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Funding Information: This study is part of the EAVE II project. EAVE II is funded by the MRC (MC_PC_19075) with the support of BREATHE—The Health Data Research Hub for Respiratory Health (MC_PC_19004), which is funded through the UK Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund and delivered through Health Data Research UK. This research is part of the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058). Additional support has been provided through Public Health Scotland and Scottish Government Director General Health and Social Care. The original EAVE project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (11/46/23). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care, or the UK government. The Brazilian component is part of the Fiocruz VigiVac project on continuous digital evaluation of the national anti-COVID-19 immunisation programme. SVK and SA acknowledge funding from an NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). This partnership between Brazil and Scotland was established through funding from the NIHR (GHRG /16/137/99) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research. This study was partially supported by a donation from the Fazer o Bem Faz Bem programme. The authors thank DATASUS for its excellent work in providing unidentified databases. GLW, MLB, and MB-N are research fellows from the Brazilian National Research Council. GLW acknowledges funding from FAPERJ (Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; E-26/210.180/2020). We thank Dave Kelly from Albasoft (Inverness, UK) for his support with making primary care data available; Wendy Inglis-Humphrey, Vicky Hammersley, and Laura Brook (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK); and Pam McVeigh, Amanda Burridge, and Afshin Dastafshan (Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK) for their support with project management and administration. Funding Information: SVK is a member of the UK Government's Scientific Advisory Group on Emergencies subgroup on ethnicity, the Cabinet Office's International Best Practice Advisory Group, and was co-chair of the Scottish Government's Expert Reference Group on Ethnicity and COVID-19. CR reports grants from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and Public Health Scotland, during the conduct of the study, and is a member of the Scottish Government Chief Medical Officer's COVID-19 Advisory Group, Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling, and Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Vaccine Benefit and Risk Working Group. AS is a member of the Scottish Government Chief Medical Officer's COVID-19 Advisory Group and its Standing Committee on Pandemics; he is also a member of the UK Government's New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Risk Stratification Subgroup and a member of AstraZeneca's Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Taskforce. All roles are unremunerated. VdAO, VB, MLB, and MB-N are employees of Fiocruz, a federal public institution, which manufactures Vaxzevria in Brazil, through a full technology transfer agreement with AstraZeneca. Fiocruz allocates all its manufactured products to the Ministry of Health for the public health service use. All other authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: This study is part of the EAVE II project. EAVE II is funded by the MRC (MC_PC_19075) with the support of BREATHE?The Health Data Research Hub for Respiratory Health (MC_PC_19004), which is funded through the UK Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund and delivered through Health Data Research UK. This research is part of the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058). Additional support has been provided through Public Health Scotland and Scottish Government Director General Health and Social Care. The original EAVE project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (11/46/23). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care, or the UK government. The Brazilian component is part of the Fiocruz VigiVac project on continuous digital evaluation of the national anti-COVID-19 immunisation programme. SVK and SA acknowledge funding from an NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). This partnership between Brazil and Scotland was established through funding from the NIHR (GHRG /16/137/99) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research. This study was partially supported by a donation from the Fazer o Bem Faz Bem programme. The authors thank DATASUS for its excellent work in providing unidentified databases. GLW, MLB, and MB-N are research fellows from the Brazilian National Research Council. GLW acknowledges funding from FAPERJ (Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; E-26/210.180/2020). We thank Dave Kelly from Albasoft (Inverness, UK) for his support with making primary care data available; Wendy Inglis-Humphrey, Vicky Hammersley, and Laura Brook (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK); and Pam McVeigh, Amanda Burridge, and Afshin Dastafshan (Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK) for their support with project management and administration. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Das Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BIBB) und das Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) erstellen in Zusammenarbeit mit der Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung (GWS) seit 2010 im zweijährigen Turnus eine Basisprojektion zur langfristigen Entwicklung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs und -angebots nach Qualifikationen und Berufen (www.QuBe-Projekt.de). Die QuBe-Basisprojektion gibt die Arbeitsmarktentwicklung wieder, wenn bestehende Trends und Verhaltensweisen im Bildungssystem und in der Ökonomie beibehalten werden. Künftige Schocks und/ oder Trendbrüche (z. B. 'Wirtschaft 4.0' oder Änderung des Mobilitätsverhaltens) werden in Form von Alternativszenarien analysiert und betrachtet. Da sich in der aktualisierten Datenbasis ein starker Anstieg des Online-Handels sowie an Neuzulassungen von rein elektrisch betriebenen Kraftfahrzeugen erkennen lässt, werden diese Entwicklungen auch in der QuBe-Basisprojektion berücksichtigt. Zum anderen sind auch die kurzfristigen Effekte der Anfang des Jahres 2020 in Deutschland ausgebrochenen Covid 19-Pandemie Bestandteil der QuBe-Basisprojektion - sich daraus eventuell ergebende mittel- und langfristige Verhaltensänderungen seitens der Unternehmen und/oder der Individuen dagegen nicht. Ebenso berücksichtigt werden die im Konjunkturpaket der Bundesregierung vom 03.06.2020 beschlossenen Maßnahmen (Wolter u. a., 2020) sowie das Klimapaket vom 16.12.2019 (Mönnig u. a., 2020). Die im Zuge der Covid-19-Pandemie auftretenden Verunsicherungen und die fehlenden Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten der Unternehmen führen zu einer geringeren Investitionsneigung und einem schrumpfenden Welthandel. Zusätzlich kommen durch Produktionsstopps und Schließungen noch zerrissene Lieferketten hinzu. Die Schließungen haben starke negative Wirkungen auf den Konsum der privaten Haushalte. Ausgebliebene Reisetätigkeiten und die geringeren Konsummöglichkeiten auf Grund geringeren Einkommens (Kurzarbeit) tragen überdies zum Rückgang der Wirtschaftsleistung bei. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass aufgrund des Shutdowns und des damit verbundenen Wirtschaftseinbruchs das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Jahr 2020 im Vergleich mit einem 'kontrafaktischen Szenario', das eine Welt ohne die Covid 19-Pandemie darstellt, um 8,4 Prozent niedriger ausfällt (Maier u. a., 2020). Inwieweit sich mittel- und langfristige pandemiebedingte Verhaltensveränderungen auf die künftige Entwicklung für Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt auswirken könnten, wird aktuell untersucht und möglichst zeitnah publiziert. In der langen Frist haben die zentralen Befunde der vorherigen Projektion nach Bundesländern bis zum Jahr 2035 (vgl. Zika u. a. 2020) weiterhin Bestand, da die langfristigen Folgen der Covid 19-Pandemie von den Folgen der demografischen Entwicklung überlagert werden. Allerdings ist damit zu rechnen, dass infolge der Covid 19-Pandemie der seit Jahren beobachtete Strukturwandel weg vom Produzierenden Gewerbe hin zu den Dienstleistungen beschleunigt werden dürfte. Davon dürften hauptsächlich die IT-Branche, aber auch das Gesundheitswesen sowie das Heim- und Sozialwesen besonders profitieren. Vergleichende Ergebnisse auf der Ebene der Bundesländer werden im IAB-Kurzbericht 1|2021 vorgestellt. Die mit diesem Bericht vorgestellten Ergebnisse für die einzelnen Bundesländer stellen somit eine Ergänzung und Vertiefung des Kurzberichts dar. ; Since 2010, the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB) and the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), in collaboration with the Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturfor-schung (GWS), have been producing a biennial baseline projection for the long-term development of labour demand and supply according to qualifications and occupations (www.QuBe-Projekt.de). The QuBe baseline projection reflects the labour market development if existing trends and behaviours in the education system and in the economy are maintained. Future shocks and/or trend breaks (e.g. "Economy 4.0" or changes in mobility behaviour) are analysed and considered in the form of alternative scenarios. Since the updated database shows a strong increase in online trade and new registrations of purely electrically powered vehicles, these developments are also taken into account in the QuBe basic projection. On the other hand, the short-term effects of the Covid 19 pandemic that broke out in Germany at the beginning of 2020 are also included in the QuBe baseline projection - but any resulting medium- and long-term changes in behaviour on the part of companies and/or individuals are not. The measures adopted in the German government's economic stimulus package of June 3, 2020 (Wolter et al. 2020) and the climate package of December 16, 2019 (Mönnig et al. 2020) are also taken into account. The uncertainties arising in the course of the Covid 19 pandemic and the lack of financing opportunities for companies are leading to a lower propensity to invest and shrinking global trade. In addition, production stops and closures have torn up supply chains. The closures have a strong negative impact on private household consumption. The lack of travel and the reduced opportunities for consumption due to lower income (short-time working) are also contributing to the decline in economic output. All in all, the shutdown and the associated economic slump mean that real gross domestic product in 2020 will be 8.4 percent lower than in a "counterfactual scenario", which represents a world without the Covid 19 pandemic (Maier et al. 2020). The extent to which medium- and long-term changes in behaviour caused by the pandemic could affect the future development of the economy and labour market is currently being investigated and will be published as soon as possible. In the long term, the central findings of the previous projection by federal state up to 2035 (see Zika et al. 2020) remain valid, as the long-term consequences of the Covid 19 pandemic are overlaid by the consequences of demographic developments. However, it is to be expected that the Covid 19 pandemic will probably accelerate the structural change that has been observed for years away from manufacturing industry and towards services. The IT sector is likely to be the main beneficiary of this, as well as the healthcare, home and social services sectors. Comparative results on the level of the federal states are presented in the IAB Report 1|2021. The results for the individual federal states presented in this report thus supplement and deepen the brief report.

