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Urgency of the research. Taken into consideration the existing advantages of Ukraine as a powerful European State, promising directions of its development is being involved in cross-border cooperation. Target setting. Modern analysis of regional development of Ukraine testifies to the presence of negative trends, in particular, to deepen inter-regional differences, economic disparities and the exacerbation of social problems. Concerning this. crossborder cooperation is becoming an important factor of sustained development of Ukraine, a channel of involvement in European integration. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Devoted to problems of euroregional policy of Ukraine are the researches of such scholars as V. O. Martynyuk, N. A. Mikula, C. C. Troyan, L. I. Fedulova, T. M. Uhnovska, A. Hubert. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Further analysis is needed for the system of institutional and financial mechanisms of innovative development of euroregions. For Ukraine, urgent is a need of scientific justification of cross-border partnership benefits and problems, as well as a need of developing regulatory procedures providing the clustering process. The research objective. The analysis of the social partnership of Ukraine with the EU in the framework of cross-border clusters and euroregions. The statement of basic materials. The article deals with priorities of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU within the European regions and cross-border clusters. Based on the data SWOT-analysis identified the main objectives of European regions, effective mechanisms for inter-regional cooperation. Conclusions. It is important to implement in national statistical agencies the collection and processing of cross-border statistics in accordance with the recommendations of Eurostat; allocate budget funds for co-financing projects supported by the European Commission; create together with the Governments of neighboring States special funds, which will be accumulating finances to support social initiatives. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Зважаючи на наявні переваги України як потужної європейської держави, перспективним напрямом її розвитку є участь у транскордонній співпраці. Постановка проблеми. Сучасний аналіз регіонального розвитку України свідчить про наявність негативних тенденцій, зокрема, поглиблення міжрегіональних суперечностей, зростання економічних диспропорцій та загострення соціальних проблем. У зв'язку з цим, прикордонне співробітництво стає важливим чинником сталого розвитку України, каналом залучення до європейської інтеграції. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Проблемам єврорегіональної політики України присвячено праці таких вчених як В. О. Мартинюк, Н. А. Мікула, С. С. Троян, Л. І. Федулова, Т. М. Юхновська, А. Х'юберт. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Подальшого аналізу потребує система інституційних та фінансових механізмів інноваційного розвитку єврорегіонів. Для України нагальною є потреба наукового обґрунтування переваг та проблем транскордонного партнерства, а також необхідність розробки нормативно-правового забезпечення процесів кластеризації. Постановка завдання. Аналіз інструментів соціального партнерства України з ЄС у рамках транскордонних кластерів та єврорегіонів. Виклад основного матеріалу. У статті проведено аналіз пріоритетних напрямів співробітництва України з ЄС у рамках єврорегіонів і транскордонних кластерів. На основі даних SWOT-аналізу ідентифіковано головні завдання єврорегіонів, ефективні механізми міжрегіональної співпраці. Висновки. Важливо впровадити у національні статистичні органи збір та обробку транскордонної статистики відповідно рекомендацій Євростату; виділити у бюджеті кошти для співфінансування проектів, які підтримані Європейською Комісією; створити разом з урядами сусідніх держав спеціальні фонди, де будуть акумулюватися кошти на підтримку соціальних ініціатив.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
This article addresses the two-fold problem faced by the researchers of emerging technologies. First, the problem of definition: which term is appropriate to define new technologies; and second, what principles and methods are appropriate to classify a certain technology as new or emerging. Locally, this problem is also relevant, because the definitions of new technologies and the actual technologies are rarely discussed by Lithuanian researchers. To fill this gap, exploratory research has been conducted to compare definitions and the technological content of new technologies in international policy documents and the corporate websites of global corporations leading in research and development investments.
Focusing on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Commis­sion (EC), a policy document analysis showed that the term high technology, which dominated the discourse in the 1980s and well into the 1990s, has since been eclipsed by innovations and sustainable development, moving from an economy-centered approach to a focus on the qualitative aspects of technology development and its social impact. Within policy documents, various quantitative variables are applied to measure technology development at the level of regions, states or specific technological fields, such as the intensity of investments in research and development or the fields in which explosive growths of worldwide patents occur. However, a variety of methodological implications limit the use of this data to map the emergence and the potential impact of more specific technologies, rather than wide fields of development.
The website content of globally operating corporations known for being the leaders of business investment in R&D shows that the corporate discourse focuses on a rhetoric of progress and global impact as the main driving force of technological development. Commercially prospective technologies, as presented on corporate websites, emerged in the following seven technological fields in 2017: pharmaceutics and biotechnology, software engineering, web technologies, social research, electronic engineering, telecommunications, and transportation. This method offers the advantage of analyzing both specific technologies and the broader technological fields they belong to. Also, in contrast to policy documents, the list of new technologies in the corporate context offers several significant insights into the interdisciplinary nature of technological development and the contribution of the major technological fields to overall technological development. Overall, the list highlights the ties between micro- (individual level) and macro-level (society and state) technological impact, the interplay of visible (end-user products) and invisible (inf­rastructure) elements of technological systems. The results reflect the specifics of commercial settings, where new technologies are at a stage of development following fundamental scientific research and preceding mass production and distribution of innovations.
The differences between technology discourse in policy documents and corporate communication are reflective of a wider split into expert and public discourse, characteristic of the different aims pursued by the respective agents. Findings about the definitions and classifications of new technologies presented in this article may be applied for policy-making in the areas of science, technology and innovation management, research of the social impact of tech­nologies, and critical discussions of the ethical, legal, social and economic implications of technology development before their mass adoption.

