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The Chinese economy has undergone a radical transformation since 1979 from a planned economy to a market economy. The economic reform has facilitated significant and rapid economic growth, while regional disparities are increasing. This research aims to study the changing roles of local governments in influencing the dynamic regional business systems in the transitional heterogeneous Chinese economy; therefore, for the purposes of this research, Zhejiang and Yunnan have been selected as two contrasting cases to research significant regional differences.

While foreign policy and security concerns have trumped past efforts to reform the North Korean economy, Pyongyang is implementing important economic reforms despite renewed tensions with the United States. This is in response to a leadership debate - between 'reformers' and 'conservatives' over whether Pyongyang's military industrial complex should be scaled back to help ensure the success of reforms - that is fundamentally transforming the country. The direction of these developments reflects strong pro-reform forces in the leadership and could have profound implications for the future of national security policy. Pyongyang may decide that a more favourable external security environment is key to securing access to international assistance for its reform measures and, ultimately, downsizing its military. It could launch a policy of engagement that would include greater flexibility in the Beijing Six Party Talks. But internal struggle over reform could lead to indecision on security and foreign policy issues, including at the nuclear talks. Progress in reform may, paradoxically, strengthen conservatives, fuelling hopes in Pyongyang that the economy can be improved while maintaining a large, powerful military. Whether Washington can influence the debate is unclear, but a US policy of engagement could enhance the chances of success for North Korean advocates of reform.

1. Why Poland? -- 2. The dynamics of the Polish political economy, 1990-1997 -- 3. Creative destruction and economic transition -- 4. The social and distributional costs of transition -- 5. Individual attitudes and voting -- 6. De Nova job creation and election returns -- 7. Liberal economic interests and seat allocations -- 8. The political economy after 1997 -- 9. The political economy of transition : why Poland? -- App. A. Assessing measures of new and small firms in Poland.

This book considers issues of economic reform in developed, transition and developing countries. Using country specific cases including Uzbekistan, Burma and Haiti, it focuses on those territories which have encountered problems reforming.

"In Building New Democracies Michel Duquette analyses the main public policies of Brazil, Chile, and Mexico to explore examples of how countries make the transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic society." "The main objective of the book is to follow the process of policy formation in very young democracies."--Jacket

Planning for reconstruction -- The future of the Ruhr: socialization, decartelization, restoration, 1945-48 -- High hopes and disappointment: the SPD and the planning regime, 1945-47 -- Ludwig Erhard, the CDU and the free-market -- Free markets, investment, and the Ruhr: the Korean War crisis -- The social market economy and competition.

Naast wetgeving maakt de Europese Unie ook gebruik van een hybride beleidsmethode, genaamd ?economic governance?, om o.a. jaarlijks aanbevelingen te geven aan de lidstaten, waarvan de EU de opvolging monitort via het Europees semester. Deze aanbevelingen hebben betrekking op de begroting en de economie, maar ook op het sociaal en werkgelegenheidsbeleid van de lidstaten. Terwijl de EU geen sterke wetgevingsbevoegdheden heeft inzake de sociale dimensie, maakte het ? zeker tijdens de crisis ? uitvoerig gebruik van EU ?economic governance? om ?soft law?-richtsnoeren uit te delen inzake werkgelegenheid, arbeidsrecht en sociale zekerheid. Een groot aantal aanbevelingen hadden betrekking op de loonvorming of rechtstreeks op een hervorming van het collectieve onderhandelingssysteem.00Een aanvaring met het fundamentele recht op collectief onderhandelen (en sociale dialoog) van de sociale partners was dan ook onvermijdelijk. Dit recht, dat een zekere autonomie aan de sociale partners geeft om met elkaar over sociale aangelegenheden te onderhandelen, is niet alleen beschermd door de EU-rechtsorde zelf, maar ook door de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie en de Raad van Europa (EVRM en ESH). Het onderzoek heeft nagegaan in welke mate EU ?economic governance? problematisch is in het licht van het recht op collectief onderhandelen, wat tot schendingen van dit recht in de verschillende rechtsorden kan leiden. Uit de evaluatie van de aanbevelingen en de maatregelen trekt het onderzoek lessen voor de EU (en de lidstaten) om EU ?economic governance? beter met het recht op collectief onderhandelen te verzoenen, rekening houdend met het postcrisisklimaat en de hernieuwde aandacht voor de sociale dimensie van de EU

Socialism, Capitalism, Transformation reveals the mind of an academic who was not afraid to turn politician when the opportunity arose. In it, Leszek Balcerowicz, leader of the largest opposition party in Poland, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, summarizes some twenty years of research into the connections between economic and political institutions and human behaviour, institutional change, and the way such change occurs. Part I provides a comparative analysis of capitalist and socialist regimes, examining in particular the compatibility of different economic and political institutions and policies. In Part II Balcerowicz discusses institutional change, focusing on the post-communist transition in Central and Eastern Europe since the late 1980s. He deals with political and economic developments and looks at the interplay between them. Here he blends academic knowledge with the insight gained while holding a position of major government responsibility during Poland's period of 'extraordinary politics'. Part III contains writings on Poland's own economic transformation and related political developments. The final chapter consists of personal recollection of Poland's reforms - an insider's view of a pivotal phase in that country's history

Since the 1990s, market-centred economic reforms have been implemented in developing and transitional countries under the auspices of international financial institutions. This text argues that change in the status of different groups is connected to the process of legal and institutional reform.