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The lack of a coherent European legislative framework, coupled with the principle of state sovereignty, induced unaccompanied migrant children to find themselves in a position which produced a situation of rightlessness, when outside of their own territories. In addition to their harsh condition, Member States national law not always provides rules for their safeguard, also often not harmonized with EU Directives. In some cases, to worsen the situation the lack of adequate policies in respect of their rights, their needs and their claims. This thesis provides an analysis of the international and European discipline, of unaccompanied minor migrants entering Europe. Juveniles, who find themselves in a hope journey without family members or guardianship, are in a very vulnerable position. In consequence of the migration crisis, especially in 2015, a massive flux of UAMs entered the European Union, so its Member States found themselves unprepared to cope with the needs of this specific category. In this thesis it is brought to light the fact that, international conventions alongside with EU legislative scheme provide a fragmented scheme for protection of separated children. Legally binding documents, as relevant International Conventions, European Treaties, Regulations and Directives are analysed, as also Conventions of the Council of Europe in concern to unaccompanied minors asylum seekers. In the paper are outlined and criticized bad practises of States on treatment and neglecting the needs of unaccompanied minor migrants, on breach of the rights of unaccompanied asylum seekers and on marginalizing unaccompanied refugee minors. In this research, have been pointed some good practises, for ameliorating their condition through the study between some European countries. The commitment showed by European Union through the European Action Plan as also by the EU to fulfil the obligations in respect of the rights of UAMs is demonstrated by the interest in revising, amending and fortifying several legally binding documents towards a more comprehensive children based approach. In compliance with this, in confirming expectations and welcoming the challenge for an international an enforced scheme of legal protection on UAMs, highlighted the recent effort of soft law by the CRC Committee and the Committee on Migrants Workers with Joint Comments. It is noteworthy that, the International Community and the European Union are meeting the need for a slow emersion on a dedicated legal framework on unaccompanied minor migrants. In conclusion, deemed that the issue of UAMs is still evolving, by figuring out the actual situation, till the end of 2017, we hope for future better assessments on the rights of the children and their indeed protection by law and by practise.

The use of writing in the development of Greek law was unique. In this comparative study Professor Gagarin shows the reader how Greek law developed and explains why it became so different from the legal systems with which most legal historians are familiar. While other early communities wrote codes of law for academic or propaganda purposes, the Greeks used writing extensively to make their laws available to a relatively large segment of the community. On the other hand, the Greeks made little use of writing in litigation whereas other cultures used it extensively in this area, often putting written documents at the heart of the judicial process. Greek law thereby avoided becoming excessively technical and never saw the development of a specialised legal profession. This book will be of interest to those with an interest in the history of law, as well as ancient historians

Il lavoro muove dalle fasi dello sviluppo dell'Informatica forense in Italia, prosegue attraverso una sistematizzazione della disciplina, per poi passare all'analisi delle questioni tecniche e della rilevanza giuridica costituenti il presupposto di fatto comune alle fattispecie giuridiche oggetto di studio. La ricerca non verte solo su una disamina dei temi di Informatica forense e di quelli interdisciplinari con il diritto penale, processuale informatico e informatico-forense, ma soprattutto, muovendo dalle norme della Convenzione di Budapest e dalla L. 48/2008 di Ratifica, il lavoro affronta le questioni di Informatica forense più ardue e ancora poco esplorate dalla dottrina al fine di isolarli e svilupparli con innovativa originalità. In tale analisi, gli elementi innovativi del lavoro sono molteplici, vari e concernono: • le puntualizzazioni della terminologia giuridica dell'Informatica forense sulle quali il candidato spesso si sofferma dando prova di quanto ancora oggi sia spesso usata impropriamente • il fondamento scientifico-ontologico della definizione di dato digitale, ritenuto chiave di volta dell'intera disciplina; • la natura fisica e giuridica dei dati digitali oggetto di investigazioni e indagini e la loro dimensione materiale-immateriale, che condizionano l'esegesi e la prassi della disciplina; • la natura ripetibile e/o irripetibile degli atti di indagine aventi ad oggetto dati digitali, ritenuta una delle più gravi idiosincrasie sistemiche della disciplina; • la prova documentale digitale ed il rapporto tra documento digitale originale, originario e copia, nell'ambito del processo penale; • la ricaduta di tali argomenti ancora trascurati dalla dottrina processualpenalistica nella più recente giurisprudenza di merito e di legittimità. ; The work moves from the stages of Forensic Informatics development in Italy, continues through a systematization of the discipline, then moves on to the analysis of the technical issues and legal significance constituting the assumption of fact common to the legal topics being investigated. The research not only focuses on an examination of the forensic IT issues and of those interdisciplinary with Criminal Law, Procedural Digital Law and computer forensics, but especially deals with difficult themes of Forensic Informatics and issues little explored by the legal literature in order to isolate and develop them with innovative originality, moving from the rules of the Budapest Convention and Law 48/2008 of its Ratification in Italian acts. In this analysis, the innovative elements of the work are many, varied and relate to: • clarifications of the legal terminology of Forensic Informatics over which the candidate often dwells, demonstrating even today what is often misused; • scientific-ontological definition of the digital data, considered key to the whole Forensic Informatics foundation; • the physical and legal nature of digital data, object of investigations and surveys and their material-immaterial dimension, affecting the exegesis and the practice of the legal doctrines; • repeatable and /or unrepeatable nature of the acts of investigation involving digital data, considered one of the most serious systemic idiosyncrasies of the discipline; • digital documentary evidence and the relationship between the original, primary and copied digital documents, in the criminal process; • consequences of such reasoning, still neglected by Criminal Processual Law, in the most recent jurisprudence of merit and legitimacy.