Year 1989 marked a breakthrough in the presence and development of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Poland. The freedom of association was restored, and the society immediately took advantage of this freedom. Since the early 1990s, decentralization has been coupled with a revived activity of the civic sector, and a clear increase in the number of 'grass-root' initiatives, stimulated by the society itself. The number of NGOs has kept growing, including the associations, foundations, and church organizations. The scope of their activity, the number of employees and the tasks they undertake have been expanding. In order to understand the essence of social economy, and primarily to notice the opportunity to develop the state on the basis of the principles of social economy, it was necessary to change the definition of the essence of the state and society, their role, and to correlate their mutual objectives and needs. The administrative reform executed in Poland in 1999, resulted in moving the burden of public tasks from the central government to the units of territorial self-government. The administrative reform introduced three layers of territorial division in order to promote self-governance, facilitate the operation of local authorities, and bring them closer to citizens. Over the last twenty years, NGOs have become a valuable partner in territorial self-government by performing various kinds of public tasks and thus becoming an exceptionally significant element of social policy. The principles regulating the co-existence of the third sector and the state are laid down in the act of law of April 24, 2003 on public benefit and volunteer work, which provides a comprehensive regulation of the activity of NGOs in the realm of public life, the principles (subsidiarity, sovereignty of parties, partnership, efficiency, fair competition, and transparency), and the form of cooperation between such organizations and the organs of public administration with respect to the performance of public tasks. It should be emphasized, however, that while NGOs have taken over services rendered in some areas, their potential has not been fully utilized. The functioning of social organizations manifests civic freedom and society's self-organization. The activities of the third sector organizations allow the fulfillment of important social needs, such as the need for spontaneous association, social initiative and organizational autonomy. The functioning of social organizations has an advantageous influence on the activity of public and private organizations. The NGOs in Poland and abroad play an increasingly significant role, both in the development of civic society of democratic states, and also in the process of performing public tasks and the development of economies. At present, forms of cooperation between NGOs and the territorial self-government are being sought. This may indicate that both local authorities and the third sector organizations have reached a point where they are ready to form a real partnership. This is an optimistic statement, especially given the opportunity to develop the sector of social economy using the financial means of the EU structural funds. Along with the ageing of affluent societies, social exclusion, poverty and unemployment are the fundamental social problems for Poland and the whole of modern Europe. The subjects of the third sector of an economy can play a key role in solving these problems.

In recent years, cyber security has become one of the most actively discussed topics of international law, not only because domestic and inter-State cyber security incidents have grown in number and severity, but also because of the realisation that the technical peculiarities of cyberspace create new and unique legal problems that previously have not been encountered.1 In the Wales Summit Declaration on 5 September 2014, NATO recognized that international law, including international humanitarian law and the United Nations Charter (UN Charter), applies in cyberspace. A decision as to when a cyberattack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on a case-by-case basis.2 Collective self-defense expressed in Article 5 of NATO Treaty is a well-known fundamental principle of NATO: "…an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all (…)".3 Although Article 5 of the NATO Treaty has no concept of the objects of armed attacks, cyberattacks as "Armed Attacks" can be carried out on Critical Infrastrucutre (CI), and on Critical Information Infrastructure (CII). Such objects can function for both military and civilian purposes. CI for civil purposes can be both in state and private ownership. The types of activities of such objects are important for the exercise of state functions. Purpose - The present article aims at analyzing concept, types, functions of critical infrastructure and cases of cyberattacks on such objects and to determine the relationship with definition of Armed Attack in light Article 5 of the NATO Treaty. Design/methodology/approach – the author of the article is comparing legal definitions of CI in-laws of member states of NATO that connects to cyberattacks and come across with differences and common points. The case of Estonia (cyberattack on government networks), Ukraine (cyberattack on CEI) and Stuxnet (cyberattacks against CI) are shortly reviewed. Finding - when it comes to cyberattacks, in most cases, it is conducted on a CII, which is directly connected and is the source of automatic control of critical infrastructure. To date, the most successful such definition is in the strategy for cybersecurity of Lithuania as a NATO member, and a partner of NATO, Finland. Case in Ukraine showed that CI works in disconnected access to the Internet network. However, working personnel periodically violated the rules of automated control and connected the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)1 to the Internet. Research limitations/implications – the author uses NATO Treaty, legislation of the member countries of NATO to compare it and three cases of cyberattacks on CI. Practical implications – the article could be considered by NATO' headquarters (NATO HQ), North Atlantic Council (NAC), Allied Command Transformation (ACT), NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCI Agency), NATO accredited Centres of Excellence, in particularly NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE), military legal advisers to the command of NATO allies and partner countries. Originality/Value – the problem of application of Article 5 of NATO Treaty to cyberattacks is quite new for NATO and partner countries as well. That also causes a novelty of that article – finding that cyberattacks on CI could be invoked right on the collective selfdefense for NATO.

The article deals with the important question "about the meaning of life" for an individual as well as for society as a whole, within the co-evolution of man, society and nature, taking into account socio-economic and political systems for the development of social relations. At the same time, the works of famous scientists and public persons are used for analysis and generalization. Particular attention is paid to the history of social relations in Russia, pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Taking into account the mentality of the Russian people, both the indigenous and the state forming, the main features of it are: the priority of the public over the private, catholicity, non-covetousness and an acute sense of social justice. These features are most consistent with the socialist basis of management, the beginnings of which were already manifested in the community-collective farms of the Old Believers as far back as the 17th century, long before the Marxist theory, which was confirmed by Karl Marx himself. It was the archetype of the Russian man, corresponding to the collective principles of management, that contributed to the October Revolution of 1917 and the creation of socialism in a single country, despite the encirclement of the capitalist countries. Only treason, beginning with Gorbachev, led to the elimination of socialism and a second return to capitalism, which threw the country back several decades ago. But the experience of Russia in the field of socialism was fully utilized by China, which has already become, in exchange for the USSR, the world's second superpower, and will overtake the United States in its economic development in the coming years. The policy announced by Russian President Vladimir Putin for a breakthrough in all directions of social development is possible only on the road to liberation from the capitalist lines and transition to the socialist principles of economic management. ; Рассматривается важный вопрос «о смысле жизни» как для отдельного человека, так и для общества в целом, в рамках коэволюции человека, общества и природы, с учетом социально–экономических и политических систем развития общественных отношений. При этом для анализа и обобщения используются труды известных ученых и общественных деятелей. Особое внимание уделяется истории общественных отношений в России, в дореволюционный, советский и постсоветский периоды. С учетом менталитета русского народа, как коренного и государствообразующего, главными особенностями его являются: приоритет общественного над частным, соборность, нестяжательство и острое чувство социальной справедливости. Этим особенностям в наибольшей степени соответствуют социалистические основы хозяйствования, начала которых проявились уже в общинно–коллективных хозяйствах староверов еще в XVII веке, т.е. задолго до марксистской теории, что подтвердил и сам Карл Маркс. Именно архетип русского человека, соответствующий коллективным началам хозяйствования, способствовал и октябрьской революции 1917 г. и созданию социализма в отдельно взятой стране, несмотря на окружение капиталистических стран. Лишь предательство, начиная с Горбачева, привело к ликвидации социализма и вторичное возвращение к капитализму, что отбросило страну на несколько десятилетий назад. Но опыт России в области социализма сполна использовал Китай, который уже стал, сменив СССР, второй сверхдержавой мира и в ближайшие годы в своем экономическом развитии обгонит и США. Объявленный президентом России В.В. Путиным курс на прорыв во всех направлениях общественного развития возможен только на пути освобождения от капиталистических пут и перехода на социалистические начала хозяйствования.

