis, we discuss the different internationalisation policies of higher education in Slovenia and the Netherlands. Analysing and comparing the strategic documents about the internationalisation of higher education in the chosen countries is the basis of the following thesis. In the theoretical part, we put internationalisation in a historical perspective. We concisely describe the socioeconomic context of the development of Dutch universities and analyse the origins and development of Slovene and Dutch universities. Furthermore, we focus on the mission of universities and their related position of language in research and teaching. We also define internationalisation and present its different definitions. Additionally, we introduce the forms of internationalisation: internationalisation at home, internationalisation of the curriculum, and internationalisation abroad. In the context of the development of the Bologna Process, we present the emergence of the European Economic Community, the beginnings of the process itself, and a critique of its neo-liberal concept. Moreover, we also explore the transfer of educational policies. We conclude by presenting the language issues, i.e., the growing role of English in teaching and research in higher education, and the position of national languages. In the empirical part, we first identify similarities and differences between national policies on the internationalisation of higher education in Slovenia and the Netherlands. Then we examine the policies at the institutional level by comparing the University of Ljubljana and the University of Amsterdam. Analysis of national strategy documents shows that both Slovenian and Dutch higher education pursue similar internationalisation objectives. However, the first significant difference is the Dutch tendency to connect higher education institutions with the economy. Consequently, economic motives for internationalisation prevail. In contrast, the internationalisation of Slovenian higher education is driven primarily by political motives, as the country wants to consolidate a recognisable national higher education. Nonetheless, there is another important difference. The Dutch strategy documents emphasise the intention to make the country competitive and visible on a global level, while the Slovenian strategy documents focus on the need to establish a regional identity. The Netherlands is therefore moving towards a more global internationalisation, whereas Slovenia moves towards a regional one. At the same time, they both perceive internationalisation as the crucial factor in developing higher education. Particularly, in the context of increasing its quality. The two countries are similar in the way they see internationalisation – as the major factor in the development of their higher education and as means to enhance its quality. An analysis of the internationalisation policies of the two central universities in both countries shows that, due to its status as an international and bilingual university, internationalisation is a leading feature of the University of Amsterdam. On the contrary, the University of Ljubljana is somewhat limited in its internationalisation. Due to its strong international orientation, the University of Amsterdam holds its classes in a so-called "international classroom." Historically viewed, The Netherlands and its universities have been much more internationally opened. This has contributed to the Netherlands being one of the wealthiest countries in the world. The advantage of rich countries is not only having sufficient financial resources to implement optimal internationalisation, but also the "privilege" of setting trends in the area of internationalisation. We also look at the coherence between the strategic documents in each country and how the objectives of the Bologna Process are reflected in the objectives of the strategic documents. We have found out that there is a significantly higher congruence in the key objectives in the Dutch strategic document compared to the Slovenian ones. The reason for that could be the active involvement of Dutch universities in policymaking. The Bologna objectives are reflected in both national and both institutional internationalisation strategies. We aim to highlight the objective of promoting mobility, which appears in all four strategies. Lastly, we explore the way of how countries are addressing the issue of the language of higher education. We have discovered that the laws governing higher education emphasise care for the mother tongue in both countries. The University of Amsterdam has constructed a language strategy that explains how the instruction language is chosen and determined. By doing so, the decision for the instruction language is less complicated. At the moment, the University of Ljubljana still does not have the same approach. By comparing different higher education documents and strategies, we have shown that contemporary changes (specifically the Bologna Process) and various historical factors have influenced internationalisation today. The same internationalisation policies are therefore implemented differently in various contexts. This also confirms the observation made by de Wit and F. Hunter (2015, p. 2) that there is "no one model that fits all".

[spa] Desde el primer momento en que a una agrupación humana la llamamos sociedad, la democracia surge de manera necesaria en forma de una totalidad ética, donde transcurrirá la vida humana y donde se constituirá la realidad histórica que nos figuramos al paso de nuestra existencia en tanto que humanos. Esta es la tesis fundamental, a partir de la cual esbozaremos la presente teoría de la eticidad democrática. La democracia es su contenido y le da su condición de necesidad, para su aplicación en lo que nos queda por vivir del presente siglo. Su elaboración está motivada por la convicción de que debemos conseguir el esbozo de una teoría consistente que nos ofrezca los instrumentos necesarios para abordar las problemáticas inherentes a un mundo de la vida eminentemente humana, donde la democracia es lo permanente y constitutivo de su propia naturaleza. Esta teoría es un sistema lógico-deductivo constituido por varias tesis comprobadas, verificadas y demostradas sistemáticamente, mediante observaciones que practica- mos sobre nuestra realidad factual, desde un punto de vista de la eticidad democrática. De esta metodología, basada en el contraste de lo observado con lo teorizado, obtenemos modelos interpretativos de la realidad sociopolítica, así como se nos define un robusto campo de aplicación, orientado hacia una exitosa formulación de propuestas prácticas que favorezcan el amplio despliegue de la democracia en el mundo de la vida. La fundamentación de los principios que dimanan de nuestra teoría son el resul- tado de la ampliación que practicamos sobre el legado del pensamiento de Axel Honneth. De él, nos prohijamos su teoría de "la lucha por el reconocimiento", para fundamentar nuestra tesis nuclear sobre la democracia, la cual nos quedará situada a nivel de la infra- estructura social. Esto nos conduce, necesariamente, hacia la ampliación de su idea de "eticidad democrática", en la medida que detectamos que la democracia se encuentra sometida a altos niveles de estrés por causa de una cascada de acontecimientos que la amenazan. La expresión efectiva de la democracia en el ámbito destinado a su encuentro desafortunado con la institución del Estado, tal y como éste es en su realidad factual, nos obliga a redimensionar el concepto de eticidad democrática, a fin de dar una explicación plausible y realista de las problemáticas sobrevenidas en nuestra actualidad. Esta condición nos sumerge en la exploración de nuestra realidad factual, desde la perspectiva que nos ofrece la ampliación que aquí practicamos del conjunto teórico desplegado por Honneth, bajo los presupuestos dimanados de una Anerkennung hege- liana actualizada. Mediante ello, llegamos a la conclusión de que la eticidad democrática, más allá de una mera esfera de la colaboración cooperativa democrática, como sería el caso para Honneth, debe ser comprendida y abordada en la práctica, desde los fundamentos que nos aporta el conocimiento, aquí adquirido, de las dos dimensiones concéntricas que la constituyen, a saber: en un lado, tenemos la dimensión moral-política de la eticidad de- mocrática, donde, desde el individuo hacia su realización ética en la totalidad de eventos políticos vividos durante su existencia social, se llevan a cabo las relaciones recognoscitivas entre éste, como ciudadano en oposición deliberativa con sus demás camaradas de la interacción, y su marco institucional de la acción democrática, dentro del que dicho tipo de relaciones se hace realidad; en el otro lado, tenemos la dimensión jurídico-procedimental, la cual ejerce su movimiento regulador en sentido contrario, partiendo desde las condiciones de posibilidad del reconocimiento del ciudadano, como sujeto autodeterminado políticamente, hacia un individuo reconocido por sus instituciones en sus capaci-dades eficientes transformadoras. La presente teoría de la eticidad democrática para el siglo XXI tiene como objeto dar las bases teóricas necesarias para ayudar a la democracia a su adecuación al concepto. Ello exige la renovación, aquí planteada, de un ser social democrático que sea el genuino protagonista de los próximos acontecimientos de nuestro siglo. La democracia, aquí, es el en-sí indestructible, es el pertinaz significante de un mundo de la vida con sentido, que exige, hoy, ser el contenido de una teoría que permita su efectiva expansión en la realidad de los hechos y que, de cuyos presupuestos y de los campos de aplicación posibles que de ella surjan, encontremos la manera de que, en este siglo, como decía Honneth, vivamos lo menos escindidos posible. ; [eng] Since the first moment in which we detect that a human group acquires the form of a society, democracy arises necessarily in the manner of an ethical totality, where human life starts becoming real, as well as historical reality, that we represent ourselves today, will constitute, while we exist as humans. This is the fundamental thesis, from which we will build the present theory of a democratic ethical life. Democracy is its content and gives it its condition of necessity for its application during current century. Its elaboration is motivated by the conviction that we must achieve the outline of a consistent theory capable to offer us the necessary instruments to address the inherent problems in a world of life eminently human, in which democracy is the permanent and constitutive of its own nature. This theory is a logical-deductive system made up of several theses that are systematically verified, through observations that we practice over our factual reality, from the point of view set on a democratic ethical life. Up from this methodology, based on the contrast of what is observed with what is theorized, we obtain interpretive models of the socio-political reality, as well as we can define a robust field for application for them, oriented towards a successful formulation of practical proposals that favour the wide deployment of democracy in the world of life. The foundation of principles that emanate from our theory are the result of the extension that we practice on the legacy brought for us, by Axel Honneth. From him, we adopt his theory of "the struggle for recognition", to base our core thesis on democracy, which will remain at the level of the social infrastructure. This leads us, neces- sarily, towards broadening his idea of "democratic ethical life", to the extent that we detect that democracy is subjected to high levels of stress due to a cascade of events that threaten it. The effective expression of democracy in the area destined to its unfortunate encounter with the institution of the State, as it is in its factual reality, forces us to redimension the concept of democratic ethical life, in order to give a plausible and realistic explanation of the problems that arise today. This condition immerses us in the exploration of our actuality, from the perspective offered by the expansion that we practice here of the theoretical set deployed by Honneth, under the assumptions derived from an updated Hegelian Anerkennung. Through this, we come to the conclusion that democratic ethical life, far beyond a mere sphere of democratic cooperative collaboration, as would be the case for Honneth, must be understood and addressed in practice, from the foundations provided by the here acquired knowledge of the two concentric dimensions that constitute it, namely: on the one hand, we have the moral-political dimension of democratic ethical life, where, from the individual to his ethical realization in all political events experienced during his social existence, recognition relations are carried out between him, as a citizen in deliberative opposition with his other comrades of the interaction, and his institutional framework opened to a democratic action, within which said type of relations becomes a reality. On the other side, we have the legal-procedural dimension, which exerts its regulatory movement in the opposite direction, starting from the conditions of possibility of a recognition to the citizen as a politically self-determined subject, towards an individual recognized by his institutions in his efficient transforming capacities. The present theory of democratic ethical life for the 21st century aims to provide the theoretical bases necessary to help democracy to adapt to its concept. This requires the renewal, proposed here, of a democratic social being that is the genuine protagonist of the upcoming events of our century. Democracy, here, is the indestructible in-itself, it is the persistent signifier of a world of life with genuine human meaning, which demands, today, to be the content of a theory that allows its effective expansion in the reality of the facts and that, from whose assumptions and possible fields of application that arise from it, we can find a way that, in current times, as Honneth said, we can live as less divided as possible.