Ecology of insects is as wide as their diversity, which reflects their high capacity of adaptation in most of the environments of our planet. Aphids, with over 4,000 species, have developed a series of adaptations including a high phenotypic plasticity and the ability to feed on the phloem-sap of plants, which is enriched in sugars derived from photosynthesis. Recent analyses of aphid genomes have indicated a high level of shared ancestral gene duplications that might represent a basis for genetic innovation and broad adaptations. In addition, there is a large number of recent, species-specific gene duplications whose role in adaptation remains poorly understood. Here, we tested whether duplicates specific to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum are related to genomic innovation by combining comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and chromatin accessibility analyses. Consistent with large levels of neofunctionalization, we found that most of the recent pairs of gene duplicates evolved asymmetrically, showing divergent patterns of positive selection and gene expression. Genes under selection involved a plethora of biological functions, suggesting that neofunctionalization and tissue specificity, among other evolutionary mechanisms, have orchestrated the evolution of recent paralogs in the pea aphid and may have facilitated host-symbiont cooperation. Our comprehensive phylogenomics analysis allowed us to tackle the history of duplicated genes to pave the road towards understanding the role of gene duplication in ecological adaptation. ; RF was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación Fellowship (Government of Spain, IJCI-2015-26627) and a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (747607). TG acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (MEIC) for the EMBL partnership, and grants 'Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017' SEV-2012-0208, and BFU2015-67107 co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); from the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; from the Catalan Research Agency (AGAUR) SGR857, and grant from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement ERC-2016-724173 the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014-642095. DT was funded by "Severo Ochoa visiting scientific programme" for a 6 months stay at the Center for Genomic Regulation - Barcelona - to start the project, supported as well by INRA SPE. Dr Roderic Guigo (CRG, Barcelona) is warmly acknowledged for his welcome in his lab.Drs. Akiko Sugio, Julie Jaquiéry, Gaël Le Trionnaire and Jean-Christophe Simon (INRAE, UMR 1349 Igepp, Rennes, France) are acknowledged for access to unpublished data of RNA-Seq.Daktulosphaira vitifoliaedata were provided by the Phylloxera Genome Project (https://bipaa.genouest.org/is/aphidbase/): funding for D. vitifoliaeclone Pcf genomic sequencing was provided by INRA (AIP Bioressources) and BGI Biotech in the frame of i5k initiative. Parts of the transcriptomic resources were obtained within the 1KITE projects (Bernhard Misof, Bonn, Germany). The Acyrthosiphon pisum phylome can be accessed at PhylomeDB 4.0 under phylome number 441. RNA-Seq data are accessible at NCBI, see Table S2 ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Ecology of insects is as wide as their diversity, which reflects their high capacity of adaptation in most of the environments of our planet. Aphids, with over 4,000 species, have developed a series of adaptations including a high phenotypic plasticity and the ability to feed on the phloem sap of plants, which is enriched in sugars derived from photosynthesis. Recent analyses of aphid genomes have indicated a high level of shared ancestral gene duplications that might represent a basis for genetic innovation and broad adaptations. In addition, there are a large number of recent, species-specific gene duplications whose role in adaptation remains poorly understood. Here, we tested whether duplicates specific to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum are related to genomic innovation by combining comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and chromatin accessibility analyses. Consistent with large levels of neofunctionalization, we found that most of the recent pairs of gene duplicates evolved asymmetrically, showing divergent patterns of positive selection and gene expression. Genes under selection involved a plethora of biological functions, suggesting that neofunctionalization and tissue specificity, among other evolutionary mechanisms, have orchestrated the evolution of recent paralogs in the pea aphid and may have facilitated host-symbiont cooperation. Our comprehensive phylogenomics analysis allowed us to tackle the history of duplicated genes to pave the road toward understanding the role of gene duplication in ecological adaptation. ; R.F. was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion Fellowship (Government of Spain, IJCI-2015-26627) and a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (747607). T.G. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (MEIC) for the EMBL partnership, and grants "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013– 2017" SEV-2012-0208, and BFU2015-67107 cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); from the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya; from the Catalan Research Agency (AGAUR) SGR857, and grant from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement ERC-2016-724173 and the Marie Sklodowska-Curie (Grant Agreement No. H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014-642095). D.T. was funded by "Severo Ochoa visiting scientific program" for a 6 months stay at the Center for Genomic Regulation—Barcelona—to start the project, supported as well by INRA SPE. Dr Roderic Guigo (CRG, Barcelona) is warmly acknowledged for his welcome in his lab. Dr Akiko Sugio, Dr Julie Jaquiery, Dr Ga€el Le Trionnaire, and Dr Jean-Christophe Simon (INRAE, UMR 1349 Igepp, Rennes, France) are acknowledged for access to unpublished data of RNA-Seq. Daktulosphaira vitifoliae data were provided by the Phylloxera Genome Project (https://bipaa. genouest.org/is/aphidbase/): funding for D. vitifoliae clone Pcf genomic sequencing was provided by INRA (AIP Bioresources) and BGI Biotech in the frame of i5k initiative. Parts of the transcriptomic resources were obtained within the 1KITE projects (Bernhard Misof, Bonn, Germany). The Acyrthosiphon pisum phylome can be accessed at PhylomeDB 4.0 under phylome number 441. RNA-Seq data are accessible at NCBI, see supplementary table S2, Supplementary Material online.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, economic impact, intellectual property, regulation,cybersecurity, risks, threats, national security Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the spread of which is based on thewidespread use of digital information and the rapid growth of computing power, areleaving the realm of purely theoretical research and becoming one of the segmentsof the world market that can have truly revolutionary consequences. The paper provideseconomic and legal analysis of the state and trends of AI, identifies its impacton the economy, the importance of the role of intellectual property (IP), assesses therisks, threats and dangers of criminal use of AI, developed mechanisms to counterthem. The development of AI technologies as an integral part of «Industry 4.0» isconsidered, the main provisions of the «White Paper on Artificial Intelligence» ofthe EU are studied.Over the next decade, the EU plans to spend $20 billion a year on AI development.At the same time, the protection of IP rights in the context of AI development and relatedtechnologies has been unconsidered by the Commission, despite the key importanceof these rights. In legal regulation, AI is seen as a new challenge for the economyand the legal system, a new phenomenon that has a multiplier effect, a legal phenomenonin the structure of legal relations, a new object for legal regulation. The introduction of AI in the field of IP creates new legal and economic problems.The creation of AI works is an integral area of activity in the modern digital economy.These circumstances bring to the fore the problem of recognition of authorship in thecreation of AI works, the possibility of authors to dispose of their rights and their useof mechanisms for legal protection of IP. The analysis of the cases considered bycourts connected with a problem of legal personality of AI is carried out, legislative activityon this question is studied. Possibilities and dangers of criminal use of AI areshown. They are ranked in order of their level of danger — depending on the harmthey may cause, the potential benefit or the benefit of crime. Prospects for the developmentof AI in Ukraine are shown, the Concept of development of artificial intelligencein Ukraine is analysed. It is concluded that AI should become one of the key driversof digital transformation and overall growth of Ukraine's economy. ; Ключові слова: штучний інтелект, економічний вплив, інтелектуальна власність,регулювання, кібербезпека, ризики, загрози, національна безпека У роботі подано економіко-правовий аналіз стану і тенденцій розвитку штучногоінтелекту (ШІ), визначено його вплив на економіку, роль інтелектуальної власності(ІВ), подано оцінку ризиків, загроз і небезпек кримінального застосування ШІ, вироб-лено механізми відповідної протидії. Розглянуто розвиток технологій ШІ як невід'єм-ної частини «Індустрія 4.0», досліджено основні положення «Білої книги зі штучногоінтелекту» ЄС. У правовому регулюванні ШІ розглядається як новий виклик для еко-номіки і правової системи, нове явище, що має мультиплікаційний ефект, правовийфеномен у структурі правовідносин, новий об'єкт для правового регулювання.Упровадження ШІ у сферу ІВ формує нові правові та економічні проблеми. Проведеноаналіз розглянутих судами справ, пов'язаних з проблемою правосуб'єктності ШІ, вив-чено законотворчу діяльність з цього питання. Вказано на можливості та небезпекикримінального застосування ШІ, які проранжовано в порядку рівня їх небезпеки.Окреслено перспективи розвитку ШІ в Україні, проаналізовано Концепцію розвиткуштучного інтелекту в Україні. Зроблено висновок про те, що ШІ має стати одним ізключових драйверів цифрової трансформації та загального зростання економікиУкраїни. Список використаних джерел: 1. Андрощук Г. Тенденції розвитку технологій штучного інтелекту: економіко-правовий аспект. Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності. 2019. № 3. С. 84−101. № 4. С. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 4. Геннадій Андрощук. Єврокомісія опублікувала «Білу книгу з штучного інтелекту». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL:https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (дата звернення: 14.02.2021). 6. Андрощук Г. О. Винаходи штучного інтелекту. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 11. С. 67. 7. Глушков В. М. Кибернетика. Вопросы теории и практики. Москва : Наука, 1986. 488 с. 8. Морхат П. М. Правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта в сфере права интеллектуальной собственности: гражданско-правовые проблемы : дисс. … д-ра юрид. наук. РГАИС. Москва, 2018. С. 243. 9. 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URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 16. Баранов О. А. Інтернет речей і штучний інтелект: витоки проблеми правового регулювання (частина 1). ІТ Право: проблеми і перспективи розвитку в Україні (Друга міжнародна щорічна конференція).URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. У 2020-му Нацполіція викрила понад 5 000 кіберзлочинів. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 18. НКЦК: у 2021 році в Україні зафіксовано вже майже 14 мільйонів інцидентів у сфері кібербезпеки. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 19. Гайдай Юрій. Виклики близького майбутнього: як ЄС хоче регулювати штучний інтелект. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 21. Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 22. Про схвалення Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту в Україні : Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 2 грудня 2020 р. № 1556-р URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (дата звернення: 03.02.2021). 23. Карцхия А. А. Искусственный интеллект как средство управления в условиях глобальных рисков. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (дата звернення: 04.02.2021). ===================================== 1. Androshchuk H. Tendentsii rozvytku tekhnolohii shtuchnoho intelektu: ekonomiko-pravovyi aspekt. Teoriia i praktyka intelektualnoi vlasnosti. 2019. № 3. S. 84−101. № 4. S. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 4. Hennadii Androshchuk. Yevrokomisiia opublikuvala «Bilu knyhu z shtuchnoho intelektu». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (data zvernennia: 14.02.2021). 6. Androshchuk H. O. Vynakhody shtuchnoho intelektu. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 11. S. 67. 7. Hlushkov V. M. Kybernetyka. Voprosы teoryy y praktyky. Moskva : Nauka, 1986. 488 s. 8. Morkhat P. M. Pravosubъektnost yskusstvennoho yntellekta v sfere prava yntellektualnoi sobstvennosty: hrazhdansko-pravovыe problemы : dyss. … d-ra yuryd. nauk. RHAYS. Moskva, 2018. S. 243. 9. Pro avtorske pravo, dyzain i patenty : Zakon Velykoi Brytanii vid 1988 roku. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 10. Abramova E. N., Starykova E. V. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak subъekt avtorskoho prava. Hypoteza / Hypothesis. Pravo. Эkonomycheskye nauky. 2020. № 1 (10) mart. S. 32−38. 11. Androshchuk H. O. Mashyna vynakhidnyk: shcho vyrishylo YePV. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 2. S. 58−59. 12. Androshchuk H. O. Pretsedent: tvory, stvoreni AI, maiut pravo na zakhyst avtorskykh prav!? Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 1. S. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (datazvernennia: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 15. 'Deepfakes ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 16. Baranov O. A. Internet rechei i shtuchnyi intelekt: vytoky problemy pravovoho rehuliuvannia (chastyna 1). IT Pravo: problemy i perspektyvy rozvytku v Ukraini (Druha mizhnarodna shchorichna konferentsiia). URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. U 2020-mu Natspolitsiia vykryla ponad 5 000 kiberzlochyniv. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 18. NKTsK: u 2021 rotsi v Ukraini zafiksovano vzhe maizhe 14 milioniv intsydentiv u sferi kiberbezpeky. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 19. Haidai Yurii. Vyklyky blyzkoho maibutnoho: yak YeS khoche rehuliuvaty shtuchnyi intelekt. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 21.Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 22. Pro skhvalennia Kontseptsii rozvytku shtuchnoho intelektu v Ukraini : Rozporiadzhennia Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 2 hrudnia 2020 r. № 1556-r URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (data zvernennia: 03.02.2021). 23. Kartskhyia A. A. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak sredstvo upravlenyia v uslovyiakh hlobalnыkh ryskov. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (data zvernennia: 04.02.2021).