Autor analyzuje složité vztahy mezi bilateralismem, regionalismem a multilateralismem v agendě celosvětové liberalizace obchodu. Spojené státy, jeden z největších propagátorů liberalizace obchodu prostřednictvím mnohostranných jednání, přesunuly v polovině 80. let svůj zájem k bilaterálním a regionálním dohodám. Tento posun odráží změny v globální ekonomice, konec ekonomické dominance USA a stagnaci mnohostranných jednání. Hlavní ekonomické velmoci začaly soutěžit o získání co největších obchodních preferencí. Dnes je globální ekonomika vyplněna hustou sítí regionálních a dvoustranných dohod, které nabízejí signatářům možnost pokračovat v liberalizaci obchodu i nad rámec agendy Světové obchodní organizace. Ačkoli subsaharská Afrika je nejvíce marginalizovaným regionem světové ekonomiky, je také součástí této sítě. Obchodní vztahy mezi USA a Afrikou se vyvinuly zejména v posledních patnácti letech na bázi African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Jedná se o jednostranný obchodní preferenční režim, který umožňuje africkým státům bezcelní přístup na americký trh. Jak ale ukazuje případová studie Východoafrického společenství, výhody plynoucí z AGOA jsou pro většinu afrických států velmi omezené a je velmi pravděpodobné, že AGOA nepřinese žádné podstatné změny ve struktuře obchodu v Africe. ; The author analyses the very complex relationship between bilateralism, regionalism, and multilateralism in the global trade liberalization agenda. The United States, one of the biggest promoters of trade liberalization through multilateral negotiations, shifted its focus to bilateralism and regionalism in mid-80's. This shift reflected changes in global economy, end of the US economic dominance, and stagnation of the multilateral negotiations. Major economic powers, including regional semipowers, started to compete for trade preferences. Today, global economy is filled with a dense network of regional and bilateral agreements, which offer signatories to proceed in trade liberalization beyond the WTO agenda. Although sub-Saharan Africa is the most marginalized region, it is also part of this network. Trade relations between the US and Africa developed in last 15 years under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), unilateral trade preference regime allowing African states duty-free access to the US market. However, as the case study of East African Community member states reveals, the benefit is very limited and very likely will not lead to any substantial changes in trade patterns in Africa. ; The author analyses the very complex relationship between bilateralism, regionalism, and multilateralism in the global trade liberalization agenda. The United States, one of the biggest promoters of trade liberalization through multilateral negotiations, shifted its focus to bilateralism and regionalism in mid-80's. This shift reflected changes in global economy, end of the US economic dominance, and stagnation of the multilateral negotiations. Major economic powers, including regional semipowers, started to compete for trade preferences. Today, global economy is filled with a dense network of regional and bilateral agreements, which offer signatories to proceed in trade liberalization beyond the WTO agenda. Although sub-Saharan Africa is the most marginalized region, it is also part of this network. Trade relations between the US and Africa developed in last 15 years under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), unilateral trade preference regime allowing African states duty-free access to the US market. However, as the case study of East African Community member states reveals, the benefit is very limited and very likely will not lead to any substantial changes in trade patterns in Africa.

