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The necessity of a sustainability transition i.e. large scale transformation to solve grand societal challenges at all levels is not debated. How to go about achieving these necessary transitions is the question. The role and contribution of economic sectors to sustainability is an important aspect to consider for management and policy-making. This thesis is comprised of two different but interconnected streams of research explored in five papers on how economic sectors contribute to sustainability both in terms of their impacts (positive and negative) and in terms of their management of impacts. Paper I sought to contribute to the conceptual understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between a sector and its performance across the 169 targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study examined the tourism sector's contribution to the SDGs with a specific focus on revealing synergies and trade-offs. Synergies, i.e. co-benefits of tourism positively contributing to the fulfilment of one or more SDG targets were found in 32 instances. Tradeoffs, i.e. drawbacks of tourism activities negatively affecting the fulfilment of one or more SDG targets were found in 11 instances. Findings were classified through a ranking system for easily accessible and comprehensive results targeted to policy-makers and managers. Paper II reviewed and applied a previously developed, national-level environmental sustainability indicator set to the Icelandic tourism sector in order to determine whether sectoral environmental impacts can be discerned on the national level. Capturing these impacts is important in terms of the environmental performance of the nation as a whole. Data gaps were found in most thematic categories applied to the tourism sector indicating the need for increased efforts in the collection of pertinent environmental data for Iceland's sustainability performance assessment. The tourism sector's impact was discernible albeit underestimated due to the lack of data Paper III explored the perspectives of high level managers of medium and large tourism companies and relevant organizations in Iceland in relation to the tourism sector's management of environmental issues. The study attempted to determine the factors influencing organizational change in the tourism sector in Iceland in response to environmental issues. The study found that the policy and regulatory framework in the tourism sector had been slow to develop in an iv exceedingly fast-growing sector. Complicated institutional frameworks and increased societal pressure to address key environmental issues created difficulties not easily overcome by the sector alone. Paper IV explored the perspectives of high level management among medium and large companies and relevant organizations in the fisheries sector of Iceland and Norway to determine the factors (drivers and barriers) that enable blue growth, i.e. economic growth through sustainable use of aquatic resources. The study found that strict fisheries management regimes constituted a necessary requirement for sustainable growth stimulating value-added activities. However, both industries were still mired in debates on equitable social outcomes which the concept of blue growth has not adequately addressed. Governance of shared aquatic resources also emerged as an important aspect of blue growth in a rapidly changing world. Paper V explored stakeholders' views on policy tools for achieving sustainability transition in European food systems. The study's aim was to explore and analyse stakeholders' proposed solutions for creating sustainable agri-food systems. The proposed solutions were then categorized by the use of an adapted policy tools' typology into five categories: direct activity regulations, market-based, knowledge-related, governance and strategic policy tools. The findings were, then, used to derive policy recommendations targeted to three stakeholder groups: government, food value chain actors (ranging from primary producers to retailers), and civil society. This thesis contributed to research on sectoral approaches to sustainability with the aim of informing policy and management for achieving sustainability transitions. Future research could provide a more in-depth investigation of the interactions among sustainability policies across different sectors and