Keywords: artificial intelligence, economic impact, intellectual property, regulation,cybersecurity, risks, threats, national security Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the spread of which is based on thewidespread use of digital information and the rapid growth of computing power, areleaving the realm of purely theoretical research and becoming one of the segmentsof the world market that can have truly revolutionary consequences. The paper provideseconomic and legal analysis of the state and trends of AI, identifies its impacton the economy, the importance of the role of intellectual property (IP), assesses therisks, threats and dangers of criminal use of AI, developed mechanisms to counterthem. The development of AI technologies as an integral part of «Industry 4.0» isconsidered, the main provisions of the «White Paper on Artificial Intelligence» ofthe EU are studied.Over the next decade, the EU plans to spend $20 billion a year on AI development.At the same time, the protection of IP rights in the context of AI development and relatedtechnologies has been unconsidered by the Commission, despite the key importanceof these rights. In legal regulation, AI is seen as a new challenge for the economyand the legal system, a new phenomenon that has a multiplier effect, a legal phenomenonin the structure of legal relations, a new object for legal regulation. The introduction of AI in the field of IP creates new legal and economic problems.The creation of AI works is an integral area of activity in the modern digital economy.These circumstances bring to the fore the problem of recognition of authorship in thecreation of AI works, the possibility of authors to dispose of their rights and their useof mechanisms for legal protection of IP. The analysis of the cases considered bycourts connected with a problem of legal personality of AI is carried out, legislative activityon this question is studied. Possibilities and dangers of criminal use of AI areshown. They are ranked in order of their level of danger — depending on the harmthey may cause, the potential benefit or the benefit of crime. Prospects for the developmentof AI in Ukraine are shown, the Concept of development of artificial intelligencein Ukraine is analysed. It is concluded that AI should become one of the key driversof digital transformation and overall growth of Ukraine's economy. ; Ключові слова: штучний інтелект, економічний вплив, інтелектуальна власність,регулювання, кібербезпека, ризики, загрози, національна безпека У роботі подано економіко-правовий аналіз стану і тенденцій розвитку штучногоінтелекту (ШІ), визначено його вплив на економіку, роль інтелектуальної власності(ІВ), подано оцінку ризиків, загроз і небезпек кримінального застосування ШІ, вироб-лено механізми відповідної протидії. Розглянуто розвиток технологій ШІ як невід'єм-ної частини «Індустрія 4.0», досліджено основні положення «Білої книги зі штучногоінтелекту» ЄС. У правовому регулюванні ШІ розглядається як новий виклик для еко-номіки і правової системи, нове явище, що має мультиплікаційний ефект, правовийфеномен у структурі правовідносин, новий об'єкт для правового регулювання.Упровадження ШІ у сферу ІВ формує нові правові та економічні проблеми. Проведеноаналіз розглянутих судами справ, по''язаних з проблемою правосуб'єктності ШІ, вив-чено законотворчу діяльність з цього питання. Вказано на можливості та небезпекикримінального застосування ШІ, які проранжовано в порядку рівня їх небезпеки.Окреслено перспективи розвитку ШІ в Україні, проаналізовано Концепцію розвиткуштучного інтелекту в Україні. Зроблено висновок про те, що ШІ має стати одним ізключових драйверів цифрової трансформації та загального зростання економікиУкраїни. Список використаних джерел Андрощук Г. Тенденції розвитку технологій штучного інтелекту: економіко-правовий аспект. Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності. 2019. № 3. С. 84−101. № 4. С. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 4. Геннадій Андрощук. Єврокомісія опублікувала «Білу книгу з штучного інтелекту». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (дата звернення: 14.02.2021). 6. Андрощук Г. О. Винаходи штучного інтелекту. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 11. С. 67. 7. Глушков В. М. Кибернетика. Вопросы теории и практики. Москва : Наука, 1986. 488 с. 8. Морхат П. М. Правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта в сфере права интеллектуальной собственности: гражданско-правовые проблемы : дисс. … д-ра юрид. наук. РГАИС. Москва, 2018. С. 243. 9. Про авторське право, дизайн і патенти : Закон Великої Британії від 1988 року. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 10. Абрамова Е. Н., Старикова Е. В. Искусственный интеллект как субъект авторского права. Гипотеза / Hypothesis. Право. Экономические науки. 2020. № 1 (10) март. С. 32−38. 11. Андрощук Г. О. Машина винахідник: що вирішило ЄПВ. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 2. С. 58−59. 12. Андрощук Г. О. Прецедент: твори, створені AI, мають право на захист авторських прав!? Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 1. С. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal. biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 15. Deepfakes' ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 16. Баранов О. А. Інтернет речей і штучний інтелект: витоки проблеми правового регулювання (частина 1). ІТ Право: проблеми і перспективи розвитку в Україні (Друга міжнародна щорічна конференція). URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. У 2020-му Нацполіція викрила понад 5 000 кіберзлочинів. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 18. НКЦК: у 2021 році в Україні зафіксовано вже майже 14 мільйонів інцидентів у сфері кібербезпеки. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 19. Гайдай Юрій. Виклики близького майбутнього: як ЄС хоче регулювати штучний інтелект. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 21. Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 22. Про схвалення Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту в Україні : Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 2 грудня 2020 р. № 1556-р URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (дата звернення: 03.02.2021). 23. Карцхия А. А. Искусственный интеллект как средство управления в условиях глобальных рисков. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (дата звернення: 04.02.2021). ========================= 1. Androshchuk H. Tendentsii rozvytku tekhnolohii shtuchnoho intelektu: ekonomiko-pravovyi aspekt. Teoriia i praktyka intelektualnoi vlasnosti. 2019. № 3. S. 84−101. № 4. S. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 4. Hennadii Androshchuk. Yevrokomisiia opublikuvala «Bilu knyhu z shtuchnoho intelektu». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (data zvernennia: 14.02.2021). 6. Androshchuk H. O. Vynakhody shtuchnoho intelektu. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 11. S. 67. 7. Hlushkov V. M. Kybernetyka. Voprosы teoryy y praktyky. Moskva : Nauka, 1986. 488 s. 8. Morkhat P. M. Pravosubъektnost yskusstvennoho yntellekta v sfere prava yntellektualnoi sobstvennosty: hrazhdansko-pravovыe problemы : dyss. … d-ra yuryd. nauk. RHAYS. Moskva, 2018. S. 243. 9. Pro avtorske pravo, dyzain i patenty : Zakon Velykoi Brytanii vid 1988 roku. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 10. Abramova E. N., Starykova E. V. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak subъekt avtorskoho prava. Hypoteza / Hypothesis. Pravo. Эkonomycheskye nauky. 2020. № 1 (10) mart. S. 32−38. 11. Androshchuk H. O. Mashyna vynakhidnyk: shcho vyrishylo YePV. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 2. S. 58−59. 12. Androshchuk H. O. Pretsedent: tvory, stvoreni AI, maiut pravo na zakhyst avtorskykh prav!? Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 1. S. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (datazvernennia: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 15. 'Deepfakes ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 16. Baranov O. A. Internet rechei i shtuchnyi intelekt: vytoky problemy pravovoho rehuliuvannia (chastyna 1). IT Pravo: problemy i perspektyvy rozvytku v Ukraini (Druha mizhnarodna shchorichna konferentsiia). URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. U 2020-mu Natspolitsiia vykryla ponad 5 000 kiberzlochyniv. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 18. NKTsK: u 2021 rotsi v Ukraini zafiksovano vzhe maizhe 14 milioniv intsydentiv u sferi kiberbezpeky. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 19. Haidai Yurii. Vyklyky blyzkoho maibutnoho: yak YeS khoche rehuliuvaty shtuchnyi intelekt. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 21. Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 22. Pro skhvalennia Kontseptsii rozvytku shtuchnoho intelektu v Ukraini : Rozporiadzhennia Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 2 hrudnia 2020 r. № 1556-r URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (data zvernennia: 03.02.2021). 23. Kartskhyia A. A. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak sredstvo upravlenyia v uslovyiakh hlobalnыkh ryskov. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (data zvernennia: 04.02.2021).