Our generation has the task to ensure a sustainable energy provision for all. The key challenge is integrating new renewables into energy systems. Current trends show exponentially growing installations of solar photovoltaics (PV). While the electricity supply has traditionally been centralized, solar PV is well suited for decentralized installation. Self-consumption of locally generated electricity is becoming possible, allowing for a wide range of new decentralized energy solutions. The line between consumers and producers starts to blur, challenging utility companies to reshape their business models and forcing policy makers to reconsider policy settings. With this dissertation, I contribute to a holistic understanding and management of the energy transition, by focusing particularly on the decentralization dynamics of energy systems. With three foci, each addressed in one paper, I investigate three particular challenges of the paradigm change in the energy system, linking prosumer preferences and system-level perspectives. In the first paper, we investigate the drivers of the decentralization dynamics. We analyze the diffusion of self-consumption concepts, focusing on network effects and complementarities arising from an increasing number of prosumers and microgrids. Simulations of the conceptual model highlight that recovering distribution grid costs is a decisive network effect of decentralization dynamics. In the second paper, I simulate the impacts of different grid tariff designs and PV metering schemes on consumers' decision to become solar prosumers and to install storage. I also quantify the distribution effect between consumers with and without self-consumption. The role of politics and policy is crucial in balancing distributive justice of power grid costs and incentives arising from grid tariff design. In the third paper, we investigate prosumer's' willingness to provide flexibility in three technology application areas. Decentralized generation is thus far an unexploited potential for flexibility. Utility companies, together with flexible prosumers, can co-create flexibility by pooling and valorizing flexibility on markets, potentially leading to benefits for both. The results of our choice experiment indicate the required premium to compensate flexible prosumers and locate target technology areas for business models for decentralized flexibility. ; Unsere Generation hat die Aufgabe, eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung sicher zu stellen. Die zentrale Herausforderung dabei ist es neue erneuerbare Energien in das Energiesystem zu integrieren. Aktuelle Entwicklung zeigen ein exponentielles Wachstum von Photovoltaik (PV). PV ist für dezentrale Installationen besonders geeignet, im Gegensatz zu der traditionell zentral organisierten Stromversorgung. Eigenverbrauch von lokal produziertem Strom wird möglich und eröffnet eine breite Palette an dezentralen Energieversorgungslösungen. Die verschmelzende Linie zwischen Konsumenten und Produzenten fordert Energieversorgungsunternehmen und politische Entscheidungsträger, einerseits neue Geschäftsmodelle zu finden sowie andererseits Gesetzgebung und Förderpolitik zu überdenken. Mit dieser Dissertation trage ich zu einem ganzheitlichen Verständnis und Management der Energiewende bei, indem ich mich spezifisch auf die Dezentralisierungsdynamiken von Energiesystemen konzentriere. Mit drei Schwerpunkten, jeweils adressiert in einem Beitrag, untersuche ich drei spezifische Herausforderungen des Paradigmenwechsels im Energiesystem und verknüpfe Präferenzen von Prosumenten mit Systemperspektiven. Im ersten Beitrag untersuchen wir die Treiber der Dezentralisierungsdynamiken. Wir analysieren die Diffusion von Eigenverbrauchskonzepten mit einem Fokus auf Netzwerkeffekte und Komplementaritäten, die aus der steigenden Anzahl von Prosumenten und Mikronetze entstehen. Simulationen des konzeptionellen Modells zeigen, dass die Kostendeckung von Stromverteilnetzen ein entscheidender Netzwerkeffekt von Dezentralisierungsdynamiken ist. Im zweiten Beitrag simuliere ich die Auswirkungen verschiedener Netznutzungstarife und PV-Vergütungsschemas auf die Kundenentscheidungen ein Prosument zu werden und in Speicher zu investieren. Zudem quantifiziere ich den Verteileffekt zwischen Konsumenten mit und ohne Eigenverbrauch. Die Rolle von Politik, Gesetzgebung und Fördermassnahmen sind entscheidend, um die Kosten der Stromverteilnetze gerecht zu verteilen und kosteneffiziente Anreize zu setzen. Im dritten Beitrag untersuchen wir in drei Technologiebereichen die Bereitschaft von Prosumenten Flexibilität bereitzustellen. Dezentrale Produktion ist ein bisher ungenutztes Potenzial für Flexibilität. Energieversorgungsunternehmen können gemeinsam mit flexiblen Prosumenten potenziell einen Mehrwert schaffen, indem sie lokale Flexibilitätspotenziale gebündelt vermarkten. Die Resultate von unserem Wahlexperiment eruieren die erwartete Prämie, um flexible Prosumers zu vergüten, und lokalisieren geeignete Technologiebereiche für Geschäftsmodelle mit dezentraler Flexibilität.

Too often it has been taken for granted that East-Scandinavian countries, Finland and Sweden share similar societies, similar culture and even legal mentality. Very often there is a shared or similar jurisprudence, sometimes even identical single legal rules in Finland and Sweden due to the historical background, deep co-operation of Nordic legislators especially before the EU-memberships and because Finland has often copied the Swedish legislation. However, the interpretations and therefore the way of legal thinking varies between Finland and Sweden, in the other words, the legal culture in the neighboring countries are not identical. Swedish legislative culture is much more dialogic compared with the Finnish one. The Finnish way to "run things" instead of to discuss and reflect is the main difference between the Finnish and Swedish cultures of realizing things. This might be one reason to the current difference that ECHR and case law based on it, is lively discussed by academics in Finland and easily followed by courts too, whereas this common law –based way of interpretation (the contents of the convention is developed by case-law and not amending the text) is not that familiar way to make legal changes in Sweden. Formally, the convention is valid and binding in both countries and that history is much longer in Sweden since 1959 whereas - mainly thanks to political reasons – Finland could join in the convention in the beginning of 90´s but the factual effects at least into the Finnish procedural law has been really enormous and very fundamental whereas in Sweden the ECHR and its article 6 are not the main factors in the procedural law. In this article, the status of the case-law from the European court of human rights is compared with East-Scandinavian countries. ; Pernelyg dažnai savaime suprantamu dalyku buvo laikoma, kad Rytų ir Skandinavijos šalys, Suomija ir Švedija turi panašią visuomenę, panašią kultūrą ir netgi teisinį mentalitetą. Suomijoje ir Švedijoje labai dažnai egzistuoja bendra ar panaši jurisprudencija, kartais net vienodos teisinės taisyklės, atsiradusios dėl istorinio pagrindo, glaudaus Šiaurės šalių teisės aktų leidėjų bendradarbiavimo, ypač prieš narystę ES; jos bendros dar ir todėl, kad Suomija dažnai kopijavo Švedijos teisės aktus. Tačiau skiriasi interpretacijos ir teisinio mąstymo būdai , kitaip tariant, teisinės kultūros kaimyninėse šalyse nėra vienodos. Švedijos teisės kultūra yra labiau dialogiška nei Suomijos. Suomijos būdas tvarkyti reikalus, o ne aptarti ir atspindėti yra pagrindinis skirtumas tarp Suomijos ir Švedijos dalykų realizavimo kultūrų. Tai gali būti viena iš priežasčių, dėl kurių šiuo metu esama skirtumo tarp EŽTT ir jo grindžiamos teismų praktikos; tai aktyviai aptariama Suomijos akademikų ir lengvai vykdoma teismų, kadangi šis bendrais įstatymais grindžiamas aiškinimo būdas (konvencijos turinys parengiamas remiantis teismų praktika ir nekeičiant teksto) nėra toks įprastas būdas atlikti teisinius pakeitimus Švedijoje. Formaliai konvencija galioja ir yra privaloma abiejose šalyse, nors Švedijoje istorija yra daug ilgesnė (įsigaliojo nuo 1959 m.), o – Suomija (daugiausia dėl politinių priežasčių) galėjo prisijungti prie konvencijos tik dešimtojo dešimtmečio pradžioje, bet faktiniai padariniai, bent jau Suomijos procesinėje teisėje, buvo didžiuliai ir labai svarbūs, tačiau Švedijoje EŽTT ir jo 6 straipsnis nėra pagrindiniai proceso teisės elementai. Šiame straipsnyje teismų praktikos statusas iš Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo lyginamas su Rytų ir Skandinavijos šalimis.