Il presente lavoro si fonda sull'analisi di quei fenomeni che creano un distacco fra due elementi ritenuti tradizionalmente indissolubili, il reato e la pena. Per iniziare, sarà necessario analizzare la nascita, lo sviluppo, la ratio e l'inquadramento del fenomeno "non punibilità", distinguendolo, opportunamente, da altre situazioni presenti nell'ordinamento, e con essa non coincidenti. Per capire in modo chiaro la morfologia dell'argomento è necessario notare preliminarmente che, solitamente, alla commissione di un reato, integrato in tutti i suoi elementi, sia oggettivi che soggettivi, ad esso segue l'applicazione della pena stabilita dalla norma incriminatrice violata. In alcuni casi, però, alla commissione del reato non segue l'applicazione della pena ma, la non punibilità, in base alla quale, dunque, un soggetto compie un fatto tipico, antigiuridico e colpevole ma non viene punito. E' necessario valutare alcune fattispecie, presenti nel codice e nelle leggi complementari, che svolgeranno un ruolo fondamentale nella individuazione della ratio delle cause di non punibilità sopravvenute, e della loro oggettiva rilevanza all'interno dell'ordinamento. Questo è uno strumento e un metodo attraverso il quale il legislatore induce l'autore di un reato a tornare sui propri passi, attraverso il quale, quindi, si crea una tutela in extremis del bene giuridico protetto dalla norma incriminatrice violata, la quale concretamente ha fallito. La rilevanza delle cause di non punibilità sopravvenute viene confermata dalla volontà del legislatore di estendere tale strumento in nuovi ambiti, infatti, saranno oggetto di discussione da parte delle Camere alcune proposte di legge, ad esempio, in materia di diffamazione a mezzo stampa. La rilevanza di questo meccanismo risulta ulteriormente confermata dalla sua presenza anche in altri ordinamenti, come ad esempio in Repubblica Ceca e Ungheria.

This research was focused on the study of the rich materials - not yet properly cataloged - which are kept in the State Archives of Bologna, with particular reference to the Criminal Court of Appeal in the Napoleonic era. The choice of a judiciary in Bologna appeared, from a methodological profile, full of different suggestions, given that - as we know - Bologna was and still is a university town for excellence with a strong tradition in the field of legal science and, at the same time, a center of great importance in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy; Bologna is therefore a privileged place to measure the comparison between the doctrinal tradition and the french innovation. In the passage from ancien régime to the Napoleonic age the role of the judge has faced the hegemonic will of the legislature to control the iurisdictio and the process. The class of judges, which in previous centuries had enjoyed considerable autonomy and that sometimes felt they could judge 'like God', was confronted with the projects of reform and streamlining regulations that invested primarily the exercise of justice, the procedure and the judiciary.