La presente tesis doctoral nace de la necesidad de pensar otras formas de ejercer la clínica con pacientes pediátricos ingresados en psiquiatría. Durante las últimas décadas, se advirtió un significativo incremento en la prescripción de psicofármacos y una reducción alarmante en los tiempos de las consultas psicológicas. En España, desde la crisis del año 2008, los hospitales públicos han sufrido recortes estructurales por parte del gobierno central y autonómico para la dotación de recursos humanos e institucionales. La sobrecarga laboral de los profesionales, unida a un incremento en la demanda de los servicios, estimulan el ejercicio de una clínica basada en la urgencia de la remisión sintomática y no en el abordaje de los pacientes como sujetos-parlantes. Los pacientes de psiquiatría acaban por recibir tratamientos farmacológicos que no interpelan las lógicas del malestar; sino que anestesian el sufrimiento. Si bien, la psiquiatría actual intenta abandonar los dispositivos disciplinarios descritos por Michael Foucault; termina por abrazar nuevos dispositivos que ejercen un borramiento de la subjetividad. En los primeros, el control se ejercía desde la coerción; en los segundos, el control ostenta un semblante amigable, pero se convierte en enajenante. Así, la píldora remplaza a la camisa de fuerza y se arriba a una violencia velada a la que no se le interpone resistencia. En este contexto, es fundamental plantear otros escenarios hospitalarios alejados de la industria farmacológica y de la burocracia del sistema sanitario, para un ejercicio más humano de la clínica. Con la intención de introducir una tecnología que aloje la palabra del sujeto-corporal, se diseñó un dispositivo capaz de facilitar la narrativa de los textos de los pacientes y de contemplar la corporalidad como espacio de escritura subjetiva y colectiva. Para poder crear una pausa a las inercias hospitalarias, se construyó un dispositivo de teatro dentro del ingreso a psiquiatría en un hospital público y pediátrico de la Comunidad de Madrid. El teatro ofrecía, como característica principal, la posibilidad de que los participantes pudieran decir lo que quisiesen y nada sería vetado. Podían expresar cualquier idea sin que las mismas se expusieran al tamiz de la censura. Este dispositivo permitió vencer las barreras del sistema médico e implantar una clínica disidente frente a los protocolos del hospital. De esta manera, el dispositivo de teatro que se propuso fue pensado para ser implementado en un microespacio temporal y su instrumentalización en la clínica no fue concebido como universalista. En esta investigación, se considera al teatro como una tecnología del yo capaz de ofrecer un andamiaje para la construcción discursiva de la subjetividad. La forma de entender la tecnología teatral, como estructura estructurante, fue nombrada tramoya; la manera de ejercer la clínica, desde la concepción del sujeto corporal, psíquico, socio-cultural y político, fue llamada transclínica. En la investigación se trabajó con una población de niños y adolescentes entre 8 y 18 años con diagnóstico de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), anorexia y bulimia. Los participantes se encontraban ingresados en el servicio de psiquiatría de un hospital público de la Comunidad de Madrid. Durante el período 2014 y 2018, años en los que se realizó el trabajo de campo, asistieron 236 participantes y se impartieron 160 sesiones de teatro. Todos los participantes del espacio habían sido previamente derivados por su psiquiatra tratante. Como metodología de investigación, se utilizó el método etnográfico; como unidad de análisis, se construyó la escena. Debe ser entendida la escena como la unidad básica a la que se arribó para el estudio cualitativo de los datos; ya que conforma un constructo artificial que posibilitó aislar las variables intervinientes en la implementación del dispositivo transclínico de la tramoya. Para el análisis de los datos, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente ocho escenas sucedidas en el trabajo de campo. El análisis se realizó desde una mirada interdisciplinar, cuya aproximación consistió en un análisis semiológico del texto y en la interpretación de la participación activa de los cuerpos. De esta manera, no se analizó solo la hermenéutica del texto y de sus autorías; sino, también, los gestos y las expresiones corporales de los autores. Las escenas revelaron los efectos de incorporar el dispositivo de la tramoya en la construcción discursiva de los pacientes ingresados en psiquiatría. Al crear espacios donde la palabra del paciente pudiera circular sin censura, se estableció un corte transversal en el continuum del tratamiento psiquiátrico. Durante las sesiones de teatro se observó que los pacientes adquirían mayor ductilidad en la expresión verbal y mayor movilidad de sus cuerpos. La implementación de la metáfora teatral favoreció la construcción de textos para ser pronunciados por las voces de los pacientes desde el rol del personaje. Este juego dialéctico posibilitó plantear nuevas vías creativas y colectivas para alojar el malestar. ; The following doctoral thesis aims the need to find different ways to practice the clinic with pediatric patients admitted to psychiatry. In the last decades, psychotropic prescription increased significantly, and psychological consultations times decreased alarmingly. Since the 2008 crisis, public hospitals have suffered structural cuts by the central and regional Spanish governments. Professionals' work overload, in conjunction with higher demand for services, stimulates the practice of a clinic based on the urgency of symptomatic remission rather than on the patients' approach as speaking-subjects. Hence, psychiatry patients receive pharmacological treatments that, instead of questioning the logic of the ailment, anesthetize the suffering. Although current psychiatry tries to abandon the disciplinary devices determined by Michael Foucault, it ends up embracing new mechanisms that exert a blurring of subjectivity. In the previous ones, coercion exercised the control; in the seconds shows a friendly face, but it becomes alienating. Thus, the pill replaces the straitjacket and leads to veiled violence, where there is no resistance. In this context, more humane practice of the clinic needs to propose hospital settings far from the pharmacological industry and the health system bureaucracy. An artifact was designed to introduce a technology that accommodates the word of the subject-body. It facilitates the narrative of the patients' texts and of contemplates corporality as a space for subjective and collective writing. A theater device was built within the entrance to psychiatry in a public and pediatric hospital in the Community of Madrid to create a pause to hospital inertias. As a central feature, the theater offered the possibility that the participants could express any idea without any objection. This device controls the barriers of the medical system and implements a dissident clinic against hospital protocols. Thus, the proposed theater device intended to be implemented in a micro-space-time and not conceived as universalist when used in the clinic. In this investigation, the theater offers a technology of the self-capable of providing scaffolding for the discursive construction of subjectivity. The way of understanding theatrical technology, as a structuring structure, was named tramoya. The style of exercising the clinic, from the conception of the subject-body, psychic, socio-cultural, and political, was called transclinical. This research encompasses a population of children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years old with an eating disorder (TCA), anorexia, and bulimia diagnosis. Participants were admitted to the psychiatry service of a public hospital in the Community of Madrid. Fieldwork carried out between 2014 and 2018 lead to the 236 participants attended, and 160 theater sessions taught. Their treating psychiatrist has previously referred all participants in the space. The ethnographic method was the research methodology, and the scene was constructed as a unit of analysis. The scene understood as the basic unit for the qualitative study of the data due to its artificial construct that made it possible to isolate the variables involved in the implementation of the transclinical device of the tramoya. For data analysis, eight scenes that occurred in the fieldwork were randomly selected. The analysis was performed from an interdisciplinary perspective, whose approach consisted of a semiological analysis of the text and the interpretation of the active participation of the bodies. Thereby not only the hermeneutic of the text and its authorships were analyzed but also authors' gestures and body expressions. The scenes revealed the effects of incorporating the tramoya device into the discursive construction of patients admitted to psychiatry. By creating spaces where the patient's word could circulate uncensored, a cross-section was established in the continuum of psychiatric treatment. During theater sessions, it was observed that patients acquired higher ductility in verbal expression and greater mobility of their bodies. Theatrical metaphor implementation favored the construction of texts pronounced by the patient voices from the character's role. This dialectical game made it possible to propose new creative and collective ways to accommodate the discomfort. ; Programa de Doctorado en Humanidades por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Julio Enrique Checa Puerta.- Vocales: Fernanda María Álvarez Chamale.- Secretario: José María Álvarez Martínez

RESUMEN: El calabacín (Cucurbita pepo L.) es una de las hortalizas más importantes a nivel mundial. Esta especie es, en general, poco susceptible a enfermedades causadas por hongos de suelo con síntomas en las raíces y base del tallo, sin embargo, en la primavera 2007 se detectó por primera vez en la provincia de Almería una enfermedad telúrica que causaba marchitez, clorosis, necrosis en la base del tallo, y finalmente la muerte de las plantas. El agente causal fue identificado como Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. cucurbitae (Snyder y Hans). Este hongo ascomiceto tiene una especificad parasitaria sobre las cucurbitáceas, y es capaz de infectar en condiciones de campo a melón, sandía, pepino y calabaza. Puede transmitirse a través de las semillas y producir clamidosporas para conservarse en el suelo. La presente tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de esta forma especializada de Fusarium solani, así como de diversos métodos para su control. De esta forma, en el Capítulo II se comienza con la realización de una prospección fitopatológica en invernaderos de la provincia de Almería, principalmente dedicados al cultivo de calabacín, aunque también se visitaron invernaderos donde se cultivaban pepino, melón o sandía. Una vez confirmada la extensión de la enfermedad a lo largo de la provincia de Almería, se obtuvo una colección de aislados, y se realizó un estudio detallado de una selección de éstos. Para ello en primer lugar se estudió el poder patógeno sobre plantas y frutos de calabacín. Todos los aislados de F. solani estudiados, excepto uno, fueron altamente patógenos causando enfermedad en todas las plantas inoculadas, y una elevada tasa de mortandad. Además, todos los aislados fueron capaces de producir podredumbre en los frutos. A partir de estos resultados se seleccionó un aislado moderadamente agresivo y un aislado muy agresivo, y se estudió su patogenicidad sobre varias especies de cucurbitáceas, así como varias especies pertenecientes a otras familias botánicas ampliamente cultivadas en la provincia de Almería. Los resultados confirmaron la especificidad parasitaria de esta forma especializada sobre las cucurbitáceas, que resultaron todas susceptibles frente a la enfermedad, mientras que el resto de las especies ensayadas no resultaron ser hospedadoras. Se observaron diferencias entre las distintas especies, resultando elpepino significativamente menos susceptible que el resto de cucurbitáceas. Posteriormente, se describieron las principales características morfológicas de F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, entre las que destacan la producción de fiálidas largas y verticiladas, la formación de macroconidias relativamente largas y finas, así como la producción de largas cadenas de clamidosporas. Por último, a partir de las secuencias del factor de elongación traslación 1-α (EF 1-α) y de la segunda mayor subunidad de la RNA polimerasa II (RPB2) se realizó un estudio filogénico y se confirmó el encuadre de estos aislados dentro del complejo de especies de Fusarium solani (FSSC), mostrando que los aislados forman un grupo monofilético situado en el clado 3 del FSSC. En el Capítulo III se describe la primera detección de la podredumbre de la base del tallo del melón en España; y en el Capítulo IV se describe la primera detección de Phytophthora capsici causando podredumbre de la base del tallo del calabacín en España, una enfermedad de síntomas similares a los causados por F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Por último, en el Capítulo V se estudian diversos métodos para el control de la podredumbre de la base del tallo del calabacín. En primer lugar, se investigó la conservación del hongo durante 18 meses en sacos de perlita infestados con el patógeno. Una vez se verificó la capacidad del mismo para sobrevivir en los sacos, se evaluaron varios métodos para el control de la enfermedad. En primer lugar se estudió el control genético mediante la caracterización de la susceptibilidad de una serie de cultivares comerciales de calabacín frente a le enfermedad, quedando patente que todos ellos fueron altamente susceptibles. Se ensayaron diversos productos químicos y formulados microbiológicos, entre los que se detectaron tres sustancias, procloraz, metil-tiofanato y carbendazima como altamente eficaces para su control, aunque su uso no está actualmente autorizado en calabacín en la Unión Europea. Por último, se probó la solarización y biosolarización de invernaderos con sistema de enarenado para la eliminación del inóculo del suelo durante periodos de seis semanas, demostrándose que ambos métodos son eficaces para la eliminación del inóculo del suelo y por tanto son adecuados para prevenir la enfermedad en posteriores cultivos. ABSTRACT: Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is one of the most important crops produced worldwide. This species is generally not very susceptible to fungal soilborne diseases, however, in the spring of 2007, a telluric disease causing wilt, chlorosis, crown necrosis, and finally the death of the plants was detected for the first time in the province of Almería. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. cucurbitae (Snyder and Hans). This ascomycete fungus has host specificity on cucurbits, being able to infect melons, watermelons, cucumbers and squashes in field conditions. The pathogen may be seed-transmitted and it produces chlamydospores which can survive in the soil after the incidence of the disease. This doctoral thesis has focused on the study of this forma specialis of F. solani, as well as in the assessment of several methods for disease control. Chapter II starts conducting a disease survey in greenhouses within the province of Almería, most of them dedicated to the cultivation of zucchini, although we also visited greenhouses dedicated to the cultivation of cucumber, melon and watermelon. Once the spread of the disease throughout the province of Almería was confirmed, a collection of isolates was obtained, and a detailed study of a selection of them was carried out. For this purpose, their pathogenicity on plants and fruits of zucchini was first studied. All isolates of F. solani studied except one were highly pathogenic to zucchini plants, causing disease in all inoculated plants, and a high mortality rate. In addition, all the isolates were able to produce fruit rot. From these results, a moderately aggressive isolate and a very aggressive one were selected, and their pathogenicity was studied on the main species belonging to the cucurbit family, as well as several species belonging to other botanical families that are widely cultivated in the province of Almeria. The results confirmed the host specificity of this special form on cucurbits, which were all susceptible to the disease, while the rest of the species tested were not hosts of the disease. Differences in susceptibility among the different cucurbits were observed, being cucumber significantly less susceptible to the disease. In addition, the main morphological characters of F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae were described, among which the production of long and verticillate phialides, the formation of relatively long and slender macroconidia, as well as the production of long chlamydospore chains were the most remarkable characters. Finally, from the sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF 1-α) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), a phylogenetic study was conducted which confirmed the classification of these isolates within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), showing that the isolates form a monophyletic group within clade 3 of the FSSC. Chapter III describes the first detection of the Fusarium crown and foot rot of meloncaused by F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae in Spain; and Chapter IV describes the first detection of Phytophthora capsici causing Crown and root rot in zucchini in Spain, a disease with similar symptoms to those caused by F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Finally, Chapter V discusses various methods for controlling the Fusarium crown and foot rot of zucchini. First, the survival of the fungus in infested bags of perlite was assessed for 18 months. Once its ability to survive in the bags was verified, several methods for disease control were studied. First, genetic control was investigated by characterizing the susceptibility of several commercial zucchini cultivars to the disease, confirming that all of them were highly susceptible. Also, various chemical products and microbiological formulations were tested, among which three substances, prochloraz, thiophanate- methyl and carbendazim were highly effective in the control of the disease, although its use is not currently authorized in zucchini in the European Union. Finally, six-week periods of solarization and biosolarization of greenhouses with the so-called enarenado system for elimination of the inoculum in the soil were tested, and their efficacy for reducing the inoculum from the soil was demonstrated, and therefore they can be considered effective tools for preventing a disease outbreak in subsequent crops

El trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo de estudio la representación discursiva de la figura de la mujer política española. El análisis se enfrenta desde un punto de vista contrastivo, italiano-español, concentrando la atención en los medios de comunicación digitales de ambos países y de ideología contrapuesta. Los estudios y el análisis del lenguaje empleado en los medios de comunicación revelan que la función de informar o entretener quedan relegados al objetivo principal que es el de crear ideologías o, cuanto menos, reforzar las establecidas con el fin de mantener el estatus quo social y económico. Visto el tema objeto de estudio, los instrumentos metodológicos implicados se irán desarrollando en un doble sentido. Por un lado, se inscribe necesariamente en el ámbito de los principales estudios socio-culturales y de género (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernández 2008, 2010, etc.) en relación con los medios de comunicación. Por otro lado, se centra en el análisis de las principales estrategias lingüísticas presentes en los medios digitales que componen el corpus. La investigación se desarrolla al interno del cuadro general de los estudios del Análisis del Discurso (T. Van Dijk, R. Wodak, N. Fairclough, etc.) y, en lo específico y, dada la compleja polifónica de este tipo de discurso, la metodología usada es avalada por los instrumentos de la Lingüística Pragmática y de los estudios de la (des)cortesía (D. Bravo, A. Briz, E. Brenes, H. Haverkate, C. Fuentes Rodríguez.) La hipótesis de partida está formulada desde la perspectiva del género de la mujer y su imagen pública como miembro integrante del grupo social de la política de acciones dirigidas a la composición de cargos representativos. En este sentido, la mujer política española soporta todavía en cierta medida el estereotipo asignado a la mujer que se proyecta desvelar a través del fenómeno de la (des)cortesía en los medios de comunicación escritos. Los objetivos del proyecto de tesis se articulan entorno a tres temas principales: a) Ampliar los escasos estudios del análisis del fenómeno de la (des)cortesía en los textos escritos, por lo que esta investigación supone una aportación científica que permitirá avanzar las teorías de la (des)cortesía. b) Identificar y describir la imagen pública de la mujer política y su representación en los medios de comunicación escritos. c) Descubrir la igualdad o desigualdad de género en los medios de comunicación escritos en el ámbito de la política. Los estudios más recientes entorno al fenómeno de la (des)cortesía se desarrollan desde la perspectiva de la Lingüística Pragmática. Esta propuesta teórica aspira a unir lo lingüístico y lo extralingüístico, es decir, pone en relieve el contexto donde se suceden los actos lingüísticos y distingue el plano microestructural (el material lingüístico seleccionado) y el macroestructural (plano enunciativo, modal, informativo y argumentativo) del tipo discursivo. Contrariamente a otras líneas de investigación, desde la Lingüística Pragmática se considera que la cortesía no solo surge en la conversación oral, sino que también aparece en los textos escritos, incluso aquellos que están dirigidos hacia un receptor múltiple o indefinido (Fuentes Rodríguez 2011; p. 32-33). Por otro lado, los estudios realizados en torno a la representación de la mujer en la esfera pública coinciden en que las mujeres líderes se encuentran en minoría en las posiciones de poder y que la mujer política aún sigue siendo representada de forma estereotipada en los medios (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernández 2008, 2010, etc.). En el ámbito de la política viene justificada, en parte, por la tardía incorporación de la mujer a la política, pero, por otro lado, los medios de comunicación en su firmeza de crear ideologías o reforzar aquellas ya establecidas, tienden a representar a la mujer desnaturalizada en un espacio que no se le atribuye haciendo que su presencia se valore a través de elementos ajenos a su proceder político, que queda en un segundo plano, ocultando las actuaciones a favor de las apariencias. En este sentido, mediante el análisis del fenómeno de la (des)cortesía de los textos, quedará evidenciado el objetivo final de los medios de comunicación escritos, sin obviar la fuerza referencial que ejercen sobre la sociedad convirtiéndose en entidad representativa de ésta. Con este trabajo se pretende analizar y describir las estrategias discursivas y recursos argumentativos empleados en los textos escritos destinados a reforzar o destruir estereotipos alojados en el imaginario colectivo respecto a la imagen de la mujer política. Todo el estudio estará enmarcado desde las pautas establecidas de las teorías de la (des)cortesía (Bravo, Briz, Brenes, Haverkate, Fuentes Rodríguez, etc.). La unidad de análisis de este trabajo engloba tanto artículos de información como editoriales y artículos de opinión y desde un punto de vista contrastivo, italianos y españoles, concentrado la atención en los medios de comunicación digitales de ideología contrapuesta de ambos países. ; The research work aims to study the discursive representation of the figure of the Spanish female politician. The analysis presents a comparative view, Italian-Spanish, focusing on the digital mass media from both countries and opposite ideologies. Studies and analyses on the language in the mass media show that information and entertainment are secondary functions, as the real aim is to create/build ideologies and strengthen them in order to keep the social and economic status quo. Having seen the object of study, the methodological instruments used are developed in two ways. On the one hand, this study follows the stream constituted by the main sociocultural and gender studies (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernández 2008, 2010, etc.) regarding the mass media. On the other hand, the analysis focuses on the principal language strategies of mass media from our corpus. The research is developed within the general framework of the Critical Discourse Analysis (T. Van Dijk, R. Wodak, N. Fairclough, etc.). Because of the polyphonic complexity of this type of discourse, the methodology is based on the Pragmatic Linguistics and the studies on (Im)politeness (Bravo, Briz, Brenes, Haverkate, Fuentes Rodríguez.). The hypothesis is formulated starting from the female gender and face (E. Goffman, 1967) as member of the social group of politicians in representative positions. In this sense, the Spanish female politician still bears the assigned stereotype, which can be seen in (im)politeness phenomena to be found in written mass media. The aims of this research are about three main topics: a) Expanding the few existing studies about the analysis of the (im)politeness phenomenon in written texts. b) Identifying and describing the face of the female politician and her representation in the written mass media. c) Discovering gender equality or inequality in written political media. Recent studies about the (im)politeness phenomenon have been developed according to the Pragmatic Linguistics perspective. This theoretical approach aims to connect what islinguistic with what is extralinguistic, highlighting the context where linguistic acts take place and differentiating the macro (linguistic material select) and the micro structure (enunciative, modal, informative and argumentative plane) of the type of discourse taken into account. Unlike other research lines, according to the Pragmatic Linguistic perspective, politeness is found, not only in oral conversations but also in written texts, even if they are directed towards multiple and indefinite recipients (Fuentes Rodríguez 2011; p. 32-33). On the other hand, existing studies about the representation of women in the public sphere agree on the fact that female leaders are a minority and that the female politician stereotype is still represented in the mass media (Aday y Devitt, 2001; Braden 1996; Falk, 2008, Fernandez 2008, 2010, etc.). In the political sphere this is justified because it represents a relatively new role for women, but in the mass media the steadiness in building ideologies and reinforcing them tends to represent the woman as denatured, in a space originally not attributed to her. The female presence is in fact represented through elements unrelated to her political behaviour, which remains in the background, this way hiding her actions in favour of her appearance. In this sense, through the analysis of the (im)politeness phenomenon in texts, it is highlighted the main aim of the written mass media, without denying their power and standing in society, because they have become a representative entity of it. In this research we analyse and describe discursive strategies and argumentative recourses present in written texts to reinforce or destroy stereotypes regarding the face of the female politician.