This paper investigates selected short- and mid-term effects in trade in goods between the Visegrad countries (V4: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic) and the Republic of Korea under the framework of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Korea. This Agreement is described in the "Trade for All" (2015: 9) strategy as the most ambitious trade deal ever implemented by the EU. The primary purpose of our analysis is to identify, compare, and evaluate the evolution of the technological sophistication of bilateral exports and imports. Another dimension of the paper concentrates on the developments within intra-industry trade. Moreover, these objectives are approached taking into account the context of the South Korean direct investment inflow to the V4. The evaluation of technological sophistication is based on UNCTAD's methodology, while the intensity of intra-industry trade is measured by the GL-index and identification of its subcategories (horizontal and vertical trade). The analysis covers the timespan 2001–2015. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that the study of South Korean-V4 trade relations has not so far been carried out from this perspective. Thus this paper investigates interesting phenomena identified in the trade between the Republic of Korea (ROK) and V4 economies. The main findings imply an impact of South Korean direct investments on trade. This is represented by the trade deficit of the V4 with ROK and the structure of bilateral trade in terms of its technological sophistication. South Korean investments might also have had positive consequences for the evolution of IIT, particularly in the machinery sector. The political interpretation indicates that they may strengthen common threats associated with the middle-income trap, particularly the technological gap and the emphasis placed on lower costs of production. ; Artykuł poświęcony jest zbadaniu krótko‑ i średniookresowych efektów w handlu towarowym między krajami Grupy Wyszehradzkiej (V4: Republika Czeska, Węgry, Polska, Słowacja) a Republiką Korei (Koreą Południową) w ramach umowy o wolnym handlu między Unią Europejską a Republiką Korei. W strategii "Trade for All" to porozumienie określono mianem najambitniejszej umowy handlowej kiedykolwiek zawartej i wdrożonej przez UE. Głównym celem analizy jest zidentyfikowanie, porównanie oraz ocena zachodzących zmian w zaawansowaniu technologicznym dwustronnych strumieni eksportu i importu oraz w obrębie struktury handlu wewnątrzgałęziowego. Szerszym kontekstem badań jest ponadto napływ koreańskich inwestycji zagranicznych do krajów V4. Analiza technologicznego zaawansowania oparta jest na podejściu metodologicznym Konferencji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Handlu i Rozwoju, podczas gdy intensywność wymiany wewnątrzgałęziowej jest mierzona indeksem Grubela‑Lloyda wraz z określeniem jej kategorii składowych (handlu poziomego i pionowego). Badaniem objęto okres 2001–2015. Nowatorskość opracowania wynika z faktu, że jak dotąd badania nad stosunkami handlowymi między Koreą Południową a krajami V4 nie zostały przeprowadzone w ten sposób. Wnioski sugerują wpływ południowokoreańskich inwestycji bezpośrednich na handel, co znajduje swoje odzwierciedlenie w deficycie handlowym oraz strukturze dwustronnej wymiany w ujęciu jej zaawansowania technologicznego. Inwestycje te mogły mieć także pozytywne skutki dla ewolucji wymiany wewnątrzgałęziowej, zwłaszcza w obrębie przemysłu maszynowego. Polityczna interpretacja wskazuje, że mogą one wzmacniać zagrożenia typowe dla pułapki średniego dochodu, zwłaszcza lukę technologiczną oraz nacisk na niskie koszty produkcji.

ABSTRACTJakarta urban management challenge is increasingly complex due to high population, changing of socio-economic condition, carrying capacity limitation and need to take notice to new paradigm related to mainstreaming of S&T and innovation through Co-regulation of Ministry of Research and Technology and Internal Affairs on Strengthening Regional Innovation System (SIDa). SIDa concept development in Jakarta follows factual condition of R&D institutions absence within Provincial Government Structure due to assumption that various components of SIDa such as best human resources, universities and research activities are already in Jakarta. So, Regional Research Council of Jakarta decided that SIDa strengthening will focus on 2 main issues: a) Interaction which led to collaboration among stakeholders (Academician - Business - Government and Public Society), and b) Learning. The aims is to implement results of studies in selected area of Kebon Sirih that has long been known as homestay location of backpackers which is currently in declining condition. Study conducted using Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method that focuses on finding local potential both non-physical and physical. The result is proposed Revitalization of Kebon Sirih Tourism Area by developing 2 main potentials: 1) Culinary Center, 2) People's Cultural Center, supported by 3) Environmental Arrangement. Revitalization expected to be carried out by local communities in cooperation with other stakeholders, namely Lurah as Urban Manager, local businesses as CSR funder, academician as implementer of S&T and innovation, to create independent and competitive urban community that produces resilient and smart communities and the occurrence collaboration among stakeholders.Keywords: SIDa concept, Jakarta Resilience, Jakarta Smart City, ABCD methodABSTRAK Tantangan pengelolaan perkotaan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta kian