Il fenomeno criminoso dello stalking costituisce, a mio parere, interessante campo di indagine per il giovane studioso di diritto penale, in quanto presuppone un approccio alla ricerca di tipo interdisciplinare, che consenta un confronto non sempre agevole con altre discipline giuridico- sociali. Secondo questa preliminare impostazione, ho iniziato a redigere un indice analitico della Tesi, il cui titolo è: "Il delitto di atti persecutori, tra esigenze di politica criminale e aporie dogmatico-normative". Invero, il nomen oggetto di discussione presuppone già il conflitto esistente tra la necessità politico-legislativa di porre un argine alle molestie assillanti e le c.d. aporie, [dal gr. ἀπορία «difficoltà, incertezza», der. di ἀπορέω «essere incerto»], cioè le difficoltà giuridico- interpretative di fronte alla quale viene a trovarsi il pensiero nella sua ricerca. Il primo capitolo riguarda l'origine e l'evoluzione del delitto di atti persecutori, mediante alcune riflessioni in ambito criminologico che permeano necessariamente una norma penale dalla struttura ibrida, legata ad un metodo di studio multidisciplinare. In tal senso, le molestie assillanti rappresentano, secondo una parte della dottrina, un disturbo delle dinamiche relazionali prodotto dal soggetto attivo e che si ripercuote sulla vittima. Il secondo capitolo attiene all'approfondimento dei modelli di intervento penale nei principali paesi di common law e civil law. Una recente novità legislativa in ambito estero è rappresentata dall'approvazione del Parlamento spagnolo del nuovo delitto di acoso, che implica una necessaria attenzione all'evoluzione normativa e giurisprudenziale dei sistemi legislativi di diritto comparato. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato all'esame della attuale disciplina penale italiana dell'art. 612 bis c.p., che presenta, secondo una parte della dottrina, risvolti critici di un certo rilievo. Le questioni giuridiche oggetto di dibattito vertono su alcuni punti controversi, qui esposti brevemente. Un primo aspetto concerne l'abuso della normazione sintetica quale tecnica legislativa, che consiste nella costruzione di una struttura di norme penali mediante elementi normativi, non desunti dal linguaggio della medicina, della psicologia, o della psichiatria.Altra quaestio iuris attiene alla mancata valorizzazione degli eventi del reato e della tutela penale dell'emozione, ad esempio mediante l'introduzione di una perizia medico legale che consenta di accertare il reale effetto lesivo prodotto nei confronti della vittima nelle ipotesi in cui le pratiche persecutorie siano connotate da una vis psichica, da cui derivi la compromissione dell'integrità psico-fisica dell'individuo. Oppure, l'introduzione di una soglia minima punibile di atti reiterati, che consentirebbe di specificare maggiormente il dato della reiterazione, sulla base di studi empirico- statistici significativi. Con riferimento, infine, al quarto capitolo, esso attiene all'influenza della scienza penale rispetto ad altri approcci coinvolti nella difficile repressione, rectius, gestione, di un tipo d'autore come lo stalker, che va non solo punito ma anche, laddove possibile, rieducato. In tale sede, assumerà rilievo l'esigenza di un doppio binario della penalità, che preveda un modello di prevenzione speciale nei confronti dei c.d. persecutori "costruttivi", mediante misure di recupero sociale quale ad esempio la sospensione con messa alla prova.

While dealing with the current migration challenges, the European Union is revealing the overall weakness of its institutional and political architecture, consequently failing to give practical implementation to all those fundamental rights, contained in several widely shared international and regional legal instruments, on which its own legitimacy and credibility as human rights protector are based. Instead of putting its common values and policies in practice through the elaboration of a coherent supranational strategy, the Union is diverting its action to a deal-making approach grounded on the collaboration with third countries or origin or transit, apparently directed to the externalization of its responsibilities in migration and asylum field. This approach risks however to undermine the protection of asylum seekers' rights and interests. The most indicative example of this tendency is given by the Statement that on 18 March 2016 the EU Heads of State or Government negotiated with the Turkish counterpart in order to manage the increasing influx of asylum seekers and irregular migrants coming mainly from the Middle East's States and reaching the Greek islands via Turkey, that masks, with the pretext of preventing the smuggling routes, a greater desire to halt the entries in the EU territory through a stronger control of borders and a semi-automatic return mechanism. This research is aimed in the first place at clarifying the legal nature of the Statement and more specifically whether it has to be considered or not as a binding deal and if yes who is/are the subject/s responsible for its enactment on the EU side. In the second place, the objective is that of putting in evidence the possible violations of human rights and European Migration Law that the execution of the commitments agreed would entail, the inherent deficiencies of the Greek asylum system and the necessity for the EU to develop a common strategy for migration management which is effectively compliant with its own rules and values. Moreover, the Statement is analysed in the light of the new proposed reform of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and in particular of the Asylum Procedures Directive (APD), that risks further jeopardise asylum seekers' guarantees through a massive application of the 'safe third country' and 'first country of asylum' concepts. This unavoidably leads to question whether Turkey, beyond the efforts made in the alignment of its domestic legislation to the EU acquis, can be considered in practice as a 'safe country' in accordance with the EU standards, to where Syrians and migrants of other nationalities can be returned without incurring in the violation of their fundamental rights, such as the non-refoulement principle and the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In view of this current challenge, the EU should reflect on its role as a key unitary player on the international stage and build an alternative model of solidarity among Member States, which is fairer, more efficient and does not weaken asylum seekers' safeguard. Furthermore, also when acting on the external dimension the Union should endorse a strategy that is consistent with the principles and objectives affirmed by its primary Law, which should inspire not only Member States' policies at the internal level, but also the cooperation with third parties, ensuring a full respect of migrants' human rights.

