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well as powers concerning enforcement – investigations, measures and penalties – to the EU level. One striking example of such a transfer is the new supervisory system for credit institutions that has recently been put into effect, the so-called Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM).1 Under the new system, the European Central Bank (ECB) is exclusively competent to carry out the prudential supervision of credit institutions.2 But the system also foresees the involvement of national competent authorities (NCAs) of Member States in the supervisory process. The process may thus be characterized as a shared and, at times, mixed administration.3 This article addresses the consequences of these developments with respect to individual judicial protection. Will its shift result in ambiguity, deficits and gaps in judicial protection? Given the impact of such ambiguity and possible uncertainty on the behaviour of key players in the field, would the process diminish the effectiveness of the supervision of credit institutions? This study will further explore these questions against the background of two judicial protection requirements developed in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). There is, firstly, a formal requirement to have access to the courts. This requirement relates to the question as to whether acts and decisions in the supervisory process of credit institutions can be challenged before a court and, if so, which courts – the Union or national courts – are competent. As both the Union and national courts can be involved in various stages of the supervisory process, questions of interference and cooperation must also be addressed. Secondly, judicial protection implies a substantive element, namely the verification by the courts so as to whether competent supervision authorities have complied with the applicable rules and principles. Both (formal and substantive) requirements are connected to the rule of law (or the principle of the Rechtsstaat), the fundamental principle which governs ...

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to a reemployment program available to certain veterans placed on community supervision for a misdemeanor offense.

There is great diversity among Pacific Island states (n=22) in geography, history, population size, political status, endemic disease, resources, economic and social development and positions in the demographic and health transitions and their variants. Excluding Papua New Guinea, all Pacific states are less than one million, and half of them (11) are less than 100,000. Smallness also means fewer resources available for health, even if percentage allocations are similar to larger countries, and a disproportionate amount may derive from international aid. Specialisation is not cost-effective or even possible in clinical, administrative or public health domains in small populations, even if resources or personnel were available, since such staff would lose their skills. In instances where only one to two staff are required, retirement or migration means decimation of the workforce. Training doctors within the Pacific Island region provides appropriately trained personnel who are more likely to remain, including those trained in the major specialities. Nursing training should be in-country, although in very small entities, training in neighbouring states is necessary. Outmigration is a significant issue, however, opportunities in Pacific Rim countries for medical doctors are contracting, and there is now a more fluid workforce among Pacific health personnel, including those resident in Pacific Rim countries. International and regional agencies have a disproportionate influence in small states which can mean that global policies intended for larger polities are often promulgated inappropriately in small Pacific states.Smallness also leads to strong personal relationships between health staff, and contributes to teamwork, but can also create issues in supervision. Small health services are not just scaled-down versions of large health services; they are qualitatively different. Smallness is usually intractable, and its effects require creative and particularistic solutions involving other more endowed Pacific states and Pacific Rim countries. Abbreviations: NCD – Non-Communicable Disease; NGOs – Non Government Organisations; ODA – Overseas Development Assistance; TFR – Total Fertility Rate.

AbstractSocial policies are legislated nationally and implemented locally, and despite national attempts at vertical policy coordination, implementation varies. The aim of this article is to better understand variations in local implementation of national policies, emphasising, in particular, structural conditions. Our case is a legislative change in Norway that obliged municipalities to implement compulsory participation and conditionality for young recipients of social assistance. We conducted a comparative case study analysis in which, through 28 qualitative interviews, we compared six municipalities. We found that municipalities that have conceptualised compulsory participation as physical work and long hours in catch‐all programmes are also the municipalities that sanction through benefit cuts. The municipalities that were more reluctant to cut benefits were those with the least straining requirements in terms of content and scope. We discuss local variation in terms of local‐level path dependence, the size of the municipality and state supervision of municipalities.

Рассматривается жилищно-коммунальное хозяйство как сфера экономики, в которой необходимо государственное регулирование экономических отношений между потребителями услуг в лице населения и поставщиками в лице организаций коммунального комплекса. Рассмотрены нормативные документы, разработанные в процессе реформирования ЖКХ. Проанализирована ситуация, сложившаяся в этой сфере на сегодняшний день. Обоснована необходимость государственного регулирования тарифов. ; The essence of public relations, which is a permanent participant of man's life and his requirements in a comfortable house leads to the need of the state supervision over the process of sustainability of housing and communal services of municipal services. In fact, at all times, as now, there was a need in accommodation, supply of urban water and fuel, cleaning and street lighting, organization of transport, household and other services. The current situation is not an exception, and it is developing in the formation of the new economic and political structure of the Russian society.