Keywords: artificial intelligence, economic impact, intellectual property, regulation,cybersecurity, risks, threats, national security Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the spread of which is based on thewidespread use of digital information and the rapid growth of computing power, areleaving the realm of purely theoretical research and becoming one of the segmentsof the world market that can have truly revolutionary consequences. The paper provideseconomic and legal analysis of the state and trends of AI, identifies its impacton the economy, the importance of the role of intellectual property (IP), assesses therisks, threats and dangers of criminal use of AI, developed mechanisms to counterthem. The development of AI technologies as an integral part of «Industry 4.0» isconsidered, the main provisions of the «White Paper on Artificial Intelligence» ofthe EU are studied.Over the next decade, the EU plans to spend $20 billion a year on AI development.At the same time, the protection of IP rights in the context of AI development and relatedtechnologies has been unconsidered by the Commission, despite the key importanceof these rights. In legal regulation, AI is seen as a new challenge for the economyand the legal system, a new phenomenon that has a multiplier effect, a legal phenomenonin the structure of legal relations, a new object for legal regulation. The introduction of AI in the field of IP creates new legal and economic problems.The creation of AI works is an integral area of activity in the modern digital economy.These circumstances bring to the fore the problem of recognition of authorship in thecreation of AI works, the possibility of authors to dispose of their rights and their useof mechanisms for legal protection of IP. The analysis of the cases considered bycourts connected with a problem of legal personality of AI is carried out, legislative activityon this question is studied. Possibilities and dangers of criminal use of AI areshown. They are ranked in order of their level of danger — depending on the harmthey may cause, the potential benefit or the benefit of crime. Prospects for the developmentof AI in Ukraine are shown, the Concept of development of artificial intelligencein Ukraine is analysed. It is concluded that AI should become one of the key driversof digital transformation and overall growth of Ukraine's economy. ; Ключові слова: штучний інтелект, економічний вплив, інтелектуальна власність,регулювання, кібербезпека, ризики, загрози, національна безпека У роботі подано економіко-правовий аналіз стану і тенденцій розвитку штучногоінтелекту (ШІ), визначено його вплив на економіку, роль інтелектуальної власності(ІВ), подано оцінку ризиків, загроз і небезпек кримінального застосування ШІ, вироб-лено механізми відповідної протидії. Розглянуто розвиток технологій ШІ як невід'єм-ної частини «Індустрія 4.0», досліджено основні положення «Білої книги зі штучногоінтелекту» ЄС. У правовому регулюванні ШІ розглядається як новий виклик для еко-номіки і правової системи, нове явище, що має мультиплікаційний ефект, правовийфеномен у структурі правовідносин, новий об'єкт для правового регулювання.Упровадження ШІ у сферу ІВ формує нові правові та економічні проблеми. Проведеноаналіз розглянутих судами справ, по''язаних з проблемою правосуб'єктності ШІ, вив-чено законотворчу діяльність з цього питання. Вказано на можливості та небезпекикримінального застосування ШІ, які проранжовано в порядку рівня їх небезпеки.Окреслено перспективи розвитку ШІ в Україні, проаналізовано Концепцію розвиткуштучного інтелекту в Україні. Зроблено висновок про те, що ШІ має стати одним ізключових драйверів цифрової трансформації та загального зростання економікиУкраїни. Список використаних джерел Андрощук Г. Тенденції розвитку технологій штучного інтелекту: економіко-правовий аспект. Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності. 2019. № 3. С. 84−101. № 4. С. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 4. Геннадій Андрощук. Єврокомісія опублікувала «Білу книгу з штучного інтелекту». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (дата звернення: 14.02.2021). 6. Андрощук Г. О. Винаходи штучного інтелекту. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 11. С. 67. 7. Глушков В. М. Кибернетика. Вопросы теории и практики. Москва : Наука, 1986. 488 с. 8. Морхат П. М. Правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта в сфере права интеллектуальной собственности: гражданско-правовые проблемы : дисс. … д-ра юрид. наук. РГАИС. Москва, 2018. С. 243. 9. Про авторське право, дизайн і патенти : Закон Великої Британії від 1988 року. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 10. Абрамова Е. Н., Старикова Е. В. Искусственный интеллект как субъект авторского права. Гипотеза / Hypothesis. Право. Экономические науки. 2020. № 1 (10) март. С. 32−38. 11. Андрощук Г. О. Машина винахідник: що вирішило ЄПВ. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 2. С. 58−59. 12. Андрощук Г. О. Прецедент: твори, створені AI, мають право на захист авторських прав!? Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 1. С. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal. biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 15. Deepfakes' ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 16. Баранов О. А. Інтернет речей і штучний інтелект: витоки проблеми правового регулювання (частина 1). ІТ Право: проблеми і перспективи розвитку в Україні (Друга міжнародна щорічна конференція). URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. У 2020-му Нацполіція викрила понад 5 000 кіберзлочинів. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 18. НКЦК: у 2021 році в Україні зафіксовано вже майже 14 мільйонів інцидентів у сфері кібербезпеки. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 19. Гайдай Юрій. Виклики близького майбутнього: як ЄС хоче регулювати штучний інтелект. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 21. Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 22. Про схвалення Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту в Україні : Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 2 грудня 2020 р. № 1556-р URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (дата звернення: 03.02.2021). 23. Карцхия А. А. Искусственный интеллект как средство управления в условиях глобальных рисков. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (дата звернення: 04.02.2021). ========================= 1. Androshchuk H. Tendentsii rozvytku tekhnolohii shtuchnoho intelektu: ekonomiko-pravovyi aspekt. Teoriia i praktyka intelektualnoi vlasnosti. 2019. № 3. S. 84−101. № 4. S. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 4. Hennadii Androshchuk. Yevrokomisiia opublikuvala «Bilu knyhu z shtuchnoho intelektu». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (data zvernennia: 14.02.2021). 6. Androshchuk H. O. Vynakhody shtuchnoho intelektu. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 11. S. 67. 7. Hlushkov V. M. Kybernetyka. Voprosы teoryy y praktyky. Moskva : Nauka, 1986. 488 s. 8. Morkhat P. M. Pravosubъektnost yskusstvennoho yntellekta v sfere prava yntellektualnoi sobstvennosty: hrazhdansko-pravovыe problemы : dyss. … d-ra yuryd. nauk. RHAYS. Moskva, 2018. S. 243. 9. Pro avtorske pravo, dyzain i patenty : Zakon Velykoi Brytanii vid 1988 roku. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 10. Abramova E. N., Starykova E. V. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak subъekt avtorskoho prava. Hypoteza / Hypothesis. Pravo. Эkonomycheskye nauky. 2020. № 1 (10) mart. S. 32−38. 11. Androshchuk H. O. Mashyna vynakhidnyk: shcho vyrishylo YePV. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 2. S. 58−59. 12. Androshchuk H. O. Pretsedent: tvory, stvoreni AI, maiut pravo na zakhyst avtorskykh prav!? Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 1. S. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (datazvernennia: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 15. 'Deepfakes ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 16. Baranov O. A. Internet rechei i shtuchnyi intelekt: vytoky problemy pravovoho rehuliuvannia (chastyna 1). IT Pravo: problemy i perspektyvy rozvytku v Ukraini (Druha mizhnarodna shchorichna konferentsiia). URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. U 2020-mu Natspolitsiia vykryla ponad 5 000 kiberzlochyniv. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 18. NKTsK: u 2021 rotsi v Ukraini zafiksovano vzhe maizhe 14 milioniv intsydentiv u sferi kiberbezpeky. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 19. Haidai Yurii. Vyklyky blyzkoho maibutnoho: yak YeS khoche rehuliuvaty shtuchnyi intelekt. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 21. Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 22. Pro skhvalennia Kontseptsii rozvytku shtuchnoho intelektu v Ukraini : Rozporiadzhennia Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 2 hrudnia 2020 r. № 1556-r URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (data zvernennia: 03.02.2021). 23. Kartskhyia A. A. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak sredstvo upravlenyia v uslovyiakh hlobalnыkh ryskov. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (data zvernennia: 04.02.2021).

