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A group of Protestant refugees from Salzburg founded the town of Ebenezer, Georgia, in 1734. The Pietists at the Francke Foundation in Halle sent two pastors, Johann Martin Boltzius and Israel Christian Gronau, to lead the religious immigrants in their new settlement. As other historians have shown, the Halle sponsors wanted Ebenezer to fulfill their own purposes: establish social and religious autonomy under British colonial rule, reproduce the economic structure and institutions of social and religious reform of the Francke Foundation, and establish a successful Pietist ministry in North America. This study examines journals and correspondence from Ebenezer's pastors, British colonial authorities, and the German religious sponsors to reveal how different aspects of the Pietist vision were compromised until Ebenezer resembled a typical German-American settlement rather than a model Pietist community. Georgia's economic conditions, political pressures, and Ebenezer's internal demographic changes forced the pastors to sacrifice their goals for an orphanage, a free labor economy, and a closely structured community of persecuted Protestants. They ensured Ebenezer's economic success and social autonomy, but they were unable to replicate their sponsors' most distinctly Pietist economic, social and religious enterprises. ; 2005-08-01 ; M.A. ; Arts and Sciences, Department of History ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

This paper explores the recent boom in the studies concerning the years 1931–1936, highlighting the wide diversity of topics and methods used to study a crucial period in Spain's contemporary history. Particular attention is paid to the always controversial religious issues, with new approaches clearly overcoming past reductionist visions, as well as to the political aspects that were at the basis of the historiographical renewal experienced in the 1970s and 1980s and that continue to be a very promising field of study. ; Artículo centrado en el resurgir de los estudios sobre el periodo 1931–1936, destacando la amplitud temática y diversidad metodológica con que se aborda ese crucial quinquenio de nuestra historia contemporánea. Se presta específica atención a la siempre polémica cuestión religiosa, hoy comprometida con aspectos y enfoques claramente superadores de las visiones reduccionistas que triunfaban en el pasado, así como a esos aspectos políticos que ya estuvieron en la base de la renovación historiográfica que tuvo lugar en los años setenta y ochenta del siglo pasado y siguen presentándose en la actualidad como uno de los más atractivos campos de análisis.

For over 50 years, there has been a debate among scholars on the issue of "Jadidism". Some have tended to view this phenomenon as a broad social movement to reform a wide variety of aspects of the Muslim society, from religion, education, and art to nation-building and politics. Some equated Jadidism with religious reform, while others suggested separating Jadidism – understood as a reform of the education system – from activities in other social spheres. At the roundtable "The Phenomenon of Jadidism: Domestic and Foreign Interpretations in the 21st Century" held at the Kazan Federal University, the following range of issues were discussed: defining of the concept of "Jadidism"; the main representatives of this movement; and the relationship between Jadidism and religious reform. ; Уже больше 50 лет среди ученых идут споры по проблеме джадидизма. Одни исследователи склонны трактовать это явление как широкое общественное движение за реформирование самых разных сторон мусульманского социума, включая религию, образование, искусство и политику. Другие ставят равенство между джадидизмом и религиозной реформой, третьи предлагают отделять джадидизм — как реформу системы образования — от деятельности лидеров нации в других сферах жизни общества. Ответ на эти и другие вопросы, включая определение понятия «джадидизм», выявление основных представителей этого движения, соотнесение феномена джадидизима с религиозным реформаторством, пытались найти на круглом столе «Феномен джадидизма: интерпретации отечественных и зарубежных исследователей в XXI веке», проведенном в Казанском федеральном университете в декабре 2020 года.

This paper aims to awaken the consciousness of the government and its people towards the importance of the noble values of Pancasila to be implemented in each aspect of life in a nation-state. The dichotomous inspection and public service in Immigration Border Control has undergone inexhaustible which, eventually, putting border controllers into a dilemma when the roles and responsibilities of border control officials as a document examiner or public servant are separated. Many immigration officials in the border are losing the public service spirit and, at the same time, bringing down the sacred meaning of public service. This phenomenon has contributed to the misbehavior and bad decision making which directly impacts the society as service users. Pancasila, as Indonesian ideology, becomes the anti-thesis of positivist/modernist paradigm. It is expected that the spirit of public service by TEGAS will be an alternative solution in the midst of increasingly high public demand for a better border control management.

Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- The Liberal Potential of Global Ethics Ethics and Religious Faith -- The Nature of Global Ethics -- The Content of Global Ethics -- The Postliberal Potential of Global Ethics The Rational Method: The Aristotelian Line -- The Positive Method: The Augustinian Line -- The Postliberal Approach and Exclusivism -- Encountering Exclusive Difference: A Starting Point for Dialogue -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.

The relevance of this topic is due to the lack of study of the history of the formation of two mutually exclusive concepts of God, tanzih akyda (impropriety) and tashbih akyda (likening God to created) and the influence of this process on the formation and development of the Hanbali madhhab in Russian history and religious studies. The influence of Israiliyat, individual stories and beliefs inherent in some Jewish and Christian sects on the formation of the teachings of anthropomorphic sects is also noted. In this regard, the special role of neophytes, who formally accepted Islam and actively introduced Israelism, was noted. This applies primarily to Kab al-Akhbar and Wahb Ibn Munabbih. The subject of the study is tanzih akida and tashbih akida, the influence of Israiliyat on its formation and its role in the history of the Hanbali madhhab. Due to the fact that our research is primarily of a philosophical and religious nature, we applied research methods adopted in these Humanities. As a result, we studied the processes of influence of Israiliyat on the formation of tashbih akyda and came to the conclusion that it had a great impact on the formation of the Hanbali madhhab and the historical features of its development. Particular emphasis was placed on the fact that Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbali, the eponym of Hanbali madhhab, held the aqida of unlikening God to created, but some of his disciples, who were followers of some anthropomorphistic sects, brought tasbih aqida mazhab, which was formed largely under the influence of Israiliyat. This has led to the fact that for many centuries, under the name of Hanbali madhhab, researchers unite two groups of people who profess a diametrically opposite concept of God. This research occupies an important place in religious studies, history and philosophy, because it reveals new aspects of the formation and historical development of this madhhab. There is also shown the Israiliyat influence on the formation of tasbih aqida and religious-philosophical doctrine, which at the turn of XIII – XIV centuries was preached by a famous religious figure from Syria – Ahmad Ibn Taymiyah, known for having the key influence on the formation of the Wahhabi sect in Arabia. The scope of the research results includes: theoretical development of courses and textbooks on the history of Islam, Islamic theology and sectarianism, etc. Practical application of the research results is possible in the development of methods for resolving religious and political conflicts of modern times, mainly between Sunnis and Shiites, as our research helps to understand the origins of their appearance and the formation of religious and political differences.Key words: Islam, Muslim, Israiliyat, tanzih aqida, tasbih aqida, Kab al-Ahbar, Wahb Ibn Munabbih, Hanbali madhhab, Ahmad Ibn Imam Hanbali, Ibn al-jawzi, the history of Baghdad ; Актуальность рассматриваемой темы обусловлена недостаточной изученностью истории формирования двух двух взаимоисключающих концепций Бога, акыды танзих (неподобия) и акыды ташбих (уподобления Бога созданным) и влияния этого процесса на формирование и особенности развития ханбалитского мазхаба в отечественной истории и религиоведении. Отдельно отмечено влияние исраилята, отдельных историй и убеждений присущих некоторым иудейским и христианским сектам на формирования учения антропоморфистских сект. В этой связи отмечена особая роль неофитов, которые формально принимали ислам и активно внедряли исраилят. В первую очередь это относится к Кабу аль-Ахбару и Вахбу ибн Мунаббиху. Предметом изучения являются акыда танзих и акыда ташбих, влияние исраилята на ее формирование и ее роль в истории ханбалитского мазхаба. В связи с тем, что наше исследование в первую очередь носит философский и религиоведческий характер, то мы применяли методы исследования принятые в этих гуманитарных науках. В результате мы изучили процессы влияния исраилята на формирование акыды ташбих и пришли к выводу, что она оказала большое воздействие на формирование ханбалитского мазхаба и исторические особенности его развития. Особый акцент был сделан на том, что эпоним мазхаба имам Ахмад ибн Ханбаль придерживался акыды неподобия Бога его созданиям, однако, некоторые из его учеников, которые были приверженцами некоторых антропоморфистских сект привнесли в мазхаб акыду ташбих, которая во многом сформировалась под влиянием исраилята. Это привело к тому, что многие столетия под названием ханбалитский мазхаб исследователи объединяют две группы людей, которые исповедуют диаметрально противоположную концепцию Бога. Данное исследование занимает важное место в религиоведении, истории и философии, потому что раскрывает новые аспекты формирования и исторического развития данного мазхаба. Также показано ключевое влияние исраилята на формирование акыды ташбих и религиозно-философского учения, которое на рубеже XIII – XIV вв. проповедовал известный религиозный деятель из Сирии – Ахмад ибн Таймия, который известен тем, что оказал ключевое влияние на формирование в Аравии секты ваххабитов. Область применения результатов исследования включает в себя: теоретические разработки курсов и учебников по истории ислама, по исламскому богословию и сектантству, и.т.д. Практическое применение результатов исследования, возможно при разработке методов урегулирования религиозно-политических конфликтов современности, преимущественно, между суннитами и шиитами, так как наше исследование помогает понять истоки их появления и формирования религиозных и политических разногласий.Ключевые слова: ислам, мусульмане, исраилят, акыда танзих. Акыда ташбих, Каб аль-Ахбар, Вахб ибн Мунаббих, ханбалитский мазхаб, Ахмад ибн Ханбаль, Ибн аль-Джаузи, история Багдада