The paper dwells on the question of legal pluralism as a re- sult of the progressive stabilization of liberal democracy. This means that even the techniques of legal analysis and argumentation are subjected to an overall critical reflection, in the name of interdisciplinarity. In fact, a democratic society in the mature sense is a pluralist society. Conse- quently, it is necessary that the juridical sphere be in close relation with the social sphere, otherwise it happens that the juridical system and the social system remain worlds apart, or at least too little interconnected. Therefore, the opening of law to the other social sciences (but also to the human sciences) is fundamental for a better and progressive adaptation of law to society. In fact, legal analysis cannot be reduced to a normative analysis, but must be understood as a social analysis. Consequently, a problem of renewal of the process of formation of the jurist also arises. On the one hand, because the training of the jurist is destined to continue in the post-university phase; on the other hand, because it is necessary to reflect on the mode of access to the classical legal professions, in the perspective of a broader training of the future jurist. ; Lo scritto si sofferma sulla questione del pluralismo giuridi- co quale portato della progressiva stabilizzazione della liberal-democra- zia. Ciò fa sì che anche le tecniche di analisi giuridica e di argomenta- zione siano sottoposte a una complessiva riflessione critica, nel segno della interdisciplinarità. Infatti, una società democratica in senso maturo è una società pluralista. Conseguentemente, è necessario che l'ambito giuridico sia in stretta relazione con l'ambito sociale, altrimenti accade che sistema giuridico e sistema sociale rimangono mondi a sé stanti, o comunque troppo poco interconnessi. Pertanto, l'apertura del diritto alle altre scienze sociali (ma anche alle scienze umane) è fondamentale per un migliore e progressivo adeguamento del diritto alla società. L'analisi giu- ridica non può infatti ridursi a un'analisi normativa, ma deve essere intesa quale analisi sociale. Conseguentemente, si pone anche un problema di rinnovamento del processo di formazione del giurista. Da un lato, perché la formazione del giurista è destinata a proseguire nella fase post-univer- sitaria; da un altro lato, perché occorre riflettere sulla modalità di accesso alle classiche professioni legali, nella prospettiva di una formazione più ampia del futuro giurista. ; Lo scritto si sofferma sulla questione del pluralismo giuridi- co quale portato della progressiva stabilizzazione della liberal-democra- zia. Ciò fa sì che anche le tecniche di analisi giuridica e di argomenta- zione siano sottoposte a una complessiva riflessione critica, nel segno della interdisciplinarità. Infatti, una società democratica in senso maturo è una società pluralista. Conseguentemente, è necessario che l'ambito giuridico sia in stretta relazione con l'ambito sociale, altrimenti accade che sistema giuridico e sistema sociale rimangono mondi a sé stanti, o comunque troppo poco interconnessi. Pertanto, l'apertura del diritto alle altre scienze sociali (ma anche alle scienze umane) è fondamentale per un migliore e progressivo adeguamento del diritto alla società. L'analisi giu- ridica non può infatti ridursi a un'analisi normativa, ma deve essere intesa quale analisi sociale. Conseguentemente, si pone anche un problema di rinnovamento del processo di formazione del giurista. Da un lato, perché la formazione del giurista è destinata a proseguire nella fase post-univer- sitaria; da un altro lato, perché occorre riflettere sulla modalità di accesso alle classiche professioni legali, nella prospettiva di una formazione più ampia del futuro giurista.