The South-South cooperation (SSC) dates back to the fifties, and since then it has evolved as a socially constructed idea by developing countries around a collective identity, the main principles on which it has been formed being horizontality, solidarity, reciprocity and independence. The ideological structure that has shaped it has been influenced by ideas and facts that are interrelated from different narratives. Norms and institutions have been the result of transformations in the international development cooperation architecture, especially after the end of the Cold War. As a political instrument, the SSC has gained greater scope for consultation and negotiation throughout the 21st century. From the discourse, it has been consolidated as a complement to North-South cooperation, in its practice is an instrument for the exchange of ideas, policies and experiences between developing countries that have, or think they have, related political, historical and socioeconomic characteristics. Norms, identities and interests are key concepts in the process of the SSC ideas construction. Therefore, the social constructivism of policy diffusion is the approach used for this analysis. It allows for asking questions and understanding world politics and its social structure, as well as the possibility of change in international relations, especially the place of the Southern countries. The main propose of this article is to understand the process of the regional governance formation process of the SSC in Latin America during the XXI century, analyzing the role of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat as an international organization that has allowed the political diffusion of ideas and practices between the countries of the region. As a vehicle for the political diffusion of ideas, practices and experiences among the countries of the region, this organization represents a step forward for the construction of a global SSC. To analyze it from the SSC ideational structures, the methodology used is a descriptive and interpretive analysis, for which a comprehensive review of the constructivist literatures is made to give shape to the theoretical and conceptual framework on the SSC study. Regarding the historical and conceptual approach to SSC, the most cited academic texts were mainly reviewed, as well as the official sources of the countries indicated in the third part and the annual reports of the Ibero-american General Secretariat. For constructivist scholars, the agent-structure problem raised by Wendt (1987) continues to be an object of investigative interest and also of division, and its study agenda extends to the understanding of various social phenomena, like the SSC case. In the field of international relations, the SSC has been studied to understand it from two perspectives: on the one hand, from the structure, to understand the changes in the distribution of power within international development cooperation, and on the other hand, from the agent (state), which is the focus of this article, to observe the rise of the emerging powers and their behavior in international politics. The SSC, beyond being a technical instrument for the exchange of good practices, is also a field of growing academic and research interest, as reflected by the development of the text with the bibliographic sources used for the analysis. Most of the elements that are included around the analysis are part of the constructivist research agenda, such as organizational structures, narratives, ideas, and even the way in which facts and ideas interrelate to shape the institution of the SCC, as well as the formation of identities and the action and behavior of the states. This article is developed in three sections. The first one, is a theoretical and conceptual review of social constructivism from the perspective of the transnational diffusion of ideas, policies and norms, something that has not been studied enough in the international relations agenda. This is structured as a fundamental guideline for the analytical research. To review the concept of diffusion, first the definition given by Dolowitz and Marsh (2002) of policy transfer is analyzed, a concept that is borrowed from political science, as well as the mechanisms for its diffusion (emulation, coercion, learning and competition), which is subsequently extended to the field of international relations as policy diffusion based on the analysis of Marsh and Sharman (2009). The second part of the article describes the historical evolution of the SSC from its ideational structures. Its purpose is to understand how ideas and facts influence each other and strengthen relations between states via cooperation. Finally, the third part analyzes the process of the national appropriation of SSC in Latin America based on political diffusion through mechanisms such as emulation and learning. From this approach, it is understood that the formation of organizational structures has also been a strength of the regional governance process, where the Latin America countries have used the institutionalization created by the Ibero-American General Secretariat for the systematization of CSS practices. In Latin America, the SSC is consolidated as a tool of regional governance (Ayllón, 2016), because through it, norms have been gradually built that facilitate the exchange of ideas, experiences, public policy development strategies and knowledge that spreads to other geographic regions like a norm cascade (Finnemore, Sikkink, 1998). Governance is a transversal concept within the analysis, this is understood from the classic definition of the Global Governance Commission (1995) that indicates that it is the sum of many ways in which individuals and institutions, public and private, manage common affairs. For the case that is analyzed on the regional governance of the SSC in Latin America, it is understood as the set of narratives, practices and low principles that integrate different agents around common interests. Inside the new architecture of development cooperation, the political and analytical notion of governance is fundamental. States are no longer capable of solving problems on their own (Karns, Mingst and Stiles, 2015), and moreover require the cooperation of others and the coordination of interests based on the perception of common problems. This serves to understand the regional governance process in Latin America, the SSC being an instrument for its formulation and management. Finally, it is concluded that the SSC in Latin America has advanced in the consolidation of technical factors, of how to define and execute it, as same as political factors of how to conceive and guide it based on the construction of a narrative that has been shaped around some common interests and principles. However, the SSC is still a subjective conception of the countries of the South, in which domestic factors determine the dynamism of the diffusion process, as well as their instrumentalization from the political sphere. ; La cooperación Sur-Sur se ha consolidado como una modalidad complementaria a la tradicional cooperación Norte-Sur que, en la práctica, se ha materializado como un instrumento para el intercambio de ideas, políticas y experiencias, que se ejecuta entre países en desarrollo que tienen, o creen tener, elementos políticos, históricos y socioeconómicos afines. Sus orígenes se remontan a la década de los cincuenta, y desde entonces, la estructura ideológica que le ha dado forma ha estado influenciada por ideas y hechos que se interrelacionan a partir de distintas narrativas construidas por los estados, subrayando intereses comunes sobre el lugar que ocupan dentro de la arquitectura de la cooperación al desarrollo. A lo largo del siglo XXI, dicha modalidad ha ido ganando mayores espacios de concertación y negociación como un instrumento político de los países en desarrollo que se sustenta en los principios de horizontalidad, solidaridad, reciprocidad e independencia. Desde un enfoque regional, América Latina, por ejemplo, ha favorecido la creación de instrumentos técnicos que, desde la conceptualización hasta el registro de datos, han llevado a la creación de estructuras normativas para la ejecución de la cooperación Sur-Sur. En esa línea argumentativa, desde un enfoque social constructivista de difusión de ideas, normas y prácticas, este artículo analiza de manera descriptiva y explicativa cómo la región ha fortalecido la práctica de la cooperación Sur-Sur a partir de la identificación de problemáticas comunes y discursos encaminados a definirla desde las estructuras ideacionales. El objetivo de este artículo es entender el proceso de formación de la gobernanza regional de la cooperación Sur-Sur en América Latina, para lo cual, se analiza el rol de la Secretaria General Iberoamericana desde cuya institucionalidad, los países de la región fortalecen la difusión de prácticas e ideas que podrían significar avances para la construcción de una gobernanza global de la cooperación Sur-Sur.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the modern-colonial capitalist system has been consolidated by a Eurocentric logic that has aggravated the North-South gap. Thus the international economic relations that imposed the generation and racialization of labour were forged. In this sense, the assurance of the socio-economic rights of the working class of the Global North was the product of a process imbricated by the factors of modernity, (neo)colonialism and development. Therefore, the urgency of deconstructing the current ecocide and genocidal economic system is presented, for this new world order has profited from the overexploitation and death of thousands of women. This investigation implements a theoretical-methodological intersectional approach, that is to say, to understand the subordination of women there is a need to do so from a set of co-constitutional variables (gender, race, sexuality, spirituality, etc.) and from "situated knowledges" as Donna Haraway puts it. This perspective allows us to go beyond gender oppression, for which it will be essential to actively listen to the experiences of other women who have been marginalized and excluded by hegemonic and Eurocentric feminisms, only considered as objects of study never as political subjects. This work is implicated in the will to study and move towards an alternative reading of international relations. For this purpose, it is my proposal to begin in the feminist margins of decolonial feminisms, from the ideas of thinkers who are characterized by not seeking a consensus but a conversation from difference. Regarding the structure, the first part of the article will present a critique of mainstream international relations discourse from a decolonial perspective. Thus, the aim is to prove through a critique of the hegemonic paradigm that international relations serves the interests of the Global North as a consequence of Eurocentric thinking. Subsequently, the relegation of reproductive work to women linked to the colonial process will be studied. Furthermore, it will seek to demonstrate the effects of the international economic system on the subalternized, racialized, and colonized lives of workers, refugees, or migrants. In relation to this issue, the study and review of historical factors is fundamental because international relations cannot be understood without studying history; that is, the creation of the current international economic system as a consequence of the construction of the international and sexual division of labour and the processes of colonization and racialization. In turn, the above study has as an objective to demonstrate that the care economy is the backbone of the functioning of the international economic system. In other words, if women - traditionally responsible for maintaining lives - went on general strike, the world economy would come to a standstill. Likewise, the violence caused by the modern/colonial capitalist system on the bodies of the subalternized will be analyzed. In this sense, the epistemologies of the South become essential for the study of the neocolonial North-South economic relations where violence against women plays a key role. Examples of this are free-trade zones, extractivism, or in the worst of the cases: wars. Finally, a dialogue between decolonial feminisms and the feminist economy is presented to rethink and justify welfare as a path towards the protection of planetary life. In short, the global context is a system that has ceded the baton to a model that makes it impossible to guarantee the care of lives as a consequence of a nature that is Eurocentric, racist, colonial, heteropatriarchal, ecocidal and so forth. The proposal to urge an alternative is justified through a crisis of a systemic nature which, despite attempts to blur its permanence, is still present through political and socio-economic conflicts. Thus, the Global North is suffering from a process leading to areas that were once part of the centre are now peripheral - as a consequence of the globalised crisis and increased by austerity policies. This consolidates a political, economic, ecological and ethical crisis, which forces us to question the direction in which we are navigating and how we will manage this process, even if this seems inevitable with respect to environmental degradation and being immersed in a context of social hyper-segmentation, where growing inequalities seem to be naturalized and at the same time legitimized. For this reason, this article aims to establish a dialogue between descolonial feminisms and feminist economics to seek a consensus for the creation of a feminist, subversive and common agenda. For this sort of reflection and questioning the presence of international relations becomes indispensable. From the beginning, this discipline should go hand in hand with the transition phase aimed at replacing capital with the care economy and sustainability of life as the epicentre of the system. This research seeks to outline the nonconformity of accepting that history has already been written against those who prevent us from dreaming of the change we want and believe in. But why now? The present moment is decisive. In the face of the threat to planetary life from a destructive economic system, it is more necessary than ever to participate in the creation of another paradigm of international relations through other knowledges. Undoubtedly, the image of the Amazon in flames is further proof of the urgency of initiating a transformation of the global political and socio-economic system. From where and for what purpose is knowledge produced? What role does the economy play within international relations? Who benefits and who is harmed by the globalized capitalist model? Where do women stand within the economic system? Which lives are worth living? Is it possible to initiate an alternative to capitalism from Europe? These questions are not posed with the aim of giving a definitive answer, but with the intention of provoking dialogue and reflection. That is to say, against the logic of the ethics of war, it is manifested to promote the transition of the current international economic system towards a new model for which it will be essential to initiate an analysis of international relations from feminist genealogies and from decolonial thought. ; A partir de la mitad del siglo XX se consolidó el sistema capitalista moderno/colonial, por medio de la lógica eurocéntrica que agravó la brecha Norte-Sur. Así se forjaron las relaciones económicas internacionales que impusieron la engeneración y la racialización del trabajo. En este sentido, la garantía de los derechos socioeconómicos de la clase trabajadora de una parte del planeta (Norte), fue el producto de un proceso imbricado por los factores de modernidad, (neo)colonialismo y desarrollo. De este modo, se presenta la urgencia de deconstruir el sistema económico actual ecologicida y genocida, que ha sido el creador de este nuevo orden mundial que ha rentabilizado la sobreexplotación y la muerte de miles de mujeres. Así, esta investigación bebe de la aplicación de un enfoque teórico-metodológico interseccional, es decir, es necesario entender la subordinación de las mujeres a partir del conjunto de variables co-constitutivas (género, raza, sexualidad, espiritualidad, etcétera) y desde los conocimientos situados de Donna Haraway. Respecto a la estructura, en la primera parte del artículo se presentará una crítica al discurso mainstream de las Relaciones Internacionales desde la perspectiva descolonial. Posteriormente, se estudiará la relegación del trabajo reproductivo a las mujeres vinculada al proceso colonial, además, se pretenderá demostrar los efectos del sistema económico internacional en las vidas de las subalternizadas, sobre las mujeres trabajadoras, las racializadas, las colonizadas, las refugiadas, las trans o las migrantes. En último término, se presenta un diálogo entre los feminismos descoloniales y la economía feminista para repensar y justificar el bienestar como camino hacia la protección de la vida planetaria. En definitiva, el contexto global es un sistema que le ha cedido la batuta a un modelo que imposibilita garantizar el cuidado de las vidas como consecuencia de su naturaleza eurocéntrica, racista, colonial, heteropatriarcal, ecologicida y un largo etcétera. Por esta razón, este artículo abre una puerta al diálogo entre los feminismos descoloniales y la economía feminista para tratar de encontrar consensos que permitan crear una agenda feminista, subversiva y común. Para este camino de reflexión y cuestionamiento la presencia de las Relaciones Internacionales se vuelve indispensable. Esta disciplina debe acompañar, desde el inicio, la fase de transición que consiga desplazar el capital para situar en el epicentro del sistema los cuidados y la sostenibilidad de la vida.