The article examines Successors (Nasledniki, 2015) directed by Vladimir Khotinenko, illustrating a recent trend in the Russian film-making industry, namely, a rising interest in religious topics. While the Orthodox faith is widely seen by Russian political leaders as a basic aspect of national identity, the Church is also becoming more and more visible in the life of society, with religious holidays and events now receiving a higher profile in the public domain. The article analyzes how these trends shape the public consciousness and are reflected in the cinema production of recent years. Successors, a one location movie focusing on the debate over the role of Saint Sergius of Radonezh in the history of Russia, demonstrates that this 14th-century monk is very much present in the lives and minds of people 700 years later. In turn, this suggests that, under a layer of cynicism and consumerism, there is a growing hunger for holiness in a post-secular society. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Introduction : individual autonomy in contemporary plural societies : how to reconcile competing normative standards? / Marie-Claire Foblets, Michele Graziadei and Alison Dundes Renteln -- The fault in our stars : personal autonomy, philosophy, and the law / Michele Graziadei -- Confronting autonomy in liberal practice / Geoffrey Brahm Levey -- Autonomy and deeply embedded cultural identities / John Christman -- Three approaches to the protection of religious freedom : choice, interest, identity / Avigail Eisenberg -- Appeals to choice and sexual equality : debates over religious attire / Monique Deveaux -- Why the individual must be defended : seemingly against all anthropological odds / Olaf Zenker -- Cultural diversity in the workplace : personal autonomy as a pillar for the accommodation of employees' religious practices? / Katayoun Alidadi -- Adopting a face-veil, concluding an islamic marriage : autonomy, agency, and liberal-secular rule / Annelies Moors -- Unregistered Muslim marriages in the UK : examining normative influences shaping choice of legal protection / Rajnaara C. Akhtar -- Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? : personal autonomy, forced marriage, and the inherent jurisdiction in English law / Alberto Neidhardt -- Balancing migration policy and personal autonomy in private international law : a shattered illusion? / Jinske Verhellen -- The anti-religious bias in personal autonomy : towards coherence and a solution / Toon Agten -- Shaping notions of personal autonomy in plural societies : addressing female genital cutting in France and the European regulatory framework's approach to this custom / Lucia Bellucci -- The human rights dimensions of virginity restoration surgery / Alison Dundes Renteln -- "It is better for me to agree when my guardian is here" : consent and relational personhood in postcolonial Malawi / Jessica Johnson -- The multiple search for autonomy among moluccans in the netherlands : a relational approach / Keebet von Benda-Beckmann -- An all but trivial abortion : scrutinizing sex selection legislation in India through the lens of women's autonomy / Kalindi Kokal -- Rethinking social norms : contraceptive use and women's right to choose in Senegal / Chiara Quagliariello -- Autonomous aspirations? : re-reading the CEDAW drafting process and examining Muslim women's contributions / Shaheen Sardar Ali and Arjumand Bano Kazmi -- "That's not our culture" : paradoxes of personal property in indigenous self-governance / Ian Kalman