Keywords: artificial intelligence, economic impact, intellectual property, regulation,cybersecurity, risks, threats, national security Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the spread of which is based on thewidespread use of digital information and the rapid growth of computing power, areleaving the realm of purely theoretical research and becoming one of the segmentsof the world market that can have truly revolutionary consequences. The paper provideseconomic and legal analysis of the state and trends of AI, identifies its impacton the economy, the importance of the role of intellectual property (IP), assesses therisks, threats and dangers of criminal use of AI, developed mechanisms to counterthem. The development of AI technologies as an integral part of «Industry 4.0» isconsidered, the main provisions of the «White Paper on Artificial Intelligence» ofthe EU are studied.Over the next decade, the EU plans to spend $20 billion a year on AI development.At the same time, the protection of IP rights in the context of AI development and relatedtechnologies has been unconsidered by the Commission, despite the key importanceof these rights. In legal regulation, AI is seen as a new challenge for the economyand the legal system, a new phenomenon that has a multiplier effect, a legal phenomenonin the structure of legal relations, a new object for legal regulation. The introduction of AI in the field of IP creates new legal and economic problems.The creation of AI works is an integral area of activity in the modern digital economy.These circumstances bring to the fore the problem of recognition of authorship in thecreation of AI works, the possibility of authors to dispose of their rights and their useof mechanisms for legal protection of IP. The analysis of the cases considered bycourts connected with a problem of legal personality of AI is carried out, legislative activityon this question is studied. Possibilities and dangers of criminal use of AI areshown. They are ranked in order of their level of danger — depending on the harmthey may cause, the potential benefit or the benefit of crime. Prospects for the developmentof AI in Ukraine are shown, the Concept of development of artificial intelligencein Ukraine is analysed. It is concluded that AI should become one of the key driversof digital transformation and overall growth of Ukraine's economy. ; Ключові слова: штучний інтелект, економічний вплив, інтелектуальна власність,регулювання, кібербезпека, ризики, загрози, національна безпека У роботі подано економіко-правовий аналіз стану і тенденцій розвитку штучногоінтелекту (ШІ), визначено його вплив на економіку, роль інтелектуальної власності(ІВ), подано оцінку ризиків, загроз і небезпек кримінального застосування ШІ, вироб-лено механізми відповідної протидії. Розглянуто розвиток технологій ШІ як невід'єм-ної частини «Індустрія 4.0», досліджено основні положення «Білої книги зі штучногоінтелекту» ЄС. У правовому регулюванні ШІ розглядається як новий виклик для еко-номіки і правової системи, нове явище, що має мультиплікаційний ефект, правовийфеномен у структурі правовідносин, новий об'єкт для правового регулювання.Упровадження ШІ у сферу ІВ формує нові правові та економічні проблеми. Проведеноаналіз розглянутих судами справ, пов'язаних з проблемою правосуб'єктності ШІ, вив-чено законотворчу діяльність з цього питання. Вказано на можливості та небезпекикримінального застосування ШІ, які проранжовано в порядку рівня їх небезпеки.Окреслено перспективи розвитку ШІ в Україні, проаналізовано Концепцію розвиткуштучного інтелекту в Україні. Зроблено висновок про те, що ШІ має стати одним ізключових драйверів цифрової трансформації та загального зростання економікиУкраїни. Список використаних джерел: 1. Андрощук Г. Тенденції розвитку технологій штучного інтелекту: економіко-правовий аспект. Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності. 2019. № 3. С. 84−101. № 4. С. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 4. Геннадій Андрощук. Єврокомісія опублікувала «Білу книгу з штучного інтелекту». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL:https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (дата звернення: 14.02.2021). 6. Андрощук Г. О. Винаходи штучного інтелекту. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 11. С. 67. 7. Глушков В. М. Кибернетика. Вопросы теории и практики. Москва : Наука, 1986. 488 с. 8. Морхат П. М. Правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта в сфере права интеллектуальной собственности: гражданско-правовые проблемы : дисс. … д-ра юрид. наук. РГАИС. Москва, 2018. С. 243. 9. Про авторське право, дизайн і патенти : Закон Великої Британії від 1988 року. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 10. Абрамова Е. Н., Старикова Е. В. Искусственный интеллект как субъект авторского права. Гипотеза / Hypothesis. Право. Экономические науки. 2020. № 1 (10) март. С. 32−38. 11. Андрощук Г. О. Машина винахідник: що вирішило ЄПВ. Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 2. С. 58−59. 12. Андрощук Г. О. Прецедент: твори, створені AI, мають право на захист авторських прав!? Інтелектуальна власність в Україні. 2020. № 1. С. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (датазвернення: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal. biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 15. Deepfakes' ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (дата звернення: 30.01.2021). 16. Баранов О. А. Інтернет речей і штучний інтелект: витоки проблеми правового регулювання (частина 1). ІТ Право: проблеми і перспективи розвитку в Україні (Друга міжнародна щорічна конференція).URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. У 2020-му Нацполіція викрила понад 5 000 кіберзлочинів. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 18. НКЦК: у 2021 році в Україні зафіксовано вже майже 14 мільйонів інцидентів у сфері кібербезпеки. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 19. Гайдай Юрій. Виклики близького майбутнього: як ЄС хоче регулювати штучний інтелект. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 21. Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (дата звернення: 13.02.2021). 22. Про схвалення Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту в Україні : Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 2 грудня 2020 р. № 1556-р URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (дата звернення: 03.02.2021). 23. Карцхия А. А. Искусственный интеллект как средство управления в условиях глобальных рисков. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (дата звернення: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (дата звернення: 04.02.2021). ===================================== 1. Androshchuk H. Tendentsii rozvytku tekhnolohii shtuchnoho intelektu: ekonomiko-pravovyi aspekt. Teoriia i praktyka intelektualnoi vlasnosti. 2019. № 3. S. 84−101. № 4. S. 59−69. 2. This alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of inclusive, trusted and transparent AI worldwide. URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/global-ai-action-alliance/ (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 3. KOMISJAEUROPEJSKABruksela, dnia 19.2.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 finalBIAŁAKSIĘGAwsprawiesztucznejinteligencjiEuropejskiepodejściedodoskonałościizaufania. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_pl.pdf (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 4. Hennadii Androshchuk. Yevrokomisiia opublikuvala «Bilu knyhu z shtuchnoho intelektu». URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/evrokomisiya-opublikuvala-bilu-knigu-z-shtuchnogo-intelektu.html (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 5. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2020.pdf (data zvernennia: 14.02.2021). 6. Androshchuk H. O. Vynakhody shtuchnoho intelektu. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 11. S. 67. 7. Hlushkov V. M. Kybernetyka. Voprosы teoryy y praktyky. Moskva : Nauka, 1986. 488 s. 8. Morkhat P. M. Pravosubъektnost yskusstvennoho yntellekta v sfere prava yntellektualnoi sobstvennosty: hrazhdansko-pravovыe problemы : dyss. … d-ra yuryd. nauk. RHAYS. Moskva, 2018. S. 243. 9. Pro avtorske pravo, dyzain i patenty : Zakon Velykoi Brytanii vid 1988 roku. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 10. Abramova E. N., Starykova E. V. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak subъekt avtorskoho prava. Hypoteza / Hypothesis. Pravo. Эkonomycheskye nauky. 2020. № 1 (10) mart. S. 32−38. 11. Androshchuk H. O. Mashyna vynakhidnyk: shcho vyrishylo YePV. Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 2. S. 58−59. 12. Androshchuk H. O. Pretsedent: tvory, stvoreni AI, maiut pravo na zakhyst avtorskykh prav!? Intelektualna vlasnist v Ukraini. 2020. № 1. S. 57−59. 13. Caldwell, M., Andrews, J.T.A., Tanay, T. et al. AI-enabled future crime. Crime Sci 9, 14 (2020). URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (datazvernennia: 30.01.2021). 14. AI-enabled future crime. URL: https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8 (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 15. 'Deepfakes ranked as most serious AI crime threat. URL: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/aug/deepfakes-ranked-most-serious-ai-crime-threat (data zvernennia: 30.01.2021). 16. Baranov O. A. Internet rechei i shtuchnyi intelekt: vytoky problemy pravovoho rehuliuvannia (chastyna 1). IT Pravo: problemy i perspektyvy rozvytku v Ukraini (Druha mizhnarodna shchorichna konferentsiia). URL: http://aphd.ua/publication-376/. 17. U 2020-mu Natspolitsiia vykryla ponad 5 000 kiberzlochyniv. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/u-2020mu-nacpoliciya-vikrila-ponad-5-000-kiberzlochiniv.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 18. NKTsK: u 2021 rotsi v Ukraini zafiksovano vzhe maizhe 14 milioniv intsydentiv u sferi kiberbezpeky. URL : https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/ua/Diialnist/4797.html (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 19. Haidai Yurii. Vyklyky blyzkoho maibutnoho: yak YeS khoche rehuliuvaty shtuchnyi intelekt. URL: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2021/02/9/7119423/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 20. Intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 21.Przeglądstrategiirozwojusztucznejinteligencjina świecie elix.pl/rynek/raporty-prezentacje/2018/07/przeglad-strategii-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-na-swiecie/ (data zvernennia: 13.02.2021). 22. Pro skhvalennia Kontseptsii rozvytku shtuchnoho intelektu v Ukraini : Rozporiadzhennia Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 2 hrudnia 2020 r. № 1556-r URL: http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KR201556.html (data zvernennia: 03.02.2021). 23. Kartskhyia A. A. Yskusstvennыi yntellekt kak sredstvo upravlenyia v uslovyiakh hlobalnыkh ryskov. URL: https://www.kbtu.kz/images/elibrary_42715049.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.02.2021). 24. WIPO Director General Opens WIPO Conversation on IP and AI: Third Session. URL: https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dg_tang/news/2020/news_0014.html (data zvernennia: 04.02.2021).