La reciente implantación de la normativa de prevención de riesgos laborales en las Fuerzas Armadas españolas despierta un interés cuyo estudio se considera necesario. Ello es así, porque se ha producido un gran avance en materia de seguridad y salud laboral para el personal militar que hasta el momento no existía, pero su eficacia se ve limitada al excluirse del ámbito de aplicación de la normativa preventiva vigente las actividades de Instrucción, Adiestramiento y Operativas. Así pues, estas actividades no se regirán por las previsiones contenidas en la legislación preventiva y tampoco por su sistema de gestión. Su carácter restrictivo permite que el personal militar quede al margen de la regulación común preventiva cuando realice estas actividades. Sin embargo, las inconcreciones en la regulación de los procedimientos preventivos, denominados normas propias de seguridad y de las tareas en las que se dividen las actividades de Instrucción y Adiestramiento, supeditadas al cumplimiento de las misiones encomendadas a las Fuerzas Armadas distintas del resto de actividades comunes, impiden la aplicación de los principios de la acción preventiva dimanados de la legislación preventiva. El simple hecho de una interpretación o definición particular de la cadena de mando, puede integrar tareas de actividades comunes en las actividades excluidas de forma arbitraria y, por ende, incluirlas en sus planes generales de Instrucción y Adiestramiento, apartándolas del beneficio de evaluación de riesgos alguna, por regirse por sus normas propias de seguridad y, por consiguiente, dejándolas al margen de todo provecho que pudiera proporcionarle la propia normativa preventiva. El Ejército de Tierra, componente de la estructura orgánica de las Fuerzas Armadas, implementó, en cumplimiento de la normativa preventiva, un sistema de gestión preventiva, que afecta únicamente a las actividades comunes, a través de un conjunto de normas, basadas en la propia legislación preventiva y en su desarrollo normativo. Lo que las convierten, de iure, en vinculantes y de obligado cumplimiento. Para las actividades excluidas, reguló su seguridad mediante unas orientaciones, actualmente derogadas y que no han sido sustituidas, que como tales pretendieron servir de guía, de facto, para garantizarla. La exclusión citada de las actividades de Instrucción y Adiestramiento; los vacíos en las normas propias de seguridad, ya que por ejemplo no contemplan evaluación alguna de los riesgos; su negativa, por imperativo legal, a la aplicación de los mismos principios preventivos que las actividades comunes, han motivado el interés de este estudio, centrado en este ejército. Para ello hemos entendido que era necesario el inicio de este estudio con la descripción de las características particulares de la Administración militar, su estructura, organización y miembros civiles y militares que la componen, así como de aquellas que las diferencian y a su vez las acercan a otras Administraciones públicas. De esta forma, se obtiene una familiarización con las singularidades de este departamento ministerial, que permite conocer, - qué es y quién la compone -, y, en relación con la investigación, cómo su subordinación a la legislación preventiva le ha obligado a realizar las oportunas modificaciones internas. Sucesivamente, se ha abordado el análisis comparativo de los aspectos diferenciales que existen sobre la interpretación del ámbito de aplicación de la Directiva Marco sobre la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores en tres países de la UE, y el desarrollo de la normativa de prevención de riesgos laborales que afecta al personal militar. Ello permite analizar desde una visión de conjunto, el tratamiento que ha recibido el personal militar en estos Estados, en relación a la seguridad y salud en el trabajo. El enfoque de este trabajo, basado en el estudio de la ejecución de las actividades de Instrucción y Adiestramiento en el seno del Ejército de Tierra, persigue su integración en los procedimientos preventivos marcados para las actividades comunes. Por consiguiente, una vez adecuadas idóneamente, si se utilizan los mismos principios que para las actividades comunes, probablemente se proporcionaría un aumento de la eficacia y operatividad de la Unidades, sin que ello afecte a la misión encomendada. Y se conseguirá la eliminación y disminución de los riesgos que afecten a la seguridad y salud de este personal militar, en el desarrollo de las tareas comprendidas en las actividades de Instrucción y Adiestramiento, aumentando la operatividad de sus miembros y, por ende, las de las Unidades en las que están integrados. Los resultados quedan abiertos a nuevas líneas de investigación futuras, que quizás despierten nuevas inquietudes que sirvan para completar las normas específicas, dentro del marco preventivo de la seguridad y salud, tanto en el propio Ejército de Tierra como en el resto de los que constituyen las Fuerzas Armadas españolas. ; The recent implementation of occupational health and safetyregulations (OHS) in the Spanish Armed Forces arouses an interest which study is considered necessary. This is so because of the breakthrough in health and safety matters for military personnel, that to date has not existed, its effectiveness to have been to be limited because of the exclusion of Training and Operations business from the scope of the current regulations. Therefore these provisions contained in the preventive legislation of the OSH legislation of its system of management. Its restrictive nature permits military personnel to be excluded from the ordinary OHS regulations when carrying out these activities. However, the vagueness in the regulations of OHS procedures- named security rules- of the tasks in which Training activities are divided, dependent on the compliance with the missions entrusted to the Armed Forces, different from the rest of common activities, prevent the application of the principles of preventive action emanating from the OHS legislation. The simple fact of a personal interpretation or definition of the chain of command, will be able to arbitrarily integrate tasks regarding common activities into the excluded ones and, therefore, including them in the overall Training plans, becoming separated from the benefits of any risk assessment, being governed by their own safety rules and, subsequently, leaving them out of any advantage that could be provided by the OHS regulations. The Army, as a part of the Armed Forces structure, implemented an OHS management system in compliance with the OHS regulations, affecting only ordinary activities, through a set of rules based on its own OHS legislation and developed normative. Which makes them legally binding and mandatory. For the excluded activities, safety was regulated through some guidelines, currently revoked but not replaced, which intended to serve as a de facto guideline to warrant it. The aforementioned exclusion of Training activities; the gaps in the own security rules since, for example, it does not contemplate any kind of risk evaluation; its refusal, by legal imperative, to the application of the same OHS principles as regular activities, have motivated the interest of this study, focused on the army. For this we understood that it was necessary to begin this study describing the peculiar characteristics of the military Administration, its structure, organization and both civil and military members forming it and those other that both differentiate and approximate to other Public Administrations. Thus we find a familiarization -with the singularities of a ministerial department-, the awareness and culture of defense is increased, which allows to know it what is and who composes it, and regarding the investigation, how the subordination to the OHS legislation, has forced the convenient internal modifications. Successively, the comparative analysis of the differential aspects on the interpretation of the scope of the European Union Framework Directive on worker's safety and health has been addressed and the development of regulations for the occupational safety and health affecting the military personnel, in three EU countries, which allows us to analyze, from a joint overview, the treatment that military personnel has received in these Member States, regarding safety and health at the workplace. The focus of this work, based on the study of the execution of Training activities within the Army, aims to integrate these activities into those OHS procedures designed for regular activities. Therefore -once suitable adapted- if the same principles are used for regular activities, it would probably provide an increase of efficiency and operability of the Military Units without affecting the mission entrusted. Furthermore, the elimination and reduction of risks affecting the safety and health of this military personnel while development of the tasks belonging to Training activities are achieved, will increase the effectiveness of its members and, therefore, of the Units of which they are part of. The results are open to further new paths of research -that may be generated by this study- and may arouse new concerns useful to conclude the specific rules, within the preventive framework of occupational safety and health, both in the Army itself, as in the rest of those constituting the Spanish Armed Forces. ; 2015 -2019, 424 págs.

The (QIM) is the method that has been used in recent years to establish the freshness of fish species, one of the procedures that are often being used is sensory assessment, both in daily inspections either in ports or in markets. , and himself by consumers. The Quality Index Method (QIM) in its objective is to perform an assessment of characteristic attributes (skin, eyes, gills, etc.) in the species to be evaluated. These attributes are given their respective assessment which has a rating of (0 to 3) points. This score is added to give a result, which is called the Quality Index (QI), which establishes a linear correlation which determines the remaining useful life of a lot. This method has a short-term implementation, since in the future it will be the reference in the field in the European Union. In this project, the objective is to develop a QIM scheme for the Carita Selene Peruviana, stored on ice inside an isothermal container (polystyrene), to evaluate its freshness correlating it with microbiological parameters (total coliforms). The specimens were obtained on the beach in the city of Manta. This project was carried out for 15 days in a row, using 30 specimens, of which 15 specimens took 1 daily, to the CESSECA laboratory located at the Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí in the City of Manta, to carry out the respective assessment of the microbiological analyzes. And the remaining 15 specimens 1 specimen was sensory evaluated daily. The main sensory changes were the change in general appearance. The specimens of the first days which were fresher presented: bright pigmentation and intact skin, convex eyes with transparent cornea and shiny black circular pupil, and dark red gills with normal odor. As the days went by, the faces presented loss of iridescence and lacerations on the skin, reddish eyes, the color of the gills changed to brown-yellowish and a putrid smell. All the scores assigned to the external attributes showed high correlation with the time it was stored, and the QI increased linearly with an R2 = 0.91 (QI = 0.73x + 4.50: where x = days on ice), which which we realize can be used to assess the freshness of the specimens. Through days of unacceptable specimens with QI values greater than 18, reaching this score after 7 days of storage. N-BVT content and bacterial counts also reached the 7th day storage limits. The maximum tolerable limits by the regulations (30-35 mg N-BVT / 100g, CAA and CEE / 149/1995 and 10 - 10 / -UFC / g, ICMSF 1983). These results indicate that the QIM scheme developed would be appropriate for the freshness of the smiley in its useful life Keywords: Selene peruvina, senrial analysis, shelf life. ; El (QIM), es el método que se está utilizando en los últimos años para establecer la frescura de las especies pesqueras, uno de los procedimientos que se están utilizando a menudo es la valoración sensorial, tanto en las inspecciones diarias ya sean puertos o en mercados, y a si mismo por los consumidores. El Método del Índice de Calidad (QIM) en su objetivo, es realizar una valoración de atributos característicos (piel, ojos, branquias, etc.) en la especie que se valla a evaluar. A estos atributos se le hace su respectiva valoración la cual tiene una calificación de (0 a 3) puntos. Esta puntuación se suma para dar un resultado final, lo cual se denomina Índice de Calidad (QI), que establece una correlación lineal la cual determina la vida útil remanente de un lote. Este método tiene una implementación de corto plazo, ya que en un futuro sea la referencia en el ámbito en la Unión Europea. En este proyecto, el objetivo es desarrollar un esquema QIM para la Carita Selene Peruviana, almacenada en hielo dentro de un recipiente isotérmico (poliestireno), para evaluar su frescura correlacionándolo con parámetro microbiológicos (coliformes totales). Los ejemplares se obtuvieron en playita mia de la ciudad de Manta. Se realizo este proyecto durante 15 días corrido, utilizando 30 ejemplares la cual 15 ejemplares se llevó 1 a diario, al laboratorio CESSECA ubicado en la Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí de la Ciudad de Manta, para realizar la respectiva valoración de los análisis microbiológicos. Y los 15 ejemplares restantes se evaluaba sensorialmente 1 ejemplar a diario. Los principales cambios sensoriales fueron el cambio de la apariencia general. Los ejemplares de los primeros días lo cual estaban más frescos presentaron: pigmentación brillante y su piel intacta, ojos convexos con cornea transparente y pupila circular negra brillante, y sus branquias rojo oscuro con olor normal. Pasando los días, las caritas presentaron perdida de iridiscencia y laceraciones en la piel, ojos rojizos, el color de las branquias cambiaron a marrón – amarillentas y olor putrefacto. Todas las puntuaciones asignadas a los atributos externo mostro alta correlación con el tiempo que estuvo almacenada, y el QI aumento linealmente con un R2=0,91(QI=0,73x + 4,50: donde x= días en hielo), lo cual nos damos cuenta de que se puede utilizar para la valoración de la frescura de los ejemplares. Mediante que pasan los días los ejemplares inaceptables con valores de QI superiores a 18, alcanzando esta puntuación luego de 7 días de almacenamiento. El contenido de N-BVT y los recuentos bacterianos también alcanzaron los límites del séptimo día de almacenamiento. Los límites máximos tolerables por las normativas (30-35 mg N-BVT/100g, CAA y CEE/149/1995 y 10 – 10/-UFC/g, ICMSF 1983). Estos resultados indican que el esquema QIM desarrollado sería apropiado para la frescura de la carita en su vida útil. Palabras clave: Selene peruvina, análisis senrial, vida útil. Abstract The (QIM) is the method that has been used in recent years to establish the freshness of fish species, one of the procedures that are often being used is sensory assessment, both in daily inspections either in ports or in markets. , and himself by consumers. The Quality Index Method (QIM) in its objective is to perform an assessment of characteristic attributes (skin, eyes, gills, etc.) in the species to be evaluated. These attributes are given their respective assessment which has a rating of (0 to 3) points. This score is added to give a result, which is called the Quality Index (QI), which establishes a linear correlation which determines the remaining useful life of a lot. This method has a short-term implementation, since in the future it will be the reference in the field in the European Union. In this project, the objective is to develop a QIM scheme for the Carita Selene Peruviana, stored on ice inside an isothermal container (polystyrene), to evaluate its freshness correlating it with microbiological parameters (total coliforms). The specimens were obtained on the beach in the city of Manta. This project was carried out for 15 days in a row, using 30 specimens, of which 15 specimens took 1 daily, to the CESSECA laboratory located at the Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí in the City of Manta, to carry out the respective assessment of the microbiological analyzes. And the remaining 15 specimens 1 specimen was sensory evaluated daily. The main sensory changes were the change in general appearance. The specimens of the first days which were fresher presented: bright pigmentation and intact skin, convex eyes with transparent cornea and shiny black circular pupil, and dark red gills with normal odor. As the days went by, the faces presented loss of iridescence and lacerations on the skin, reddish eyes, the color of the gills changed to brown-yellowish and a putrid smell. All the scores assigned to the external attributes showed high correlation with the time it was stored, and the QI increased linearly with an R2 = 0.91 (QI = 0.73x + 4.50: where x = days on ice), which which we realize can be used to assess the freshness of the specimens. Through days of unacceptable specimens with QI values greater than 18, reaching this score after 7 days of storage. N-BVT content and bacterial counts also reached the 7th day storage limits. The maximum tolerable limits by the regulations (30-35 mg N-BVT / 100g, CAA and CEE / 149/1995 and 10 - 10 / -UFC / g, ICMSF 1983). These results indicate that the QIM scheme developed would be appropriate for the freshness of the smiley in its useful life Keywords: Selene peruvina, senrial analysis, shelf life. Fecha de recepción: 02 de mayo de 2019; Fecha de aceptación: 05 de julio de 2019; Fecha de publicación: 09 de julio de 2019.