"The spatiotemporal conjunction is a fundamental aspect of the juridical reflection on the historicity of law. Despite the fact that it seems to represent an issue directly connected with the question of where legal history is heading today, it still has not been the object of a focused inquiry. Against this background, the book's proposal consists in rethinking key confluences related to this problem in order to provide coordinates for a collective understanding and dialogue.
The aim of this volume, however, is not to offer abstract methodological considerations, but rather to rely both on concrete studies, out of which a reflection on this conjunction emerges, as well as on the reconstruction of certain research lines featuring a spatiotemporal component.
This analytical approach makes a contribution by providing some suggestions for the employment of space and time as coordinates for legal history. Indeed, contrary to those historiographical attitudes reflecting a monistic conception of space and time (as well as a Eurocentric approach), the book emphasises the need for a delocalized global perspective. In general terms, the essays collected in this book intend to take into account the multiplicity of the spatiotemporal confines, the flexibility of those instruments that serve to create chronologies and scenarios, as well as certain processes of adaptation of law to different times and into different spaces.
The spatiotemporal dynamism enables historians not only to detect new perspectives and dimensions in foregone themes, but also to achieve new and compelling interpretations of legal history. As far as the relationship between space and law is concerned, the book analyses experiences in which space operates as a determining factor of law, e.g. in terms of a field of action for law. Moreover, it outlines the attempted scales of spatiality in order to develop legal historical research. With reference to the connection between time and law, the volume sketches the possibility of considering the factor of time, not just as a descriptive tool, but as an ascriptive moment (quasi an inner feature) of a legal problem, thus making it possible to appreciate the synchronic aspects of the 'juridical experience'.
As a whole, the volume aims to present spatiotemporality as a challenge for legal history. Indeed, reassessing the value of the spatiotemporal coordinates for legal history implies thinking through both the thematic and methodological boundaries of the discipline."

Cover -- Occhiello -- Indice -- Introduzione -- Poems -- Abbreviazioni -- Foreword - Italian colonization -- Part I Origins,rescission of agreements and resistance -- Chapter 1 The origins of italian colonization in Somalia -- Chapter 2 The Mullah: Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and his movement -- Chapter 3 The rescission of protection agreements by the fascist administration -- Part II Crucial issues during the italian colonial period -- Chapter 4 The ascent of italian colonialism in Somalia and the labour question, 1890s-1930s -- Chapter 5 Interaction among customary law, islamic law and colonial law during the italian administration of Somalia -- Part III From colonization to trusteeship and independence -- Chapter 6 Italy's "right of return" to Somalia after the defeat in the second world war -- Chapter 7 The United Nations and the Somali question: The transformation process from colony indipendence -- Part IV The aftermath of italian colonialism -- Chapter 8 The case of the boundary dispute between Ethiopia and Somalia:some remarks from an international law standpoint -- Chapter 9 Reparation for colonial crimes: the case of Somalia -- Appendice -- Volumi pubblicati.

On 24 February 2019, the Parliament of Uganda approved the National Environment Act to provide for a correct management of the environment and natural resources. The Act was adopted in order to enhance the protection of the environment, address a strategic assessment in implementing environmental rights and sustainable development, and increase penalties for offences against nature. The relevance of this Act stands in the radical change of the legal consideration of the environment and nature. Indeed, the Ugandan legislation appears to alter the classical parameter of environmental law in considering Nature a subject entitled to its own rights with the possibility of recurring before the Courts in case of danger and/or violations. This reform marks a shift from an anthropocentric vision of the environment towards a more geocentric construction of environmental law. ; On 24 February 2019, the Parliament of Uganda approved the National Environment Act to provide for a correct management of the environment and natural resources. The Act was adopted in order to enhance the protection of the environment, address a strategic assessment in implementing environmental rights and sustainable development, and increase penalties for offences against nature. The relevance of this Act stands in the radical change of the legal consideration of the environment and nature. Indeed, the Ugandan legislation appears to alter the classical parameter of environmental law in considering Nature a subject entitled to its own rights with the possibility of recurring before the Courts in case of danger and/or violations. This reform marks a shift from an anthropocentric vision of the environment towards a more geocentric construction of environmental law.

ABSTRACT The topicality of the debate concerning the possibility of civil liability to have a punitive function in our legal system can also be dealt with from the perspective of the legal predetermination of restorable damages, which is topic less studied by legal scholars than penalty clauses. The first chapter contains a survey of the most relevant cases of legal predetermination of restorable damages aimed at questioning the relevant structure, functions and major issues. Thus, the conclusion is reached that the concept of legally liquidated damages is only descriptive, being an instrument by which the legislator intends to realize heterogeneous functions. Accordingly, it is impossible to have only one legal category which is subject to a sole discipline. In the second chapter, the cases of legal predetermination of damages are divided in three groups, according to the prevalent function that the restoration of damages has: compensative, punitive or indemnitary. The conclusion is that civil liability may have a punitive function, that must be supported by a provision of law, in absence of which the judge cannot deviate from a merely compensative principle. The classification in three groups, the analysis of the structure and the functions of legal predetermination of damages allow to answer to some practical questions, concerning the legal predetermination of damages and infer some practical suggestions for a correct use of such instruments.