Purpose
This study aims to examine task and relationship conflict and their linkage with defensive communication strategies, i.e. mature, neurotic and immature defensive communication. Furthermore, Study 1 also investigated the mediating impact of relationship conflict and the moderating impact of a manager's active-empathic listening in dealing with task conflicts and the defensive communication of the employees. Study 2 intended to assess the causal direction of task conflicts and defensive communication strategies.


Design/methodology/approach
This research integrates the Job Demands–Resources framework, Conservation of Resources theory and Conflict Expression framework. Data from 124 professionals in India's tertiary industry was gathered using a longitudinal approach. Study 1 analyses the dynamics between conflicts and defensive communication while considering managers' active-empathic listening as a potential mitigating factor. Study 2 was conducted after a 10-month interim to delve into the intricate causal connections between defensive communication strategies and task conflicts. For analysing the data, SPSS was used for conducting confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, to analyse the conceptual framework and the hypothesised relationships in this study, partial least squares (PLS) modelling was performed using Smart-PLS 4.0.


Findings
Task conflicts have a significant negative association with mature and neurotic defensive communication, whereas they have a strong positive relationship with immature defensive communication. Relationship conflict significantly mediates the association between task conflict and immature defensive communication. The moderating role of the manager's active-empathic listening was not supported. In addition, the relationship between immature defensive communication and task conflict is significantly positive, outlining their bidirectional association. In contrast, the association between mature defensive communication is significantly negative. This highlights the potential of immature defensive communication to create escalatory conflict spirals and of mature defensive communication to de-escalate them.


Research limitations/implications
Defensive communication strategies, commonly explored in the psychological realm, particularly within family and romantic relationship contexts, have received limited attention in organisational behaviour. This longitudinal study offers a unique perspective on the evolution of defensive communication and its impact on task conflict over time, enhancing the understanding of how individuals adapt their communication strategies as conflicts persist or dissipate. The investigation also advances the understanding of conflict spirals, illustrating the potential of mature defensive communication to de-escalate conflicts while revealing a bidirectional connection between immature defensive communication and task conflicts.


Practical implications
Leaders need to prioritise addressing task conflicts, particularly those that might spiral into relationship conflicts. This would present managers with the ability to make task conflicts more functional in nature, which could help to enhance both team and organisational achievements. The bidirectional relationship between task conflict and immature defensive communication points towards the exigency for managerial and organisational initiatives to prevent the development of conflict spirals at the workplace.


Originality/value
This study offers crucial interdisciplinary perspectives into the body of literature with the longitudinal investigation of the connections between managers' active-empathetic listening, task conflict, relationship conflict and the various defensive communication strategies. With the help of insights from this study, managers and leaders will be empowered to take the necessary actions to reduce employee defensive behaviours and foster a supportive culture for evoking positive and desirable performance.