All types of food products must be assured of safety, which is difficult to guarantee given that food tends to perish. To achieve a harmless final product, it must be directed to the prevention of any type of contamination that may affect it. The prerequisite programs are necessary for the implementation of a quality assurance system, these allow to guarantee compliance with the legal rules of food safety through procedures and their basic conditions that allow to control the process to which the product is subjected , raw materials, equipment and utensils, personnel and infrastructure. Processed meat products are of high risk for public health in Colombia, according to the classification given in the technical annex of Resolution 0719 of 2015. Meat is highly perishable due to its high water content, composition and pH, which favors alteration, its microbial contamination and its rapid decomposition. The type of methodology proposed for this project is descriptive and qualitative in nature since the design of the necessary prerequisites programs in the application of the food safety assurance system for a meat by-products plant was carried out, as the phases to perform: Phase 1. Preparation of the general description of the production processes of the meat derivatives plant: description of the plant, information collection (interview, checklist, and reports), preparation of the flow chart of the production processes. Phase 2. Evaluation of the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the company according to Resolution 2674 of 2013 and compliance with chapters 1: buildings and facilities and equipment and utensils, this being the starting point to meet the needs of the prerequisite programs (PPRs), to determine the mandatory aspects to intervene in each PPR. Phase 3. Apply the current regulations to each of the prerequisite programs, taking into account: review of the Colombian legislation applicable to the food industry by the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Food and Drug Surveillance (INVIMA); Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of the Environment, Secretary of the Environment; organization of current food regulations through a matrix of legal requirements. (Includes: year, legal document, objective, complies, does not comply, pending to apply, application, task, frequency of evaluation of the legal requirement, records, responsible for the evaluation, active or repealed), for this a format was established. Phase 4. Documentation of the prerequisite programs: design of the way in which the prerequisite programs would be carried out; content of prerequisite programs (cover, header, objective, definition, legal matrix, theoretical framework, program development, Verification, attached documents, related documents); The development of the program exposes the current situation and how it is being carried out. to plan, to do, to verify and to adjust (P.D.V.A) cycle was used for the description of the program. ; A todo tipo de producto alimentario se le debe asegurar la inocuidad lo cual es difícil de garantizar teniendo en cuenta que los alimentos tienden a perecer. Para lograr un producto final inocuo, se debe direccionar a la prevención de cualquier tipo de contaminación que pueda afectarlo. Los programas prerrequisitos son necesarios para la implementación de un sistema de aseguramiento de la calidad, estos permiten garantizar el cumplimiento de las normas legales de inocuidad de los alimentos a través de procedimientos y sus condiciones básicas que permiten controlar el proceso al cual es sometido el producto, las materias primas, los equipos y utensilios, el personal y la infraestructura. Los productos cárnicos procesados son de alto riesgo para la salud pública de Colombia, según la clasificación dada en el anexo técnico de la Resolución 0719 de 2015. La carne es altamente perecedera por su alto contenido en agua, composición y pH, lo que favorece la alteración, su contaminación microbiana y su descomposición rápida. El tipo de metodología propuesta para este proyecto es fue de carácter descriptivo y cualitativo ya que se realizó el diseño de los programas prerrequisitos necesarios en la aplicación del sistema de aseguramiento de la inocuidad alimentaria para una planta de derivados cárnicos, como se describen las fases a realizar: Fase 1. Elaboración de la descripción general de los procesos productivos de la planta de derivados cárnicos: descripción de la planta, recolección de información (entrevista, lista de chequeo, e informes), elaboración del diagrama de flujo de los procesos productivos. Fase 2. Evaluación de las condiciones higiénico- sanitarias de la empresa según la Resolución 2674 de 2013 y cumplimientos de los capítulos 1: edificaciones e instalaciones y equipos y utensilios, siendo este el punto de partida para conocer las necesidades de los programas prerrequisitos (PPRs), para determinar los aspectos obligatorios a intervenir en cada PPR. Fase 3. Aplicar la Normatividad vigente a cada uno de los programas prerrequisitos, teniendo en cuenta: revisión de la legislación Colombiana aplicable a la industria alimentaria por el Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos (INVIMA); Ministerio de agricultura, Ministerio del medio ambiente, Secretaria del medio ambiente; organización de las normatividades alimentarias vigentes mediante matriz de requisitos legales. (comprende: año, documento legal, objetivo, cumple, no cumple, pendiente por aplicar, aplicación, tarea, frecuencia de evaluación del requisito legal, registros, responsable de la evaluación, activa o derogada), para esto se estableció un formato. Fase 4. Documentación de los programas prerrequisitos: diseño de la forma en que se realizarían los programas prerrequisitos; contenido de programas prerrequisitos (portada, encabezado, objetivo, definición, matriz legal, marco teórico, desarrollo del programa, Verificación, documentos adjuntos, documentos relacionados); el desarrollo del programa expone la situación actual y como se está llevando a cabo el control de este. Se utilizó el ciclo planear, hacer, verificar y ajustar (P.H.V.A) para la descripción del programa. ; Todos os tipos de produtos alimentícios devem ter segurança garantida, o que é difícil de garantir, uma vez que os alimentos tendem a perecer. Para obter um produto final inofensivo, ele deve ser direcionado à prevenção de qualquer tipo de contaminação que possa afetá-lo. Os programas de pré-requisito são necessários para a implementação de um sistema de garantia da qualidade, que permitem garantir o cumprimento das normas legais de segurança alimentar por meio de procedimentos e suas condições básicas que permitem controlar o processo ao qual o produto está sujeito. , matérias-primas, equipamentos e utensílios, pessoal e infraestrutura. Os produtos à base de carne processada apresentam alto risco à saúde pública na Colômbia, de acordo com a classificação dada no anexo técnico da Resolução 0719 de 2015. A carne é altamente perecível devido ao seu alto teor de água, composição e pH, o que favorece alteração, contaminação microbiana e decomposição rápida. O tipo de metodologia proposta para este projeto é de natureza descritiva e qualitativa, pois foi realizado o desenho dos programas de pré-requisito necessários para a aplicação do sistema de garantia de segurança de alimentos para uma fábrica de subprodutos da carne, conforme as fases a serem realizadas. realizar: Fase 1. Preparação da descrição geral dos processos de produção da fábrica de derivados de carne: descrição da fábrica, coleta de informações (entrevista, lista de verificação e relatórios), preparação do fluxograma dos processos de produção. Fase 2. Avaliação das condições higiênicas e sanitárias da empresa de acordo com a Resolução 2674 de 2013 e cumprimento dos capítulos 1: edifícios e instalações, equipamentos e utensílios, sendo este o ponto de partida para atender às necessidades dos programas de pré-requisito (PPRs) ), para determinar os aspectos obrigatórios para intervir em cada PPR. Fase 3. Aplique os regulamentos atuais a cada um dos programas de pré-requisito, levando em consideração: revisão da legislação colombiana aplicável à indústria de alimentos pelo Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Vigilância de Alimentos e Medicamentos (INVIMA); Ministério da Agricultura, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretário do Meio Ambiente; organização dos regulamentos alimentares atuais por meio de uma matriz de requisitos legais. (inclui: ano, documento legal, objetivo, conformidade, não cumpre, pendente de aplicação, aplicação, tarefa, frequência de avaliação do requisito legal, registros responsáveis pela avaliação, ativos ou revogados), para isso foi estabelecido um formato. Fase 4. Documentação dos programas de pré-requisito: design da maneira pela qual os programas de pré-requisito seriam executados; conteúdo dos programas de pré-requisito (capa, cabeçalho, objetivo, definição, matriz legal, arcabouço teórico, desenvolvimento do programa, verificação, documentos anexados, documentos relacionados); O desenvolvimento do programa expõe a situação atual e como está sendo realizada. O ciclo de planejar, executar, verificar e ajustar (P.H.V.A) foi usado para a descrição do programa.