With record-high incarceration rates, unprecedented extension of state supervision over individuals leaving prison, and a complex maze of legal barriers to reintegration, more people than ever before are returning home after serving time in prison. These individuals face daunting barriers to successful reintegration. Successful reentry requires strong community support networks and comprehensive services, both of which are lacking in urban areas to which most former prisoners return. Interventions that reflect these principles may hold the greatest promise for success. Yet reentry policies are still quite primitive; researchers are just now beginning to develop an approach to reentry based on evidence of best practices. At this moment, it is critically important that the federal government invest in the development and testing of new ideas and rigorous evaluations to determine which interventions are effective at promoting public safety and prisoner reintegration.

"June 1998." ; Shipping list no.: 98-0297-P. ; "Office of Policy and Evaluation Perspectives." ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper reviews recent regulatory and policy changes that affect the Chinese central government's ownership and authority over the capital allocations of strategic state-owned enterprises (SOE).The paper examines the reform of the central government's relationship with key SOEs as a consequence of the establishment of the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) in 2003, the coming introduction of a centralised operating and budgeting system for SOEs, and the government's ongoing re-evaluation of its ownership policy.SASAC appears to have the potential to develop into a major actor in China's domestic capital allocation, with an active role in strategic financing and restructuring of key sectors of the Chinese economy. The data reviewed for this paper strongly suggests that the Chinese central government aims to retain significant ownership control over key SOEs and, by extension, over a major part of the domestic economy.The new operating and budgeting system is set to significantly enhance central government control over SOEs' capital allocation.

A democratic government, never wanted the unclean officers. One of the initialactions that can be done is supervision. From the description, the question arises iswhat can be connected between the performance of the state official to realize a cleangovernment and supervision as what to do. The research's method that used in thispaper is analytical approach to legal concepts and laws. Therefore, this paper will bedescribe about the implementation of a clean government that can not be separatedfrom the State official itself and it is expected the state official, should always be guidedby the general principles of organization of the State. To support it, can be through bythe internal and external monitoring. In addition, it is also needs social control of thesociety.

As mass incarceration and supervision decline in the U.S., subtler forms of "invisible punishment" continue to affect individuals with a history of legal system involvement. Increasingly, the state recedes from direct involvement in invisible punishment, instead devolving responsibility—and potentially controlling at a distance—community-based organizations. In the process, punishment in the community is shaped by both the state and various segments of civil society. The present ethnography examines how staffers at a community-based reentry organization are subject to and resistant to state influence, and how this resistance generates new forms of invisible punishment. While state influence directs staffers to provide services focused on altering clients' internal dispositions, staffers resist state influence by encouraging members to be their own advocates against the penal system. This agonistic process of resistance generates a hybridized form of invisible punishment, commingling the organizational goals and routines of penal state authorities with those of reentry staffers who see advocating against structures of punishment as a core mission. The final, hybridized form of this mode of penalty requires the client not only to look inward to effect dispositional changes, but also to look outward to be an active agent advocating against the exclusionary penal structures affecting them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare American and Thailand education for secondary school teachers, with an attempt to gain insight into the practices of the teacher education in the two countries, for the benefit of improvement of secondary teacher preparation in Thailand. A survey of literature pertaining to secondary teacher education was made. Supplementary information was obtained through a questionnaire from six secondary schools in Thailand. In addition, a number of bulletins from colleges in the United States were utilized to corroborate information gleaned from the literature. The findings were (1) professional education in the teacher preparation of Thailand was more emphasized than that in the United States, (2) a number of educational agencies in the United States contributed to the development of secondary teacher education while teacher education in Thailand developed solely through the work of the Ministry of Education, (3) teaching requirements in Thailand were not as rigid as in the United States, (4) the Thailand government appropriated a large portion of the national budget for educational development, but more and better trained personnel was needed, (5) in the United States at least a bachelors degree was required for secondary teaching, but a minority of secondary school teachers in Thailand had a degree. The generalizations were (1) the welfare of the nation depended upon the education of its people; and the progress of education, in terms of quality and quantity, is a consequence of good education programs; (2) the preparation of secondary school teachers was as essential as secondary education itself; (3) a good teacher education provided for teaching competence; (4) education, like other branches of social science, needed improvement which call for experimentation and research; and it was also true in teacher education; (5) teaching as a profession was promoted through the works of professional organizations; (6) the heart of a teacher preparation program was the curriculum which comprised general education, specialized education, and professional education, or, non-professional education and professional education; (7) pre-service education and in-service education were necessary for the prospective teacher and the teacher who was teaching; (8) teachers and prospective teachers needed assistance and supervision; and (9) a good teacher education program should be cooperatively planned by professional educators, teachers, students, and the public. The recommendations were (1) more cooperative effort should be given to teacher education programs; (2) requirements for teachers at secondary level should become more rigid, especially in the area of professional education; (3) prospective teachers should become much more familiar with educational research; (4) relationship of the public with the teacher education program should be encouraged; (5) teaching as a profession should be raised to a higher standard through the strengthening of professional organizations and the strengthening of teacher preparation programs; (6) supervision of instruction should be expanded to provide assistance to all teachers in all areas of secondary teaching; and (7) the improvement of teacher education should be recognized as a crucial factor in making the teaching profession more attractive to capable young men and young women.