Do Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises Cluster Geographically in Khulna City? – A Spatial Analysis S M Towhidur Rahman* Business Administration Discipline Khulna University Bangladesh Ahsanul Kabir, PhD Urban and Rural Planning Discipline Khulna University Bangladesh *Corrosponding author's Email: towhid_ku_97@yahoo.com Author's Biography (optional) Picture 100 words maximum. Peer-review under responsibility of 3rd Asia International Multidisciplanry Conference 2019 editorial board (http://www.utm.my/asia/our-team/) © 2019 Published by Readers Insight Publisher, lat 306 Savoy Residencia, Block 3 F11/1,44000 Islamabad. Pakistan, info@readersinsight.net This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Research Highlights The study found a clustered spatial pattern of manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the study area, Khulna city of Bangladesh. This pattern helps determine the potential cluster regions (PCR) for manufacturing industry which is the important first step in cluster based regional economic development strategy. The manufacturing SMEs were found to cluster along the major transportatin routes of city. The SMEs are also not evenly distributed across the city area and couple of wards (Ward 21 & Ward 30) have more geographic potentials to be developed as potential cluster regions since SMEs tend to agglomerate in these wards more in numbers. ___________________________________________________________________________ Graphical Abstract Figure: Ward wise distribution of manufacturing SMEs across Khulna city ________________________________________________________________ Research Objectives Industrialization and economic growth are often correlated as evident from literatures (Sahu, 2013). Manufacturing SMEs play a pivotal role in industrialzation process and regional growth since they constitue the major portion of the industry sector in both developed and developing countries of the world (Li & Chen, 2005; Tambunan, 2008). Development of SME cluster had beed recognized as an effective strategy for regional development since such clusters enhance the competitiveness of the industries and the region as a whole (Karaev, Lenny Koh, & Szamosi, 2007; Navickas & Malakauskaite, 2009). Bangladesh is undergoing a transformation in economic structure from agriculture to indutry and service based economy. Government of Bangladesh also prioritized the cluster based development of industries (General Economics Division, 2015). Porter (2000) noted that some locational advantages are a prerequisite for successful formation of cluster and effective implementation of cluster based economic development (CBED) strategy. Identifying potential cluster region is an important first step in CBED. But very few reseach had been found in the context of Bangladesh focusing on industry cluster identification. Researches applying of geospatial tools for cluster identification are even fewer in numbers. So this study aimed to contribute to the existing literature through identifying potential cluster regions of manufacturing SMEs in Khulna applying geo-statistical tools. Methodology The study is based on primary data (regarding type, number and location of manufacturing SMEs) collected through a city wide survey in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area. The location data of the SMEs were then plotted on the map of KCC applying GIS mapping tools that generated location coordinates (as point feature) for each SME for further analysis. The distribution of SMEs in terms of distance from two spatial variables - major roads and river were shown applying kernel density plot. The spatial pattern were explored through computing Average nearest neoghbour ratio (ANN). ANN ratio is used to measues whether the features (SMEs) are geographically clustered, dipersed or distributed randomly. An ANN ratio less than 1 (ANNR1) exhibits dispersed pattern and ANN ratio 1 (ANNR=1) exhibits perfectly random distribution. The distribution of the SMEs was aslo shown through generating a choropleth map in terms of number of SMEs across the 31 wards of the city to find potential cluster region. The spatial analysis was done using ArcGIS 10.1 and R statistical software package. Results The survey identifyied over 800 manufacturing SMEs in the city which were categorized into five categories – light engineering, agro-processing, leather shoe making, bakery and food processing and timeber and furniture. The study found that all categories of SMEs tend to cluster along the major roads of the city. The Kernel Density plots based on proximity to roads show that all categories of SMEs are located within around 100meters from the major roads of the city while in terms of proximity to river the location of SMEs vary for different categories of SMEs. Further the study found the average nearest neighbour ratios for light engineering, agro-processing, leather shoe making, bakery and food processing and timber and furniture SMEs were 0.214, 0.372, 0.194, 0.215 and 0.176 respectively. Since ANN ratios for all the categories are less than 1, the distributions exhibit a clustered pattern and the ratios were significant at 99% confidence level with P values less than 0.01 implying that the null hypothesis "Manufacturing SMEs in all categories are randomly distributed across the city area†is rejected. The SMEs were located unevenly across 31 wards (smallest adminitrative boundary) of the city wherein ward number 21 and ward number 30 had the highest (56-96 units) number of firms. Findings The major categories of manufacturing SMEs in Khulna city tend to locate close to other similar firms and exhibit a clustered spatial pattern. All categories of manufacturing SMEs were found to cluster along the major roads due to transportation convenience and improved visibility. The SMEs were found to clsuster more in couple of the wards of the city indicating to the potential cluster regions. These wards are characterized as having low cost spaces, good connectivity to other parts of the country, proximity to central wholesale market, administrative headquarter and major financial institutions and above all more circulation of people.

Electromagnetics , volume 2 by Steven W. Ellingson is a 216-page peer-reviewed open textbook designed especially for electrical engineering students in the third year of a bachelor of science degree program. It is intended as the primary textbook for the second semester of a two-semester undergraduate engineering electromagnetics sequence. The book addresses magnetic force and the Biot-Savart law; general and lossy media; parallel plate and rectangular waveguides; parallel wire, microstrip, and coaxial transmission lines; AC current flow and skin depth; reflection and transmission at planar boundaries; fields in parallel plate, parallel wire, and microstrip transmission lines; optical fiber; and radiation and antennas. Review or adopt this book [CLICK HERE] . If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook please help us understand your use by completing this form. Additional Resources «< Problem sets and the corresponding solution manuals «< Slides of figures used in and created for the book «< LaTeX sourcefiles «< Screen-reader friendly version Errata for Volume 2 Collaborator portal for the Electromagnetics series Faculty listserv for the Electromagnetics series Submit feedback and suggestions Three formats of this book are available: Print (ISBN 9781949373912) Available from Amazon.com «< PDF (ISBN 9781949373929) «< LaTeX source files Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Preliminary Concepts Chapter 2: Magnetostatics Redux Chapter 3: Wave Propagation in General Media Chapter 4: Current Flow in Imperfect Conductors Chapter 5: Wave Reflection and Transmission Chapter 6: Waveguides Chapter 7: Transmission Lines Redux Chapter 8: Optical Fiber Chapter 9: Radiation Chapter 10: Antennas Appendix A: Constitutive Parameters of Some Common Materials Appendix B: Mathematical Formulas Appendix C: Physical Constants The Open Electromagnetics Project Led by Steven W. Ellingson at Virginia Tech, the goal of the Open Electromagnetics Project is to create no-cost openly-licensed content for courses in engineering electromagnetics. The project is motivated by two things: lowering learning material costs for students and giving faculty the freedom to adopt, modify, and improve their educational resources. Books in this Series Electromagnetics , Volume 1 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1 Electromagnetics , Volume 2 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 To express your interest in a book or this series, please visit http://bit.ly/vtpublishing-updates Suggested citation: Ellingson, Steven W. (2020) Electromagnetics, Vol. 2. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 CC BY-SA 4.0 About the Author: Steven W. Ellingson (ellingson@vt.edu) is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia in the United States. He received PhD and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University and a BS in Electrical & Computer Engineering from Clarkson University. He was employed by the US Army, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Raytheon, and the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory before joining the faculty of Virginia Tech, where he teaches courses in electromagnetics, radio frequency systems, wireless communications, and signal processing. His research includes topics in wireless communications, radio science, and radio frequency instrumentation. Professor Ellingson serves as a consultant to industry and government and is the author of Radio Systems Engineering (Cambridge University Press, 2016). Publication of this book was made possible in part by the Open Education Faculty Initiative Grant program at the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. http://guides.lib.vt.edu/oer/grants Cover design: Robert Browder; Cover image: (c) Michelle Yost. Total Internal Reflection (modified by Robert Browder) is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license