La presente investigación doctoral se presenta como requisito para obtener el título de Doctora en Derecho Constitucional y tiene por finalidad principal demostrar la conveniencia, desde una perspectiva jurídica constitucional, la creación del órgano constitucional del Defensor del Niño. Ello equivale a sostener que este órgano permitiría el aseguramiento de la tutela efectiva de los derechos humanos de la niñez y adolescencia peruana frente a la reiterada violación de sus derechos, con lo que no podemos transigir. El presente trabajo doctoral se inscribe en el marco del Estado Constitucional que basa sus fundamentos en la supremacía constitucional y en la tutela de derechos fundamentales. El objetivo que se busca lograr: profundizar, en el sentido y significado de la creación del Defensor del Niño. Se necesita, pues, saber si la creación de este órgano funcionalmente autónomo es necesaria. Para ello, se plantea una visión constitucional de su creación, enmarcándola dentro de la realidad normativa y de valores que encierra el concepto de Estado Constitucional de Derecho, marco referencial de la presente tesis. Desde esta perspectiva, es necesario precisar que el tránsito del Estado legal al Estado constitucional supuso abandonar la supremacía de la ley y privilegiar la supremacía de la norma constitucional, Su dimensión histórica es de utilidad para ver cómo se presupone dejar de lado el concepto de que la Constitución es una norma que carece de contenido jurídico vinculante para luego desarrollar la doctrina de que la Constitución es también una norma jurídica; es decir, una norma con contenido dispositivo capaz de vincular a todo poder, sea público o privado y a la sociedad en su totalidad. Luego de esbozarse brevemente el marco constitucional en que se inscribe la presente tesis doctoral, se debe señalar que las dificultades en la implementación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño por parte del Estado peruano, que ha observado el Comité de los Derechos del Niño de Naciones Unidas, además de las limitaciones de las organizaciones estatales en la cadena de cuidado y protección que requiere nuestra niñez, obligan a la revisión y estudio de propuesta constitucional que impulse la creación de una institución constitucionalmente autónoma e independiente con el objetivo específico de promover y proteger los derechos de nuestros niños y niñas, capaz de contribuir con eficacia en la materialización adecuada de sus derechos humanos, como una propuesta de solución más desde el ámbito constitucional y político para ser aplicada en una sociedad que, lamentablemente, le tiene pendiente una deuda históricamente atrasada. Así concebida, esta investigación, intenta abordar desde el proceso de construcción de la categoría infancia hasta el conjunto de normas nacionales e internacionales de protección de la niñez. Con tal propósito, se analizan las doctrinas que han ejercido un rol rectoral en el abordaje jurídico, social y político a lo largo de la historia. Desde el tratamiento paciente para estructurar la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño de las Naciones Unidas, mediante principios y mandatos de urgente cumplimiento, hasta medidas que se adoptan para adecuarla a las actuales circunstancias, como el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales destinadas a la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos. La presente tesis doctoral se desarrolla en cinco capítulos. El primer capítulo: Introducción, en el que se aborda el problema de la investigación, la importancia de la investigación, la hipótesis, los objetivos tanto general como específico. El segundo capítulo se denomina Marco Teórico de la Investigación Doctoral, en el cual se estudia el proceso de construcción de la categoría infancia, se enuncia el contenido doctrinario y el sistema normativo nacional e internacional de protección, la actuación del Comité de Derechos del Niño de Naciones Unidas y el Ombudsman del Niño. El tercer capítulo se titula Resultado del Trabajo de Campo de la Investigación Jurídico Constitucional. Se define el tipo y diseño de la investigación, se analizan y operacionalizan las variables y el proceso de interpretación de los datos obtenidos para llevar a cabo la tesis doctoral. ; The present doctoral research is presented as a requirement to qualify for the title of Doctor in Constitutional Law and its main purpose is to demonstrate the convenience, from a constitutional legal perspective, of the creation of the constitutional body of the Ombudsman. This is tantamount to maintaining that this body would allow the assurance of effective protection of the human rights of Peruvian children against the repeated violation of their rights, which we can not compromise. The present doctoral work is part of the framework of the Constitutional State that bases its foundations on constitutional supremacy and on the protection of fundamental rights. The objective that is sought to achieve: to deepen, in the sense and meaning of the creation of the Defender of the Child. It is necessary, then, to know if the creation of this functionally autonomous organ is necessary. For this, a constitutional vision of its creation is proposed, framing it within the normative reality and of values that enclose the concept of Constitutional State of Law, referential frame of the present thesis. From this perspective, it is necessary to specify that the transition from the legal State to the constitutional state meant abandoning the supremacy of the law and privileging the supremacy of the constitutional norm. Its historical dimension is useful to see how it is supposed to leave aside the concept of the Constitution is a norm that lacks binding legal content and then develops the doctrine that the Constitution is also a legal norm; that is, a norm with content device capable of linking to all power, whether public or private and to society as a whole. After briefly outlining the constitutional framework in which this thesis is inscribed, it should be noted that the difficulties in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the Peruvian State, which has been observed by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in The United Nations, in addition to the limitations of state organizations in the chain of care and protection that our children require, requires the revision and study of a constitutional proposal that promotes the creation of a constitutionally autonomous and independent institution with the specific objective of promoting and protect the rights of our children, capable of effectively contributing to the proper realization of their human rights, as a proposal for a solution from the constitutional and political level to be applied in a society that, unfortunately, has a pending debt historically backward So conceived, this research, tries to address from the process of construction of the childhood category to the set of national and international child protection standards. With this purpose, the doctrines that have exercised a rectoral role in the legal, social and political approach throughout history are analyzed. From patient treatment to structure the Convention on the Rights of the Child of the United Nations, through principles and mandates of urgent compliance, up to measures that are adopted to adapt it to the current circumstances, such as the establishment of national institutions destined to the promotion and protection from the human rights. The present doctoral thesis is developed in five chapters. The first chapter: Introduction, which addresses the problem of research, the importance of research, the hypothesis, both general and specific objectives. The second chapter is called the Theoretical Framework of Doctoral Research, in which the construction process of the childhood category is studied, the doctrinal content and the national and international normative system of protection is stated, the Children's Rights Committee's action United Nations and the Ombudsman of the Child. The third chapter is entitled Result of the Field Work of Constitutional Legal Research. The type and design of the research is defined, the variables and the process of interpretation of the data obtained to carry out the doctoral thesis are analyzed and operationalized. The fourth chapter refers to the presentation of the field work and the results of the investigation, through the application of surveys to specialist lawyers, legislators, citizens and Unicef officials. ; Tesis

El Estado colombiano debe generar estrategias que le permitan prestar un servicio de salud de manera oportuna, eficaz y con calidad, en las regiones más apartadas del territorio, donde el acceso a este derecho es limitado. Pensando en este gran reto se propone un plan de negocios que tiene como misión implementar un sistema de asistencia sanitaria a través de un "Buque Hospital", aportando herramientas al Estado Colombiano para el cumplimiento de su deber constitucional establecido en el Artículo 49 de la Constitución Política de Colombia de1991 "La atención de la salud y el saneamiento ambiental son servicios públicos a cargo del Estado. Se garantiza a todas las personas el acceso a los servicios de promoción, protección y recuperación de la salud" y a lo establecido en la Ley Estatutaria 1751 de 2015 donde obliga al Estado a garantizar y proteger el debido cumplimiento del derecho a la salud de los colombianos, mediante la adopción de decisiones que no conlleven al deterioro de la salud de la población y de acciones que resulten un daño en la salud de los pacientes. Esta propuesta pretende a través de programas de prevención y promoción lograr apoyar la gestión del Estado Colombiano para mejorar la calidad de vida de las comunidades más alejadas que carecen de un servicio de salud adecuado, y pretende focalizarse inicialmente en las poblaciones costeras del departamento del Chocó como mercado objetivo; lo anterior teniendo en cuenta la crisis social que actualmente padece este departamento, así como sus condiciones geográficas y de infraestructura que limitan a nivel marítimo y fluvial el acceso a la mayoría de sus poblaciones. De igual forma, como lo destacan diferentes medios de comunicación (Revista Semana - 2016), el Chocó es uno de los departamentos con mayor cantidad de personas con necesidades básicas insatisfechas reflejadas en los altos índices de pobreza, sobre todo por el precario sistema de salud con el que cuenta. Ante esto, se requiere de manera urgente la intervención del Estado a través de un plan de choque, apoyado por todas instituciones del sector público y privado, pero además gestado desde el nivel central, para evadir los problemas de corrupción que abundan en esta región del país, buscando aliviar y solucionar en parte una de sus más grades falencias sociales: La salud. Se propone que este proyecto sea liderado y direccionado por la Armada Nacional de Colombia (ARC), institución que asumiría la responsabilidad de su puesta en marcha y ejecución, a través de un Buque Hospital diseñado con características especiales para llegar a estas zonas de difícil acceso y con capacidad de prestar atención medica hospitalaria hasta el Nivel II. Aunado a lo anterior, también se propone como parte del proceso de gestión para su financiamiento buscar el apoyo de los sectores públicos y privados, a fin de garantizar la sostenibilidad en el tiempo. En síntesis, este proyecto pretende desarrollar una propuesta de negocios que implemente un sistema de asistencia sanitaria a través de un Buque Hospital, que mediante un adecuado planeamiento tendrá la capacidad de atender de manera periódica y rotativa las poblaciones más necesitadas de este servicio en el departamento del Choco, contribuyendo a la satisfacción del derecho fundamental de la salud, en zonas actualmente inaccesibles. Ante este panorama, resultaría interesante apostarle a su viabilidad, la cual sin duda va a requerir una inversión significativa para su proceso de implementación, pero con el compromiso de aliados y la gestión de diferentes entidades, será fácil llevarlo adelante, para que a través de la prestación de un servicio de alta calidad ayude a evitar o disminuir la pérdida de vidas humanas por la carencia de un servicio de atención en salud.Para la elaboración del presente plan de negocios se utiliza la metodología propuesta por SCORE, que es una asociación sin ánimo de lucro, dedicada a ayudar a las pequeñas empresas a despegar, crecer y alcanzar sus objetivos a través de la educación y la tutoría. Tiene una red de 10.000 voluntarios que asesoran la administración de pequeños negocios en los Estados Unidos, y ha ayudado a más de 10 millones de empresarios, a través de sus mentores, talleres y recursos educativos desde el año de 1964. Esta metodología consiste en el diligenciamiento de plantillas que van direccionando paso a paso los aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta para el desarrollo del plan de negocios. ; The Colombian State must generate strategies that allow it to provide a health service in a timely, efficient and quality way, in the most remote regions of the territory, where Access is limited. Thinking about this great challenge proposes a business plan that has as a mission to implement a health care system through a "Hospital ship", Providing tools to the Colombian State for the fulfillment of its constitutional duty established in article 49 of the Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 "health care and environmental sanitation are public services in charge of the state. All people are guaranteed access to health promotion, protection and recovery services "and to the provisions of statutory law 1751 of 2015 where it obliges the state to guarantee and protect the proper fulfillment of the right to the health of the Colombian people, by means of the adoption of decisions that do not lead to the deterioration of the health of the population and of actions that result a harm in the health of the patients. This proposal aims through prevention and promotion programs to support the management of the Colombian State to improve the quality of life of the remote communities that lack an adequate health service, and aims initially to focus on the Coastal populations of the Chocó department as the primary market; This is taking into account the social crisis currently suffered by this department, as well as its geographical and infrastructural conditions that limit the access to the majority of its populations to the maritime and fluvial level. Similarly, as highlighted by different media (Revista Semana-2016), Chocó is one of the departments with the largest number of people with unsatisfied basic needs reflected in the high rates of poverty, Especially because of the precarious health system that counts. In this way, the intervention of the State is urgently required through a plan of shock, supported by all public and private sector institutions, but also gestated from the central level, to avoid the problems of corruption that abound in this region of the Country, seeking to alleviate and partly solve one of its most social flaws: health. It is proposed that this project be led and directed by the National Navy of Colombia (ARC), institution that would assume responsibility for its start-up and execution, through a Hospital ship designed with special characteristics to reach these Difficult-to-access areas with the ability to provide hospital medical care up to level II. In addition to the above, it is also proposed as part of the management process for its financing to seek the support of the sectors Public and private, in order to ensure sustainability over time. In short, this project aims to develop a business proposal that implements a system of health care through a Hospital ship, which through adequate planning will have the capacity to serve periodically and rotary Populations most in need of this service in the Department of Choco, contributing to the satisfaction of the fundamental right of the health In areas currently inaccessible. In view of this panorama, it would be interesting to bet on its viability, which will no doubt require a significant investment for its implementation process, but with the commitment of allies and the management of different entities, it will be easy to carry it forward, So that through the provision of a high quality service it helps to avoid or reduce the loss of human life due to the lack of a health care service. For the elaboration of this business plan we use the methodology proposed by SCORE, which is a non-profit association, dedicated to helping small businesses to take off, grow and achieve their goals through education and mentoring. It has a network of 10,000 volunteers advising Small Business Administration in the United States, and has helped more than 10 Millions of entrepreneurs, through their mentors, workshops and educational resources since the year of 1964. This methodology consists in the diligence of templates that are directing step by step the aspects that must be taken into account for the development of the business plan.