kompleks disebabkan tingginya jumlah penduduk, kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang terus berubah, keterbatasan daya dukung ekosistem serta perlunya memperhatikan paradigma baru terkait pengarusutamaan iptek dan inovasi melalui Perber Menristek dan Mendagri (no.3/2012 dan no.36/2012) tentang Penguatan Sistem Inovasi Daerah (SIDa). Pengembangan konsep SIDa di DKI mengikuti kondisi faktual yaitu tidak adanya kelembagaan Litbang di Pemprov DKI Jakarta dikarenakan anggapan bahwa berbagai komponen SIDa terbaik seperti sumber daya manusia, perguruan tinggi dan berbagai kegiatan riset sudah ada di DKI Jakarta. Untuk itu Dewan Riset Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta memutuskan Penguatan SIDa di Jakarta akan berfokus pada 2 isu utama yaitu a) Interaksi yang berujung kolaborasi antar pemangku kepentingan (Akademisi-Dunia Usaha-Pemerintah Daerah dan Masyarakat Umum), serta b) Pembelajaran. Bertujuan mengimplementasikan hasil kajian pada kawasan terpilih yaitu kelurahan Kebon Sirih yang telah lama dikenal sebagai lokasi homestay turis backpackers dari mancanegara yang saat ini menurun kondisinya. Kajian dilakukan menggunakan metoda Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) yang berfokus mencari potensi baik non-fisik (SDM) maupun fisik. Hasilnya adalah usulan Revitalisasi Kawasan Wisata Kebon Sirih dengan mengembangkan 2 potensi utama: 1) Pengembangan Pusat Kuliner, 2) Pengembangan Pagelaran Budaya Rakyat, yang didukung 3) Penataan Lingkungan. Revitalisasi akan dilaksanakan masyarakat lokal bekerjasama dengan stakeholder lainnya yaitu Lurah selaku Urban Manager, dunia usaha selaku penyandang dana, akademisi dalam rangka penerapan hasil iptek, agar tercipta masyarakat perkotaan yang mandiri dan berdaya-saing yang menghasilkan masyarakat berketahanan dan smart karena menggunakan hasil iptek serta terjadinya kolaborasi antar stakeholder terkait.Kata kunci: konsep SIDa, Jakarta Berketahanan, Jakarta Smart City, metoda ABCD

The SRU Act (law on urban solidarity and rehabilitation) of December 13th 2000 marked in France a renewal of spatial planning exercises. They are now part of the larger territory and pursue more transversal objectives than the only physical organization of space. This renewal comes in a context of widespread societal, political and territorial complexification that is accompanied by a growing unpredictability of the future. This context requires an overhaul of ambitions and ways of doing spatial planning: from a linear process (definition of the plan, implementation of the plan), it has to become adaptable, without losing sight of the objectives initially set. Planning now must be strategic and spatialized. Amongst the dimensions of this new way of planning, this dissertation focuses more specifically on the place of participation in the implementation of these new planning exercises. Participation is understood here in the broad sense of the involvement of all actors as stakeholders, who collectively contribute to the definition of a shared vision of the future of their territory. If the Territorial Coherence Plan is the flagship document of the evolution of planning in France, this dissertation opts to take an interest in other less studied strategic planning approaches: territorial projects. Two approaches of territorial prospective will be analyzed: the Nîmes Métropole 2030 Territorial Project and the revision of the Chartreuse Regional Natural Park's charter 2020-2035. These will show the diversity of exercises and contexts of implementation with nevertheless this common will to involve widely to co-construct a unifying vision of the future of the territory. ; La loi relative à la solidarité et au renouvellement urbains (loi SRU) du 13 décembre 2000 a marqué en France un renouveau des exercices de planification. Ceux-ci s'inscrivent désormais à l'échelle du grand territoire et poursuivent des objectifs plus transversaux que la seule organisation physique de l'espace. Ce renouveau intervient dans un contexte de complexification sociétale, politique et territoriale généralisée qui s'accompagne d'une imprévisibilité grandissante de l'avenir. Ce contexte nécessite ainsi une révision des ambitions et des manières de faire de la planification : d'un processus linéaire (définition du plan, mise en œuvre du plan), celle-ci doit désormais faire preuve d'adaptabilité, sans pour autant perdre de vue les objectifs fixés initialement. La planification se veut désormais stratégique et spatialisée. Parmi les dimensions de cette nouvelle manière de planifier, ce mémoire s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la place de la participation dans la mise en œuvre de ces nouveaux exercices de planification. La participation est ici entendue au sens large de l'implication de l'ensemble des acteurs en tant que parties prenantes, qui concourent collectivement à la définition d'une vision partagée de l'avenir de leur territoire. Si le Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale est le document phare de cette évolution de la planification en France, ce mémoire fait le choix de s'intéresser à d'autres démarches de planification stratégique moins étudiées : les projets de territoire. Deux démarches de prospective territoriale seront analysées : le Projet de Territoire de Nîmes Métropole 2030 et la révision de la charte du Parc naturel régional de Chartreuse 2020-2035. Elles permettront de montrer la diversité des exercices et des contextes de mise en oeuvre avec néanmoins cette volonté commune d'impliquer largement pour coconstruire une vision fédératrice de l'avenir du territoire.

