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This article analyses the question whether the most-favoured-nation principle applies within the EU and, if so, to what extent. The most-favoured-nation principle implies that Member States are not allowed to discriminate between goods, persons, etc. from different Member States. In the D case and again in the ACT case, the ECJ decided that the most-favoured-nation principle cannot be applied where differences of treatment are due to differences in the double taxation conventions between the Member States, but at the same time, the ECJ opened up application of the principle in other situations. Furthermore, the most-favoured-nation principle found in the WTO agreements also have an influence on the application of the principle in the EU.

The countries of Asia and Africa have seen the rise of numerous and powerful socio-political movements during the past few decades, movements which have shaken existing orders and have launched these nations on the road of modernisation. Although these movements have almost always been nationalist in character during the early phases of revolution, subsequently leftist radical movements have arisen; most of these have been Communist.

By acknowledging the flexible and complex nature of the precautionary principle in EU law, the purpose of this paper is to provide a polycentric interpretation of this principle based on diversity rather than uniformity. To achieve this objective, a methodology derived from the methodological pluralism is employed. This allows for the unitas multiplex between the different definitions and applications of the precautionary principle to be researched. The core claim of this paper is that the polycentric interpretation of the precautionary principle can be built on two concepts: anticipation and action. In the first part of this paper, I argue that anticipation implies the qualification by law and the evaluation by the science of uncertain risks. In the second part, I consider that, after having anticipated the time of action, decision-makers should act based on the precautionary principle. However, the action undertaken has different meanings and consequences from the procedural and substantive perspective. From the procedural side, the decision-makers should take into account this principle, while they remain free, on the substantive side, to adopt a precautionary measure.

We thank participants of the WEHIA meeting in Nice, the SAET conference in Rio de Janeiro and the Asian Meeting of the Econometric Society in Hong Kong, as well as seminar participants at King's College for comments and discussions. Part of this research has benefited from financial support from the French government managed by l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche under Investissements d'Avenir UCAJEDI(ANR-15-IDEX-01). In particular, we thank the UCAinACTION project. ; International audience ; We study a linear location model (Hotelling, 1929) in which n (with n ≥ 2) boundedly rational players follow (noisy) myopic best-reply behavior. We show through numerical and mathematical analysis that such players spend almost all the time clustered together near the center, re-establishing Hotelling's " Principle of Minimum Differentiation " that had been discredited by equilibrium analyses. Thus, our analysis of the best-response dynamics shows that when considering e.g. market dynamics as well as their policy and welfare implications, it may be important to look beyond equilibrium analyses

We thank participants of the WEHIA meeting in Nice, the SAET conference in Rio de Janeiro and the Asian Meeting of the Econometric Society in Hong Kong, as well as seminar participants at King's College for comments and discussions. Part of this research has benefited from financial support from the French government managed by l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche under Investissements d'Avenir UCAJEDI(ANR-15-IDEX-01). In particular, we thank the UCAinACTION project. ; International audience ; We study a linear location model (Hotelling, 1929) in which n (with n ≥ 2) boundedly rational players follow (noisy) myopic best-reply behavior. We show through numerical and mathematical analysis that such players spend almost all the time clustered together near the center, re-establishing Hotelling's " Principle of Minimum Differentiation " that had been discredited by equilibrium analyses. Thus, our analysis of the best-response dynamics shows that when considering e.g. market dynamics as well as their policy and welfare implications, it may be important to look beyond equilibrium analyses

"Amanda Podany here takes readers on a vivid tour through a thousand years of ancient Near Eastern history, from 2300 to 1300 BCE, paying particular attention to the lively interactions that took place between the great kings of the day. Allowing them to speak in their own words, Podany reveals how these Near Eastern leaders and their ambassadors devised a remarkably sophisticated system of diplomacy and of trade that extended from the Aegean Sea to Afghanistan, and from the Baltic to central Africa. The allied kings referred to one another as "brothers," kings with equal power and influence who were tied to one another through peace treaties and powerful obligations. They were also often bound together as in-laws, as a result of marrying one another's daughters. These rulers had almost never met one another in person, but they felt a strong connection--a real brotherhood--which gradually made wars between them less common. A remarkable account of a pivotal moment in world history--the establishment of international diplomacy thousands of years before the United Nations--Brotherhood of kings offers a vibrantly written history of the region often known as the cradle of civilization"--Provided by publisher

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that one of the fundamental principles of the administrative procedure is the principle of good faith, which has become both a reflection of the law enforcement need that has arisen in the process of judicial and regulatory practice, and the result of scientific developments carried out and the search for argumentation to determine the optimally necessary list of fundamental principles of publicity and management legal relations. The purpose of the article is to establish the content and essence of the principle of good faith as a principle of administrative procedure. The study used such general scientific and specifically scientific methods of scientific knowledge of the principles of administrative procedure as the historical and legal method; method of comparative law; generalization method and classification method. It is noted that the principle of integrity in an administrative procedure actually comes from the moral foundations of society and should be considered as one of its basic principles, defined in the legal and ethical standards of humanity, and is capable of reflecting the desire of an official and a private person to «act good honestly». The principle of integrity is considered in many areas, such as law, business, science and society as a whole. The main aspects of the principle of integrity as a regulator of social relations are indicated: honesty, understood as the ability of an individual or organization to act in accordance with the moral principles of society, avoiding deception, forgery and any other forms of dishonesty. Based on the study, conclusions are formulated and recommendations are given. It is substantiated that conscientious activity includes the fulfillment of all competent obligations. It is noted that the principle of good faith implies respect for the rights of others and attempts not to harm their interests or rights. It is recommended to consider the principle of conscientiousness in the implementation of administrative procedures as the principle of a responsible attitude of an individual to the consequences of his activities.