Frontmatter -- Contents -- 1. Religion: It's a Market -- 2. What Determines Religiousness? -- 3. Religion and Economic Growth -- 4. Islam and Economic Growth -- 5. State Religion -- 6. Religious Clubs, Terrorist Organizations, and Tibetan Buddhism -- 7. When Saints Come Marching In -- 8. The Wealth of Religions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

"Kim and Zoh bring together a team of contributors to analyse the role of heritage studies across Asia, and its impact on Asia and its constituent countries. Is there such a thing as 'Asian heritage'? Is it more helpful to understand Asia as a single unit, or as a set of sub-regions? What can we learn about Asia's present through its archaeology and heritage? Covering a wide range of countries, including Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, the contributors to this book address these key questions. In doing so they look at a number of critical issues, such as UNESCO World Heritage status, cultural propaganda, cultural erasure and difficult heritage. While addressing Asia's past they also observe key issues within present-day Asia, further providing conceptual and practical insights into the methods that are being applied to the study of Asia's heritage today. A valuable resource for scholars and students of Asian history and culture, archaeology, heritage studies, anthropology and religious studies."

Introduction / Christian Mosbæk Johannessen and Theo van Leeuwen -- The production and perception of handwritten traces / Aurelie Lagarrigue and Marieke Longcamp -- Touchlines: Manual Inscription and Haptic Perception / Tim Ingold -- Graphic trace-making as articulated-expressive trajectories of movement: De-textualizing and de-stratifying graphic traces / Paul J. Thibault -- Ink under my nails / Brody L. Neuenschwander -- The European Lettering Institute: Or how being left-handed challenged well established mark making methodologies / Lieve Cornil -- The Discipline of Tracing in Architectural Drawing / Raymond Lucas -- Contemporary Western Calligraphy: Written Marks as Visible Rhythms / Karine Bouchy -- Expressing identity in Microsoft Word: A critical discussion of the stylistic normativity of templates and software / Gunhild Kvåle -- (Ir)regularity / Christian Mosbæk Johannessen and Theo van Leeuwen -- Losing to gain: balancing style and texture in the Starbucks logo / Giorgia Aiello -- Traces in Public Spaces. Studying religious signs in social frames / Anne LØVLAND and PÅL Repstad -- Calligraphy as Graphically Autonomous Form: a corpus study of Persian calligraphic letterforms using a multimodal approach / Mahdiyeh Meidani -- Signifying intimate needs in public spaces / Elise Seip TØNNESSEN.

"While skepticism about the role of moral considerations in international politics has been influential within the discipline of international relations (IR), those writing on topics such as war, peace, rights and trade up until the twentieth century took seriously the importance of ethical values and moral debates. The 1990s and 2000s have seen a substantial growth of attention to the ways in which IR conceives and analyzes themes of an ethical nature, and how issues, problems and policies involving ethics are addressed by a variety of actors within the international system. This indispensable research companion widens the perspective from 'ethics and international relations' to 'ethics in international relations', redressing the (mis)perception that ethical concepts, principles, norms and rules are not in part constitutive of the international system and the agents acting within that system. Necessarily cross-disciplinary, expertise is drawn from IR and also philosophy, political theory, religious studies, history and law, making this an ideal volume for any library reference collection."--Publisher's description

What makes for a good scientist or a good engineer? How does using a new technology or working in a research lab begin to shape our thought and behavior? How can we best anticipate and navigate the ethical dilemmas created by modern scientific research and technology? Scholars across multiple disciplines have begun turning to a surprising resource to address these questions: discussions of virtue that have their roots in ancient philosophical and religious traditions. This volume gathers a number of these perspectives to show how concepts of virtue can help us better understand, construct, and use the fruits of modern science and technology.