Self-managed abortion (SMA) refers to the self-administration of medications in order to terminate an early pregnancy without clinical supervision. Although using these pills to end a pregnancy has been shown to be very medically safe, the same cannot be said for the legal risks of self-managed abortion in the United States. Since 2000, 24 women have been arrested for allegedly attempting to self-manage an abortion or assisting another person in doing so. At least 20 states across the U.S. currently have policies that either explicitly criminalize self-managed abortion or have the potential to be misused for prosecution.This widespread criminalization of self-managed abortion poses a significant and complex threat to public health. Urgent legislative action is needed to decriminalize self-managed abortion at the federal level in order to protect the wellbeing of women and trans people who are at risk for unintended pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Despite much progress recently, Ethiopia remains one of the largest contributors to the global burden of maternal and newborn deaths and stillbirths. Ethiopia's plan to meet the sustainable development goals for maternal and child health includes unprecedented emphasis on improving quality of care. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of midwifery care during labor, delivery and immediate postpartum period. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using multiple data collection methods and a 2-stage cluster sampling technique was conducted from January 25 to February 14, 2015 in government health facilities of the Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia. Direct observation of performance was used to determine competence of midwives in providing care during labor, delivery, and the first 6 h after childbirth. Inventory of drugs, medical equipment, supplies, and infrastructure was conducted to identify availability of resources in health facilities. Structured interview was done to assess availability of resources and performance improvement opportunities. Data analysis involved calculating percentages, means and chi-square tests. RESULTS: A total of 150 midwives and 56 health facilities were included in the study. The performance assessment showed 16.5% of midwives were incompetent, 72.4% were competent, and 11.1% were outstanding in providing routine intrapartum care. Forty five midwives were observed while managing 54 obstetric and newborn complications and 41 (91%) of them were rated competent. Inventory of resources found that the proportion of facilities with more than 75% of the items in each category was 32.6% for drugs, 73.1% for equipment, 65.4% for supplies, 47.9% for infection prevention materials, and 43.6% for records and forms. Opportunities for performance improvement were inadequate, with 31.3% reporting emergency obstetric and newborn care training, and 44.7% quarterly or more frequent supportive supervision. Health centers fared worse in provider competence, physical ...

The increasing rate of organisational politics and workplace conflict has been a great challenge to tertiary institutions in Edo State. This study examined how organisational politics affects workplace conflict among tertiary institutions in Edo State. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship that exists between self-interest and communication breakdown of selected tertiary institutions in Edo State. A total number of 369 copies questionnaire were administered to the respondents domiciled in the six selected tertiary institutions under study (University of Benin, Benin city, Institute of Technology and Management, Usen, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, College of Education, Igueben, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Institute of Physical and Health Education, Afuze) using purposive sampling technique and 343 copies of questionnaire were retrieved from the respondents. The study was guided by one research question and one hypothesis, correlational design was adopted. The data used was primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. The data collected was presented using descriptive statistics and the hypothesis was tested using Pearson product moment correlation with the aid of statistical package for social science (SPSS version 21). The findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between self-interest and communication breakdown among the selected tertiary institutions in Edo State and the study concluded that organisational politics will definitely lead to workplace conflict if not properly managed. The study recommended that the management of tertiary institutions should put more effort in the supervision of staff so as to reduce the rate of organisational politics which is expected to increase employee performance, effective communication and employee output in the long run.