Electromagnetics , volume 1 by Steven W. Ellingson is a 225-page, peer-reviewed open educational resource intended for electrical engineering students in the third year of a bachelor of science degree program. It is intended as a primary textbook for a one-semester first course in undergraduate engineering electromagnetics. The book employs the transmission lines first approach in which transmission lines are introduced using a lumped-element equivalent circuit model for a differential length of transmission line, leading to one-dimensional wave equations for voltage and current. Note: Electromagnetics , volume 2 (2020) is now available at https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 . Suggested citation: Ellingson, Steven W. (2018) Electromagnetics, Vol. 1. Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1 CC BY-SA 4.0 Three formats of this book are available: Print (ISBN 9780997920185) Available from Amazon.com PDF (ISBN 9780997920192) LaTeX source files Report adoption of this book here . If you are a professor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook please help us understand your use by completing this form. Additional Resources «< Problem sets and the corresponding solution manual. «< Slides of figures used in and created for the book. Errata for Volume 1 Community portal for the Electromagnetics series Faculty listserv for the Electromagnetics series Submit feedback and suggestions Independent Reviews Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Preliminary Concepts Chapter 2: Electric and Magnetic Fields Chapter 3: Transmission Lines Chapter 4: Vector Analysis Chapter 5: Electrostatics Chapter 6: Steady Current and Conductivity Chapter 7: Magnetostatics Chapter 8: Time-Varying Fields Chapter 9: Plane Waves in Lossless Media Appendixes A. Constitutive Parameters of Some Common Materials B. Mathematical Formulas C. Physical Constants The Open Electromagnetics Project Led by Steven W. Ellingson at Virginia Tech, the goal of the Open Electromagnetics Project is to create no-cost openly-licensed content for courses in engineering electromagnetics. The project is motivated by two things: lowering learning material costs for students and giving faculty the freedom to adopt, modify, and improve their educational resources. Books in this Series Electromagnetics , Volume 1 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1 Electromagnetics , Volume 2 https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-2 To express your interest in a book or this series, please visit http://bit.ly/vtpublishing-updates This book improves on Electromagnetics Volume 1 (beta) with the investment of field testing, copyediting, and technical review. Changes include correction of errors identified in the beta version errata and many minor improvements, addition of an index, addition of a separate manual of examples and solutions, and LaTeX source files for the book. About the Author: Steven W. Ellingson (ellingson@vt.edu) is an Associate Professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia in the United States. He received PhD and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University and a BS in Electrical & Computer Engineering from Clarkson University. He was employed by the US Army, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Raytheon, and the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory before joining the faculty of Virginia Tech, where he teaches courses in electromagnetics, radio frequency systems, wireless communications, and signal processing. His research includes topics in wireless communications, radio science, and radio frequency instrumentation. Professor Ellingson serves as a consultant to industry and government and is the author of Radio Systems Engineering (Cambridge University Press, 2016). Publication of this book was made possible in part by the Open Education Faculty Initiative Grant program at the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. http://guides.lib.vt.edu/oer/grants Cover design: Robert Browder; Cover image: (c) Michelle Yost. Total Internal Reflection (modified by Robert Browder) is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been embraced enthusiastically by Africans as a new resource for African development. AI could improve well-being by enabling innovation in business, education, health, ecology, urban planning, industry, etc. However, the high expectations could be little more than pious wishes. There are still too many open questions regarding the transfer required, and the selection of appropriate technology and its mastery. Given that the 'technology transfer' concept of modernization theories of the 1960s utterly failed because it had not been adapted to local needs, some scholars have called for an endogenous concept of African AI. However, this caused a lot of controversies. Africa became a battlefield of 'digital empires' of global powers due to its virtually non-existent digital infrastructure. Still, African solutions to African problems would be needed. Additionally, the dominant narratives and default settings of AI-related technologies have been denounced as male, gendered, white, heteronormative, powerful, and western. The previous focus on the formal sector is also questionable. Innovators from the informal sector and civil society, embedded in the local sociocultural environment but closely linked to transnational social spaces, often outperform government development efforts. UNESCO also warned that the effective use of AI in Africa requires the appropriate skills, legal framework and infrastructure. As in the past, calls by African politicians for a pooling of resources, a pan-African strategy, were probably in vain. AI may develop fastest in the already established African technology hubs of South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. But promising AI-focused activities have also been identified in Ethiopia and Uganda. Gender equality, cultural and linguistic diversity, and changes in labour markets would also be required for AI to enhance rather than undermine socioeconomic inclusion. In addition, ethical questions related to a specific African identity have been raised. The extent to which African ideas of humanity and humanitarianism should be taken into account when developing an African AI remains an open question. In short, calling for the rapid deployment of AI in Africa could be a double-edged sword.

Este proyecto fue elaborado con el fin de implantar en la localidad Uruguaya de Minas de Corrales en el departamento de Rivera, un espacio fabril de pequeñas dimensiones y bajo costo, destinado al reciclaje de todo tipo de plasticos. Se busca con ello potenciar las capacidades productivas, tecnológicas, educativas, de reciclaje y desarrollo local en la zona objetivo.

PART I. FACTORS AND CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS -- Challenges of Corporate Risk Management after the Global Financial Crisis (K. Benetti) -- "Hexagon" of Property (S. V. Domnina, S. Y. Salynina) -- Have the Lessons about Crisis Processes in the Russian Economy Been Learned? (M. A. Sherstnev) -- Modeling the Spatial Organization of the Higher Education System in the Regional Economy (E. V. Bolgova, M. V. Kournikova) -- Modern Issues of Development of the Customs and Logistics Infrastructure of the International North-South Transport Corridor (R. V. Fedorenko) -- Prospects for the Functioning of the New Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union (E. S. Smolina, R. N. Seryomina) -- World Economy, Economic Science and Economic Policy: what comes after the Crisis (M. A. Sherstnev) -- PART II. PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF INNOVATION-ORIENTED ECONOMY -- Assessed Probability of Risks in Dependence on Innovative Project Description (A .D. Kornilova, N. V. Shekhova, N. N. Belanova, E. V. Savoskina) -- Ecology, Innovation and Quality of Life: AB OVO USQUE AD MALA (G. R. Khasaev, N. V. Lazareva, G. E. Kudinova, R. S. Kuznetsova, G. S. Rozenberg) -- Empirical Indicators of Innovative Readiness of the Population: Experience of the Application of the Bogardus Scale (A. V. Rostova, Y. A. Urgalkin) -- Innovation and Investment Activities in Businesses as a Determining Factor of Development of the Russian Federation (A. M. Mikhailov, G. T. Sabirova, K. V. Shnyakin) -- Readiness to Changes as one Entrepreneurial Value of the Innovation-Oriented Economy (S. I. Ashmarina, V. V. Mantulenko, E. P. Troshina) -- PART III. PROSPECTS FOR THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY -- Comparison of Neural Networks and Regression Time Series when Estimating the Copper Price Development (M. Vochozka, J. Horák) -- Evolution of the Venture Investment Market in the Information Economy of Russia (S. V. Domnina, O. A. Guzhova, N. V. Kozhukhova, Yu. A. Tokarev) -- Influence of Information Technologies on Production Efficiency: Estimation on the Basis of Algorithms for Machine Learning (O. V. Bakanach, N. V. Proskurina, N. P. Persteneva, M. Yu. Karyshev) -- Logistics 4.0 (T. E. Evtodieva, D. V. Chernova, N. V. Ivanova, N.S. Kisteneva) -- Transformation of Household Consumption in the Conditions of Transition to the Information Economy (Yu. A. Tokarev, O. V. Bakanach, N. P. Persteneva, N. V. Proskurina) -- Using Artificial Intelligence in Analysing and Predicting the Development of Stock Prices of a Subject Company (V. Machová, M. Vochozka) -- PART IV. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE MODERN LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT -- Analysis of European Approaches to Improving the Life of the Population through the Implementation of a Mechanism of Independent Assessment of Qualifications (E. P. Pecherskaya, V. V. Klimuk, T. M. Tarasova) -- Differentiation of Regional Labor Markets: New Risks and Opportunities for Smoothing (M. V. Simonova, F. I. Mirzabalayeva, L. V. Sankova) -- Sectoral Framework of Qualifications as a Tool for the Integration of Educational and Business Spheres of Russia (E. A. Mitrofanova, A. E. Mitrofanova, M. V. Simonova) -- PART V. SECTORAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -- Analysis of the Precious Metals Market in Russia as a Component of the Global Financial Market in Modern Conditions (M. E. Konovalova, O. Y. Kuzmina, E. S. Nedorezova, S. Y. Salomatina, A. M. Mikhaylov) -- Assessing the Financial Health of Companies Engaged in Mining and Extraction Using Methods of Complex Evaluation of Enterprises (J. Vrbka, Z. Rowland) -- Effective Development Mechanism of Companies in the Communal Services Sector in Modern Conditions (N. V. Nikitina, V. V. Chaadaeva, A. A. Chudaeva) -- Investment Development of Enterprises of Industrial Clusters (A. V. Zastupov) -- Monitoring the Financial Security of the Economic Subject on the Basis of Financial Risk Assessment (O. A. Naumova, I. A. Svetkina) -- Organizational and Economic Problems of Systemic Modernization of Enterprises of the Machine-Building Complex (A. B. Vishnyakova, B. Y. Tatarskikh) -- Development Problems of the North Caucasus Recreational and Tourist Cluster in Russia (V. I. Barilenko, J. M. Tsugalov, N. N. Semenov, T. D. Krylova) -- Technological and Economic Justification of Development Tendencies of the Russian Petroleum Refining Industry (A. V. Streltsov, G. I. Yakovlev)