Optical forces allow manipulation of small particles and control of nanophotonic structures with light beams. While some techniques rely on structured light to move particles using field intensity gradients, acting locally, other optical forces can push particles on a wide area of illumination but only in the direction of light propagation. Here we show that spin orbit coupling, when the spin of the incident circularly polarized light is converted into lateral electromagnetic momentum, leads to a lateral optical force acting on particles placed above a substrate, associated with a recoil mechanical force. This counterintuitive force acts in a direction in which the illumination has neither a field gradient nor propagation. The force direction is switchable with the polarization of uniform, plane wave illumination, and its magnitude is comparable to other optical forces. ; This work has been supported, in part, by EPSRC (UK). A.V.Z. acknowledges support from the Royal Society and the Wolfson Foundation. N.E. acknowledges partial support from the US Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Grant No. N00014-10-1-0942. A.M. acknowledges support from the Spanish Government (contract Nos TEC2011-28664-C02-02 and TEC2014-51902-C2-1-R). ; Rodríguez Fortuño, FJ.; Engheta, N.; Martínez Abietar, AJ.; Zayats, AV. (2015). Lateral forces on circularly polarizable particles near a surface. Nature Communications. 6(8799):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9799 ; S ; 1 ; 7 ; 6 ; 8799 ; Novotny, L. & Hecht, B. Principles of Nano-Optics Cambridge University Press (2011). ; Jackson, J. D. Classical Electrodynamics Wiley (1998). ; Ashkin, A. & Dziedzic, J. M. Optical levitation by radiation pressure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 283 (1971). ; Ashkin, A. Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156–159 (1970). ; Omori, R., Kobayashi, T. & Suzuki, A. Observation of a single-beam gradient-force optical trap for dielectric particles in air. Opt. Lett. 22, ...

The global Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in measures to control the spread of the virus in almost every country in the world, including the closure of many workplaces and limitations on gatherings. As a key governance institution whose primary law-making functions feature lively discussion and debate, parliaments have been presented with a challenge – how can they continue their crucial work, at a time when scrutiny of government actions to tackle the crisis is vital, and demands from citizens are rising, while respecting the new limitations, safeguarding MPs and staff, and acting as a visible public role model? Many parliaments have chosen to continue their important work by establishing a 'virtual' or semi-virtual presence. This has taken a variety of forms in different countries, some of which are highlighted in this paper as it considers emerging practice. The purpose of this paper is to act as a practical guide to the opportunities, considerations, and challenges involved in any decision to operate a virtual parliament. Reviewing the diverse ways in which different institutions have responded to the challenge of transforming their processes and procedures in a very short space of time provides some clear insight for parliaments around the world to consider as they make their own plans and adjustments.

Perhaps no convention of our day is more acceptable to both the political scientist and the man on the street than the employment of the simple-majority device to determine the will of a group. Even the ponderous German scholar Otto von Gierke is drawn to the facetious conclusion that it is only in the institution of matrimony that the majority principle cannot be used. Exceptions, of course, exist. Examples familiar to students of American government include the two-thirds and three-fourths majorities of the federal amending process, the two-thirds vote of the United States Senate in the approval of treaties, and like majorities in the overriding of presidential and gubernatorial vetoes. But these exceptions do not invalidate the commonly accepted "naturalness" of decisions according to simple majority. The theory has probably been expressed best by Grotius: "It is unnatural," he says, "that the majority should submit to the minority—hence the majority naturally counts as the whole, if no compacts or positive law prescribe a different form of procedure."Although it now finds almost universal acceptance, the practice of reaching decisions by counting heads has not always prevailed, and even where employed its use has been limited and contingent. Speaking historically, the modern dogma of majority rule is a comparatively recent development, although it is probably an outgrowth of the various theories of majority rule of days gone.

We study the choice between source-based and destination-based corporate taxes in a two country model, allowing multinational _rms to use transfer pricing to allocate pro_ts across tax jurisdictions. We show that source-based taxation is a Nash equilibrium for tax revenue maximizing jurisdictions if domestic and foreign _rms generate large revenues. We also show that destinationbased taxes are a Nash equilibrium when _rms generate low revenues, which implies the presence of multiple equilibria. Both the source and the destination principle coexist in equilibrium when domestic and foreign corporate revenues are intermediate. However, the source principle always tax-dominates the destination principle.