systems. ; Nauðsyn umbreytinga í átt að sjálfbærni eru óumdeild, en þá er átt við umbreytingar af þeirri stærðargráðu sem leysir úr viðamiklum samfélagslegum áskorunum. Spurningin er aftur á móti, hvernig er gerlegt að ná fram nauðsynlegum breytingum. Við stjórnun og stefnumörkun er mikilvægt að huga að hlutverki og framlagi atvinnugreina til sjálfbærni. Ritgerð þessi samanstendur af tveimur mismunandi, en samtengdum, rannsóknaráherslum. Í fimm fræðigreinum er fjallað um það hvernig atvinnugreinar stuðla að sjálfbærni bæði hvað varðar áhrif þeirra (jákvæð og neikvæð) og stjórnun þeirra á áhrifum. Niðurstöður í grein I stuðla að þekkingu á samlegðaráhrifum og fórnarkostnaði á milli atvinnugreinar og frammistöðu hennar hvað varðar 169 undirmarkmið heimsmarkmiða Sameinuðu þjóðanna um sjálfbæra þróun. Í rannsókninni var kannað framlag ferðaþjónustunnar til heimsmarkmiðana með sérstakri áherslu á að leiða í ljós samlegðaráhrif og fórnarkostnað. Samlegðaráhrif, þ.e.a.s. gagnkvæmur ávinningur af ferðaþjónustu sem stuðlar jákvætt að því að uppfylla eitt eða fleiri undirmarkmið heimsmarkmiðanna fannst í 32 tilvikum. Fórnarkostnaður, þ.e.a.s. neikvæð áhrif tengd ferðaþjónustustarfsemi sem dregur úr því að eitt eða fleiri undirmarkmið heimsmarkmiðanna náist, fannst í 11 tilvikum. Notað var matskerfi til að flokka niðurstöðurnar þannig að þær væru aðgengilegar fyrir stefnumótendur og stjórnendur. Í grein II voru vísar fyrir umhverfíslega sjálfbærni á landsvísu skoðaðir og aðlagaðir fyrir ferðaþjónustuna til að ákvarða hvort greina mætti umhverfisáhrif atvinnugreinarinnar á landsvísu. Mikilvægt er að ná utan um áhrif einstakra atvinnugreina þegar árangur þjóða í tengslum við umhverfislega sjálfbærni er mældur. Í flestum þemaflokkum sem tengjast ferðaþjónustunni skorti gögn, en þessi vöntun á gögnum dregur fram mikilvægi aukinnar gagnaöflunar um umhverfislega stöðu mála þegar meta á umhverfislega sjálfbærni Íslands. Áhrif ferðaþjónustunnar á umhverfislega sjálfbærni Íslands voru greinanleg, en þó vanmetin, vegna skorts á viðeigandi gögnum. Í grein III er greint frá sjónarmiðum stjórnenda meðalstórra og stórra ferðaþjónustufyrirtækja, og tengdra atvinnugreinasamtaka, á Íslandi varðandi stjórnun umhverfismála hjá ferðaþjónstunni. Í rannsókninni var reynt að ákvarða þætti sem hafa áhrif á skipulagslegar breytingar hjá fyrirtækum í ferðaþjónustunni í tengslum við umhverfismál. Rannsóknin leiddi í ljós að stefna og regluverk í ferðaþjónustunni hefur þróast hægt og ekki í takt við hraðan vöxt í atvinnugreinarinni. Flókin stofnanaumgjörð og aukinn aukinn samfélagslegur þrýstingur til að takast á við umhverfismál skapaði erfiðleika sem atvinnugreinin ein og sér getur ekki yfirstigið. Í grein IV var kannað sjónarmið stjórnenda meðalstórra, og stórra fyrirtækja og tengdra atvinnugreinasamtaka, í sjávarútvegi á Íslandi og í Noregi til að ákvarða þætti (drifkrafta og hindranir) sem stuðlað geta að 'bláum vexti', þ.e.a.s. hagvexti sem byggist á sjálfbærri nýtingu sjávarafurða. Rannsóknin leiddi í ljós að ströng fiskveiðistjórnunarumgjörð sé nauðsynleg undirstaða sjálfbærs vaxtar sem örvað getur virðisaukandi starfsemi. Aftur á móti var sjávarútvegurinn á Íslandi og í Noregi að kljást við samfélagslegan ágreining um sanngjarna skiptingu arðs af auðlindinni, sem hugtakið 'blár vöxtur' tekur ekki á með fullnægjandi hætti. Stjórnun sameiginlegra sjávarafurða kom einnig fram sem mikilvægur þáttur í tengslum við 'bláan vöxt' í síbreytilegum heimi. Í grein V voru könnuð sjónarmið hagsmunaaðila til stefnumótunaraðferða sem stuðla að umbreytingu í átt að sjálfbærni í Evrópskum matvælakerfum. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna og greina áformaðar lausnir hagsmunaaðila til að skapa/þróa sjálfbær matvælakerfi. Lausnirnar sem fram komu voru flokkaðar samkvæmt fimm stefnumótunaraðferðum. Þær eru beinar reglugerðir, markaðstengdar aðferðir, þekkingartengdar aðferðir, stjórntæki og stefnumarkandi aðferðir. Niðurstöðurnar voru síðan nýttar til að útfæra tillögur fyrir þrjá hópa hagsmunaaðila, þ.e. stjórnvöld, hagsmunaaðila innan aðfangakeðja matvæla (frá frumframleiðendum til smásala) og félagasamtaka. Með rannsókn á áherslum og aðgerðum atvinnugreina varðandi sjálfbærni dregur ritgerðin fram þekkingu sem nýtist við mótun stefnu til að ná fram umbreytingum í átt að sjálfbærni. Frekari rannsóknir gætu kafað dýpra í samspil mismunadi þátta stefnunnar og ólíkra atvinnugreina.