Vom 13. Jahrhundert an hatte das Magdeburger Stadtrecht eine zentrale Rolle im Hinblick auf die Entstehung der städtischen Rechtstraditionen in Ostmitteleuropa. In der Studie werden die Elemente der mittelalterlichen Stadtverfassung in Magdeburg vorgestellt (die Bürgerversammlung, der Stadtrat und der Schöffenstuhl), denn gerade die Stadtverfassung und die Balance der Kompetenzen zählen zu den wichtigen Gründen für den Transfer des Magdeburger Rechts in Ostmitteleuropa, stellte Heiner Lück fest. Die Wahl der Schöffen und der Ratsherren in Magdeburg zeigen die Grundlagen des modernen Staates. So trugen die Kooptation der Schöffen für lebenslange Beschäftigung und ihre finanzielle Unabhängigkeit Züge der richterlichen Unabhängigkeit im modernen Staat.Mehrere Stadtrechtsbucheinträge zeigen parallele Gedanken im Hinblick auf die Wahl der städtischen Honoratioren, und zwar von Zeit, Land und Herrschaftsbereich unabhängig. Dieses Phänomen lässt sich als Transfer des Magdeburger Rechts beschreiben. Die gemeinsame Grundlage und so auch der Wissensträger war wahrscheinlich das Sächsische Weichbild, eine Rechtsquelle aus dem Umfeld des Magdeburger Schöffenstuhls. Am Beispiel von zwei Rechtsinstitutionen, die Wahl der Amtsträger und die Amtswahrnehmungspflicht der Bürger kann der Rechtstransfer in den Städten des Königreichs Ungarn nachgewiesen werden. Die parallelen Stellen in den städtischen Rechtsquellen aus Böhmen, Ungarn und Polen zeigen Bausteine einer mémoire culturelle ostmitteleuropäischer Rechtskultur. ; From the 13th century on the Magdeburg town law had an outstanding role in forming the legal traditons of the cities in East-Central Europe. According to Heiner Lück, it was especially the municipal government and the balance between the branches, which had been adopted by the cities in East-Central Europe. The survey outlines the organs of the municipal government in the medieval Magdeburg: the assembly of the burghers (burding), the city council and the bench of aldermen (Schöffenstuhl). Focusing on the aldermen and the councellors, the origins of the modern state can be observed also in these medieval legal institutions. The life long service of the aldermen correspond in some points the constitutional doctrine of the judicial independence. Several rules on municipal government, which had been recorded in different legal codes in East-Central Europe, have the same character. This phenomenon can be described as legal transfer of the Magdeburg law. The same legal tradition were noted regarding the election of the town council and the aldermen in sources from Bohemia, Hungary and Poland. The common legal basis for the rules of Magdeburg law was presumably the so called Saxon Weichbild. Two legal institutions, the election of the city council and the duties of the burghers referring the municipal assembly are presented by citing from town books of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. ; Prawo miejskie Magdeburga odegrało ogromną rolę w formowaniu najstarszych organizacji samorządów miast Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Heiner Lück podkreśla zwłaszcza jego rolę w kształtowaniu swoistej równowagi pomiędzy różnymi organami samorządu. Tekst wskazuje charakter takich ważnych elementów samorządu miejskiego w średniowiecznym Magdeburgu, jak zgromadzenie mieszczan, rady miasta i ławy sądowej. Autorka podkreśla, że przykład statusu miejskich ławników i rajców dowodzi, iż początki współczesnego państwa mają związek ze średniowiecznymi instytucjami prawnymi miasta. Wyróżnia tu trwającą do śmierci służbę ławników i ich niezależność finansową, odpowiadającą w niektórych aspektach konstytucyjnej doktrynie niezawisłości sędziowskiej. Ponadto przywołuje kilka wpisów z różnych ksiąg miejskich z terenu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, które – jej zdaniem – pokazują podobieństwa charakteru dostojników miejskich w różnych czasach, na różnych ziemiach i w różnych systemach władzy. Zjawisko to można, jak uważa autorka opracowania, określić mianem translacji założeń prawa magdeburskiego, co dokumentuje ta sama tradycja prawnicza określająca charakter wyborów rady miejskiej i ławników w źródłach zapisanych na obszarze Czech, Węgier i Polski. Wspólną podstawą dla zasad prawa magdeburskiego było przypuszczalnie tzw. zwierciadło saskie. W niniejszym tekście przyjrzano się bliżej szczególnie dwóm instytucjom prawnym: radzie miejskiej oraz zgromadzeniu obywateli, których działanie dokumentowane było zapisami ksiąg miejskich z terenu Królestwa Węgier.

In recent years, cyber security has become one of the most actively discussed topics of international law, not only because domestic and inter-State cyber security incidents have grown in number and severity, but also because of the realisation that the technical peculiarities of cyberspace create new and unique legal problems that previously have not been encountered.1 In the Wales Summit Declaration on 5 September 2014, NATO recognized that international law, including international humanitarian law and the United Nations Charter (UN Charter), applies in cyberspace. A decision as to when a cyberattack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on a case-by-case basis.2 Collective self-defense expressed in Article 5 of NATO Treaty is a well-known fundamental principle of NATO: "…an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all (…)".3 Although Article 5 of the NATO Treaty has no concept of the objects of armed attacks, cyberattacks as "Armed Attacks" can be carried out on Critical Infrastrucutre (CI), and on Critical Information Infrastructure (CII). Such objects can function for both military and civilian purposes. CI for civil purposes can be both in state and private ownership. The types of activities of such objects are important for the exercise of state functions. Purpose - The present article aims at analyzing concept, types, functions of critical infrastructure and cases of cyberattacks on such objects and to determine the relationship with definition of Armed Attack in light Article 5 of the NATO Treaty. Design/methodology/approach – the author of the article is comparing legal definitions of CI in-laws of member states of NATO that connects to cyberattacks and come across with differences and common points. The case of Estonia (cyberattack on government networks), Ukraine (cyberattack on CEI) and Stuxnet (cyberattacks against CI) are shortly reviewed. Finding - when it comes to cyberattacks, in most cases, it is conducted on a CII, which is directly connected and is the source of automatic control of critical infrastructure. To date, the most successful such definition is in the strategy for cybersecurity of Lithuania as a NATO member, and a partner of NATO, Finland. Case in Ukraine showed that CI works in disconnected access to the Internet network. However, working personnel periodically violated the rules of automated control and connected the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)1 to the Internet. Research limitations/implications – the author uses NATO Treaty, legislation of the member countries of NATO to compare it and three cases of cyberattacks on CI. Practical implications – the article could be considered by NATO' headquarters (NATO HQ), North Atlantic Council (NAC), Allied Command Transformation (ACT), NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCI Agency), NATO accredited Centres of Excellence, in particularly NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE), military legal advisers to the command of NATO allies and partner countries. Originality/Value – the problem of application of Article 5 of NATO Treaty to cyberattacks is quite new for NATO and partner countries as well. That also causes a novelty of that article – finding that cyberattacks on CI could be invoked right on the collective selfdefense for NATO.