La presente tesis tiene por objetivo realizar una minuciosa investigación sobre las ventajas e inconvenientes de la dación en pago, equilibrando las dos partes del procedimiento de ejecución hipotecaria (acreedor y deudor hipotecario). En primer lugar, se ha hecho un análisis exhaustivo de todas aquellas normas legales, doctrina y jurisprudencia que regulan la protección de los deudores hipotecarios, así como la normativa que suspende los lanzamientos hasta el año 2020. En segundo lugar, se ha utilizado el tipo de preguntas y respuestas a fin de solventar todas aquellas cuestiones que en la vida cotidiana suelen ocurrir y se ha explicado el iter procesal que se sigue en un procedimiento de ejecución hipotecaria, señalando los motivos de oposición que el deudor podrá alegar en tal caso, así como la estructura que tiene tanto una demanda de ejecución hipotecaria como la oposición a la misma. En tercer lugar, se ha aludido a los sistemas de ordenación de la propiedad inmueble en otros países, haciendo especial hincapié al derecho inglés por las particularidades que ostenta en comparación con el derecho español y que resultan totalmente ilustrativas y de gran ejemplo para España al proteger a ambas partes y conseguir ayudas gubernamentales para solventar las situaciones de aquellas personas que en un momento dado de su vida no pueden hacer frente a la deuda que contrajeron. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente no es otro que la investigación dirigida a evitar la desgracia económica que han sufrido muchas familias con ocasión de la crisis inmobiliaria, realizando al efecto una serie de conclusiones y propuestas, ambas basadas en un estudio de investigación legal, doctrinal y jurisprudencial profundo. No hay que olvidar que todo tiene su origen en un préstamo hipotecario concedido por la entidad acreedora, (en España bancos o cajas de ahorro y en Inglaterra, además de bancos, entidades locales y building societies, sociedades industriales y económicas, sociedades de previsión social y fiduciarios, entre otros) que debió ser explicado de forma previa a la contratación, en concreto, debió informarse de los escenarios positivos y negativos que se podían producir en caso de incumplimiento, así como no incluir cláusulas declaradas absolutamente abusivas, tanto por el Tribunal Supremo como por el Tribunal de Unión Europea, entre otros. Dichas cláusulas son las relativas a la cláusula suelo, gastos hipotecarios o vencimiento anticipado, por nombrar algunas, en las que el Banco, en una posición dominante hizo que el consumidor se adhiriera a ellas, sin posibilidad de negociación. La nulidad de las mismas no implicará la nulidad del contrato por completo, sino que se tendrán por no puestas. Por ello, a la entidad bancaria se le exige un grado de diligencia superior que al hombre medio, muy cercana a la responsabilidad por riesgo del profesional dada su experiencia profesional en la actividad financiera. A consecuencia de ello, serán muchos los supuestos en los que la oposición a la ejecución hipotecaria acabará en éxito para la parte deudora, sin perjuicio de la suspensión acordada en estos procedimientos por los Tribunales a día de hoy. De ahí, que resulte más equitativo para un Estado de Derecho como el que vivimos que en caso de incumplimiento, la entidad acreedora solo pueda reclamar judicialmente el impago cuando el mismo represente un porcentaje de la totalidad y en ningún caso tres cuotas como indica en la actualidad la propia Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil. Interesa destacar propuestas tales como la unificación de normativa en transparencia bancaria a nivel europeo, debiendo ser facilitada por el Banco Central Europeo a fin de lograr que las medidas se apliquen por igual a todos los ciudadanos de la Unión, de modo eficiente y equitativo. Otra propuesta que sería de gran interés para la economía española y sobre todo para aquellos consumidores que soliciten préstamos hipotecarios en el futuro es la regulación de modelos escritos con las cláusulas contractuales adecuadas para evitar aquellas abusivas que imponen obligaciones y gastos al prestatario pero no a la parte prestamista. Otras propuestas de lege ferenda que se encuentra en la tesis aluden a la necesidad de que se produzca la inversión de la regla del artículo 140 de la Ley Hipotecaria, así como impedir que sea el Banco el que se adjudique la vivienda por un precio inferior al valor de tasación, debiendo cubrirse correctamente las lagunas que siguen patentes y que son gravemente perjudiciales para el ciudadano de a pie". This thesis aims to carry out a thorough investigation of the advantages and disadvantages of the dation in payment, balancing the two parts of the foreclosure procedure (creditor and mortgage debtor). Firstly, an exhaustive analysis has been made about all those legal norms, doctrine and jurisprudence that regulate the protection of mortgage debtors, as well as the regulations that suspend launches until the year 2020. Secondly, it has been used the type of questions and answers in order to solve all those issues that in the everyday life usually happen. In addition to that it has also been explained the procedure in a mortgage execution, pointing out the reasons that the debtor may argue in such a case, as well as the structure that has both a demand of mortgage execution and the opposition to it. Thirdly, reference has been made to real estate management systems in other countries, with special emphasis on English law because of the peculiarities it has in comparison with Spanish law, which are totally illustrative and a great example for Spain. That's because such a law protects both parties and gets government aid to solve the situations of those people who at a certain moment of their lives could not cope with the debt they incurred in. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is a research aimed at avoiding the economic misfortune suffered by many families during the real estate crisis. Moreover, within the thesis are proposed several concluding and different ideas and proposals, both based on a legal research study, with doctrinal and jurisprudential fundamentals. It should not be forgotten that everything has its origin in a mortgage loan granted by the creditor entity, (in Spain, Banks or local savings Banks (cajas), and in England, in addition to banks, local entities and building societies, industrial and economic societies, social welfare societies and fiduciaries, among others). That's why it should have been explained the risk prior to the hiring, in particular, it should have had to be informed of the positive and negative scenarios that could occur in case of non-compliance, as well as not include clauses declared absolutely abusive, both by the Court Supreme as by the European Union Court, among others. Those clauses are the so-called "interest rate floors", mortgage expenses or advanced maturity, to name a few, in which the Bank, in a dominant position, caused the consumer to adhere to them, without possibility of negotiation. The nullity of those clauses will not imply the contract nullity in full, but the consideration of "not set". Therefore, banks are required a higher degree of diligence than regular people, very close to the risk liability of the professional given their professional experience in financial activity. Hence, the aforementioned scenario is more equitable for the Spanish State that in case of default, in which the creditor can only claim the default if it represents a percentage of the total amount, and in no case three quotas as indicated in the Civil Procedure Law. It is important to highlight proposals such as rules unification in bank transparency at European level, which also must be provided by the European Central Bank in order to ensure that the measures are applied equally to all Union citizens, in an efficient and Equitable way. Another proposal that that would be very interesting to Spanish economy and especially for consumers who apply for mortgage loans in the future is the regulation of "written models" with the appropriate contractual clauses to avoid those abusive clauses because these clauses impose obligations and expenses on the borrower but not on the lender party. Other "lege ferenda" proposals explained in this thesis allude to the need of reversing the 140th Article of the Mortgage Law, as well as the need of preventing the Bank from self-adjudicating housing in a lower price than its appraised value. The ideas and proposals within this thesis could help to bridge the gap in matters that are seriously and negatively affecting ordinary citizens."

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of susceptibility to multiple myeloma (MM), but much of the heritability remains unexplained. We report a new GWAS, a meta-analysis with previous GWAS and a replication series, totalling 9974 MM cases and 247,556 controls of European ancestry. Collectively, these data provide evidence for six new MM risk loci, bringing the total number to 23. Integration of information from gene expression, epigenetic profiling and in situ Hi-C data for the 23 risk loci implicate disruption of developmental transcriptional regulators as a basis of MM susceptibility, compatible with altered B-cell differentiation as a key mechanism. Dysregulation of autophagy/apoptosis and cell cycle signalling feature as recurrently perturbed pathways. Our findings provide further insight into the biological basis of MM. ; In the United Kingdom, Myeloma UK and Bloodwise provided principal funding. Additional funding was provided by Cancer Research UK (C1298/A8362 supported by the Bobby Moore Fund) and The Rosetrees Trust. M.W. is supported by funding from Mr Ralph Stockwell. A.S. is supported by a clinical fellowship from Cancer Research UK and charitable funds from the Royal Marsden Hospital. N.W. was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P20GM125503. This study made use of genotyping data on the 1958 Birth Cohort generated by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (http://www.wtccc.org.uk). We thank the High-Throughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 090532/Z/09/Z) for the generation of UK myeloma OncoArray data. The BCAC study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Manjeet K. Bolla, Qin Wang, Kyriaki Michailidou and Joe Dennis. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563). For the BBCS study, we thank Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills and Kara Sargus. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams which were funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK [A16561] and supported by the UK NIHR BRC at the University of Cambridge. We thank Breast Cancer Now and The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) for support and funding of the UKBGS, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. We acknowledge NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR BRC. UKGPCS would like to thank The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign for funding support. The UKGPCS acknowledges The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Action, The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI), the NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research data managers and consultants for their work in the UKGPCS study and urologists and other persons involved in the planning, and data collection of the CAPS study. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [U19 CA 148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I]. Additional analytic support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (PI: Schumacher). The PRACTICAL consortium was supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement no. 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant no. 1 U19 CA 148537-01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We would also like to thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. The APBC BioResource, which forms part of the PRACTICAL consortium, consists of the following members: Wayne Tilley, Gail Risbridger, Renea Taylor, Judith A Clements, Lisa Horvath, Vanessa Hayes, Lisa Butler, Trina Yeadon, Allison Eckert, Pamela Saunders, Anne-Maree Haynes, Melissa Papargiris. We thank the staff of the CTRU University of Leeds and the NCRI haematology Clinical Studies Group. The US GWAS was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (P01CA055819). The German study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp-Stiftung, Germany, the German Cancer Aid (110,131), the German Ministry of Education and Science (CLIOMMICS 01ZX1309), The German Research Council (DFG; Project SI 236/81, SI 236/)-1, ER 155/6-1 and the DFG CRI 216), the Harald Huppert Foundation and the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation. The patients were collected by the GMMG and DSMM studies. The German GWAS made use of genotyping data from the population-based HNR study, which is supported by the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany). The genotyping of the Illumina HumanOmni-1 Quad BeadChips of the HNR subjects was financed by the German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Bonn. We are grateful to all investigators who contributed to the generation of this data set. The German replication controls were collected by Peter Bugert, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service of Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany. This work was supported by research grants from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (KF10-0009), the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation (2010.0112), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2012.0193), the Swedish Research Council (2012–1753), the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, ALF grants to the University and Regional Laboratories (Labmedicin Skåne), the Siv-Inger and Per-Erik Andersson Foundation, the Medical Faculty at Lund University, the Borås foundation for cancer research, and the Swedish Society of Medicine. We thank Jörgen Adolfsson, Tomas Axelsson, Anna Collin, Ildikó Frigyesi, Patrik Magnusson, Bertil Johansson, Jan Westin and Helga Ögmundsdóttir for their assistance. This work was supported by Center for Translational Molecular Medicine (BioCHIP), a clinical research grant from the European Hematology Association, an EMCR Translational Research Grant, a BMBF grant from CLIOMMICS (01ZX1309A) and FP7 grant MSCNET (LSHC-Ct-2006-037602). We thank the staff of the HOVON, as well as patients and physicians at participating sites. In addition, we also thank Jasper Koenders, Michael Vermeulen, André Uitterlinden and Nathalie van der Velde for their assistance. We are indebted to the clinicians who contributed samples to Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Danish biobanks. We are indebted to the patients and other individuals who participated in the project. ; Peer Reviewed