Wamboye and Fayissa provide a timely and comprehensive treatise on the sectors that shape economic growth and development of African countries. This handbook is a valuable addition to the literature, and a good read for academicians and policymakers. -Roger White, Whittier College, USA In this timely handbook, Wamboye and Fayissa present a thorough sectoral analysis for Africa countries and implications for the Continental Free Trade Area. It should be a must read for policymakers and academicians. -Adugna Lemi, University of Massachusetts, USA This handbook provides a useful overview, with fresh new insights of the problems/prospects for sustainable economic development in Africa. It is a welcome addition to what we know about the relative importance of economic sectors in Africas growth prospects. -Gregory N. Price, University of New Orleans, USA This handbook offers evidence-based, holistic analyses of the past and current state of Africas economic sectors, with policy recommendations for enhancing future economic growth and sustainable development. It explores the potential benefits that these sectors could harness from the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) agreement. It is an interesting read for graduate students, policymakers, and practitioners Evelyn F. Wamboye is Associate Professor of Economics at the Pennsylvania State University DuBois, USA, and a non-resident Visiting Fellow at the Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, USA. She is the President of the AFEA, co-editor of GTD, and Editor-in-Chief of JAD. Her research is in international economics and international development. She has published numerous articles in refereed journals, a number of book chapters, and three books. Wamboye holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, USA. Bichaka Fayissa is Professor of Economics at Middle Tennessee State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. His research focuses on the economic growth and development policies of African countries related to remittances, tourism, aid-for-trade, and international trade. Fayissas publications have appeared in World Development, Journal of Development Studies, Applied Economics, Journal of International Development, The World Economy, and Tourism Economics.

This study analyzes the influence of certain economic sectors on poverty levels in districts/cities in Aceh Province. The determination of the economic sector is based on the 4 largest contributions to the economy in Aceh. The economic sector in question is the agriculture, trade, construction, and processing industry sectors. So that the purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of selected economic sectors, namely the agricultural sector, the trade sector, the construction sector, and the manufacturing sector on poverty levels in Aceh. This study uses panel data from 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province for the period 2010-2019 and the data used is the percentage of poverty and data on the distribution of the percentage of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) by business field. The results obtained from this study are that all independent variables, namely the agricultural sector, the trade sector, the construction sector, and the manufacturing sector have a significant negative effect on the poverty level. This can be seen from the F test probability of 0.00. partially the agricultural sector reduced the poverty rate by 0.71 percent. trade sector 0.48 percent. the construction sector reduces poverty by 0.51 percent and the manufacturing sector reduces poverty by 0.67 percent. Therefore, it is hoped that the government can work together with other policymakers to improve the manufacturing sector both in agriculture and other fields to increase the productivity of society to alleviate poverty.

This study empirically examines the relation between the domestic fuel prices with the ten disaggregated economic sectors in Malaysia with the spanning of data from 1990:Q1 to 2007:Q4. We found that only three sectors (agriculture, trade and other services sectors) are cointegrated with the fuel price and fuel price does Granger cause these sectors. Despite the evidence of non-cointegrated in most of the economic sectors, fuel price able to influence these sectors over a longer period. Policy recommendation from this study includes the utilization of the renewable energy (RE) as a strategic plan is the long-term solution due to the high dependency and increasing demand of energy. While energy prices have experienced some correction in response to signs of slower global growth, sufficient government enforcement and support need to be established to facilitate successful renewable energy implementation in Malaysia.

We build a Real Options model to assess the importance of private provisionand the impact of expropriation risk on investment timing, investmentvolumes, governmental costs and social welfare. We consider two types ofbusinesses (essential and non essential businesses) and two stages (operatingand investment opportunities), and answer questions regarding three maintopics: the firm's reaction to expropriation risk, the government drivers toexpropriate, and the costs this generates in terms of welfare. We find thatthe firm makes suboptimal investment decisions. When we endogenize thereputational costs of expropriation, results show that the decision of the governmentregarding the level of political risk will largely depend on the typeof business. However, in terms of welfare it is never optimal to expropriate