Prefixoides super- and mega- as means of football lexicon renewal: Ukrainian and Polish parallelsThe article describes the neologisms with the prefixoides super- and megarecorded in the modern Ukrainian and Polish football Internet discourse. Those innovations add meaningfulness and dynamism to a text, render the word semantics more expressive and intensive, and contribute to the economy of language resources. In Ukrainian and Polish football Internet discourse the prefixoides super- and mega- are synonyms, and using them as structural components of neologism depends on the speaker's language and aesthetic tastes. The prefixoidal innovations are used for the nomination of different football processes, phenomena and actions, such as: a) football games; b) game moments; c) hits on the ball; d) scored goals; e) tactical moves by a team; f) individual players' technical moves; g) results of matches etc. Most often, the neologisms with the prefixoides super- and mega- contain the seme 'the best; exceeding the level of others,' while some are based on the semes 'powerful,' 'intensive,' 'effective,' 'the most modern.' When added to an anthroponym, neologisms which contain the prefixoides super- and mega- stress the football player's professionalism. In Ukrainian and Polish football Internet discourse, the formative base for prefixoidal neologism are usually borrowed lexemes, although in Polish there is a stronger tendency to use native lexemes in this capacity, some of which do not have direct counterparts in Ukrainian, for example, superłącznik, megawolej. The football lexicons of both languages absorbed military words to foster expressiveness by likening football to warfare. On the whole, the aspects of football described by the neologisms lead to the conclusion that for the speakers football is interesting as a game, but not as business or a commercial product. Prefiksoidy super- i mega- jako środki odnowienia leksyki związanej z piłką nożną: paralele ukraińskie i polskieArtykuł opisuje neologizmy z prefiksoidami super- i mega- zanotowane we współczesnym ukraińskim i polskim dyskursie internetowym dotyczącym piłki nożnej. Te innowacje nadają tekstowi wyrazu i dynamizują go, zwiększają ekspresywność i wyrazistość znaczenia słów, sprzyjają ekonomii środków wyrazu. Zarówno w ukraińskim, jak i polskim dyskursie internetowym dotyczącym piłki nożnej prefiksoidy super- i mega- są synonimami, a ich użycie jako elementów składowych neologizmów zależy od wyborów estetycznych mówiącego. Prefiksoidalne innowacje występują jako nazwy różnych procesów, zjawisk i działań związanych z piłką nożną: a) meczów; b)fragmentów gry; c) uderzeń piłki; d) goli; e) posunięć taktycznych drużyny piłkarskiej; f)technicznych zagrań poszczególnych graczy; g)wyników meczów itd. Neologizmy z prefiksoidami super- i mega- oparte są najczęściej na semie 'najlepszy; na wyższym poziomie niż inni', kiedy indziej zaś na semach 'potężny', 'intensywny', skuteczny', 'najnowocześniejszy'. W połączeniu z antroponimem neologizmy z prefiksoidami super- i mega- służą podkreśleniu profesjonalizmu gracza. W ukraińskim i polskim dyskursie internetowym związanym z piłką nożną za podstawę do tworzenia neologizmów prefiksoidalnych służą zwykle leksemy będące zapożyczeniami, przy czym w języku polskim nieco częściej występuje tendencja do używania w tym przypadku rodzimych leksemów, niekiedy niemających bezpośrednich odpowiedników w języku ukraińskim, np. superłącznik, megawolej. W obu językach opisujące piłkę nożną słownictwo zawiera słowa związane z wojskowością, co pozwala zwiększyć wyrazistość piłkarskiego języka przez zrównanie zmagań piłkarskich z działaniami wojennymi. Analiza określanych przez badane neologizmy aspektów futbolu skłania do wniosku, że użytkowników obu języków piłka nożna interesuje jako sport, nie zaś jako rodzaj działalności gospodarczej czy komercyjny produkt.

In recent years, cyber security has become one of the most actively discussed topics of international law, not only because domestic and inter-State cyber security incidents have grown in number and severity, but also because of the realisation that the technical peculiarities of cyberspace create new and unique legal problems that previously have not been encountered.1 In the Wales Summit Declaration on 5 September 2014, NATO recognized that international law, including international humanitarian law and the United Nations Charter (UN Charter), applies in cyberspace. A decision as to when a cyberattack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on a case-by-case basis.2 Collective self-defense expressed in Article 5 of NATO Treaty is a well-known fundamental principle of NATO: "…an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all (…)".3 Although Article 5 of the NATO Treaty has no concept of the objects of armed attacks, cyberattacks as "Armed Attacks" can be carried out on Critical Infrastrucutre (CI), and on Critical Information Infrastructure (CII). Such objects can function for both military and civilian purposes. CI for civil purposes can be both in state and private ownership. The types of activities of such objects are important for the exercise of state functions. Purpose - The present article aims at analyzing concept, types, functions of critical infrastructure and cases of cyberattacks on such objects and to determine the relationship with definition of Armed Attack in light Article 5 of the NATO Treaty. Design/methodology/approach – the author of the article is comparing legal definitions of CI in-laws of member states of NATO that connects to cyberattacks and come across with differences and common points. The case of Estonia (cyberattack on government networks), Ukraine (cyberattack on CEI) and Stuxnet (cyberattacks against CI) are shortly reviewed. Finding - when it comes to cyberattacks, in most cases, it is conducted on a CII, which is directly connected and is the source of automatic control of critical infrastructure. To date, the most successful such definition is in the strategy for cybersecurity of Lithuania as a NATO member, and a partner of NATO, Finland. Case in Ukraine showed that CI works in disconnected access to the Internet network. However, working personnel periodically violated the rules of automated control and connected the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)1 to the Internet. Research limitations/implications – the author uses NATO Treaty, legislation of the member countries of NATO to compare it and three cases of cyberattacks on CI. Practical implications – the article could be considered by NATO' headquarters (NATO HQ), North Atlantic Council (NAC), Allied Command Transformation (ACT), NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCI Agency), NATO accredited Centres of Excellence, in particularly NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE), military legal advisers to the command of NATO allies and partner countries. Originality/Value – the problem of application of Article 5 of NATO Treaty to cyberattacks is quite new for NATO and partner countries as well. That also causes a novelty of that article – finding that cyberattacks on CI could be invoked right on the collective selfdefense for NATO.