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Foreword-- B.Jullien Introduction: Ten Years on, What Have we Learnt? M.Freyssenet Wrong Forecasts and Unexpected Changes. The World that Changed the Machine-- M.Freyssenet Strategies of Internationalization of Automobile Firms in the New Century: A New Leap Forward? B.Jetin PART I: THE DIVERGENT TRAJECTORIES OF JAPANESE AND KOREAN CARMAKERS Sigh of Toyota as the New World n 1 Carmaker-- K.Shimizu Nissan: From the Brink of Bankruptcy-- M. Stevens and T.Fujimoto Honda: Serendipity or Strategy from 1997-2007? D.J.Luethge & P.Byosiere The Rebirth of Mazda Under Ford's Shadow-- D. Arturo Heller Hyundai: Is It Possible to Realize the Dream of Becoming a Top 5 Global Automaker by 2010? M.Chung PART II: THE RESISTIBLE DECLINE OF THE 'BIG THREE' General Motors in an Age of Corporate Restructuring-- R.Senter & W.McManus Ford 1993 to 2007: Losing Its Way? G.Mercer Can Chrysler Survive its Re-invention? B.Belzowski PART III: THE RESISTANCE OF LEADING EUROPEAN CARMAKERS The Final Chapter of the "VW Model'? The VW Trajectory 1995-2005-- U.Jurgens PSA: the Difficulties of a 'Volume and Diversity' Profit Strategy-- M.Freyssenet Renault 1992-2007: Globalization and Strategic Uncertainties-- M.Freyssenet Fiat Group Automobiles -- An Arabian Phoenix in the International Auto Industry-- G.Volpato From the Marriage in Heaven to the Divorce on Earth. The DaimlerChrysler Trajectory Since the Merger-- H.Kohler Driving with Engineers' Professionalism and Family Values. The BMW Trajectory from a Regional Carmaker to a Global Premium Player-- L.Pries A Break from the Past: Volvo and its malcontents-- M.Holweg and F.K.Pil Production Counterfeits and Policy Collisions: the Rover trajectory -- a salutary tale-- D.Coffey PART IV: NEWCOMERS AND GLOBAL SUPPLIERS Made in China: Joint-Ventures and Domestic Newcomers-- H.Wang Maruti-Suzuki's Trajectory: From a National Champion to a Japanese owned Subsidiary-- F.Becker-Ritterspach Winners and Losers in the Auto Parts Industry: Trajectories Followed by the Main First Tier Suppliers over the Past Decade-- V.Frigant Conclusion. The Second Automobile Revolution. Promises and Uncertainties-- M.Freyssenet Index

This is the most comprehensive, and most comprehensively chilling, study of modern torture yet written. Darius Rejali, one of the world's leading experts on torture, takes the reader from the late nineteenth century to the aftermath of Abu Ghraib, from slavery and the electric chair to electrotorture in American inner cities, and from French and British colonial prison cells and the Spanish-American War to the fields of Vietnam, the wars of the Middle East, and the new democracies of Latin America and Europe. As Rejali traces the development and application of one torture technique after another in these settings, he reaches startling conclusions. As the twentieth century progressed, he argues, democracies not only tortured, but set the international pace for torture. Dictatorships may have tortured more, and more indiscriminately, but the United States, Britain, and France pioneered and exported techniques that have become the lingua franca of modern torture: methods that leave no marks. Under the watchful eyes of reporters and human rights activists, low-level authorities in the world's oldest democracies were the first to learn that to scar a victim was to advertise iniquity and invite scandal. Long before the CIA even existed, police and soldiers turned instead to "clean" techniques, such as torture by electricity, ice, water, noise, drugs, and stress positions. As democracy and human rights spread after World War II, so too did these methods. Rejali makes this troubling case in fluid, arresting prose and on the basis of unprecedented research--conducted in multiple languages and on several continents--begun years before most of us had ever heard of Osama bin Laden or Abu Ghraib. The author of a major study of Iranian torture, Rejali also tackles the controversial question of whether torture really works, answering the new apologists for

Times are changing. Instead of obsessing about what they're against, progressives have begun to think about what they're for-to prepare once again to play their role as agents of bold ideas and political and social transformation. Finding new confidence and imagination, they have begun to renew their political capital. The essays in this volume draw on that new store of capital to sketch the outlines of a progressive agenda for 21st-century America. Authors such as Van Jones, Dean Baker, Andrea Batista Schlesinger and Miles Rapoport cover a wide array of topics and, in their policy recommendations, present a few contrasting ideas. But all these essays reflect a belief in the need for fundamental change. The problems discussed here cannot be solved, the authors agree, through charity, through volunteerism, or even by well-meaning local and state governments, though surely all have a role. The contributors make the case for the kind of concerted action that can only come through the agency of our national government. They argue that we need programs that serve our national and international needs and encourage faith in our public institutions, creating a positive cycle of political change and space for further reform. There are many good reasons to be worried at this critical moment in history. To navigate these troubled times, we need a rare combination of ideas, action, resolve, and leadership to meet the challenges that lie before us. Thinking Big is an indispensable piece of that puzzle, arriving just when it's most needed. With a foreword by Robert Kuttner, author of Obama's Challenge: America's Economic Crisis and the Power of a Transformative Presidency. The Progressive Ideas Network is an alliance of multi-issue think tanks and activist organizations working together to amplify the power of ideas in advancing today's progressive movement.

Climate change is the major challenge of the 21st century. In order to mitigate global warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide has to be reduced dramatically. Via instruments designed by the soon expiring Kyoto Protocol and different other measures, the international community aims to realise this carbon reduction. Experts speak of carbon markets. Where companies, organisations and individuals are seeking to neutralise their carbon footprints, financial actors are making enormous profits. But whom does this market really serve? Economy, environment or both?This study intends to increase the understanding of such markets and to analyse strengths and weaknesses for defining possible quality actions. Firstly, an overview of presently existing and developing carbon markets, their differentiation and locations will provide basic comprehension of the current status of carbon trading. Questions about the role of the US or developing nations like China and India will be answered. Who is forerunner in this market? Afterwards, this work will concentrate on non-binding or so called voluntary carbon transactions. The reader will learn about the supply structure of non-compliance carbon trading and market drivers. Major project types will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the question will be raised if offsetting or voluntary carbon trading has an effect on global warming, if it improves the situation - or not.After analysing market structures and participants' motivations, the author will have a closer look on criticism and markets weaknesses, before introducing quality mechanisms. What instruments will open the carbon market for mainstream participants? Which structural changes are necessary to enhance quality in this nascent market? An outlook will be given on how the voluntary carbon market most probably develops. Finally, the reader will be acquainted with voluntary carbon markets and may decide weather or not they are an option to counteract climate change, the major challenge of the 21st century.

The paper presents some of the ideas underlying the current research program of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG). It begins with a discussion of how the institute's programmatic orientation has evolved since it was founded in 1984. Programmatic change over the years involved (1) recognition of a secular decline in the capacity of the nation-state to organize and guarantee social order, and of the growing significance of self-regulating, "free" national and international markets for social life; (2) increased attention to issues of meaning and to "culture" and cultural symbolism, as well as to normative questions; (3) a gradual shift in emphasis from policy to politics; and (4) more explicit recognition of history and of the historicity of the questions posed and the observations analyzed in social science. The second part of the paper argues that Gesellschaftsforschung today is most appropriately conceived as the study of the economy and society of contemporary capitalism. It is suggested that the most promising approach is close cooperation between the scholarly traditions of political economy and economic sociology, with the former standing to benefit from a more explicit micro-foundation in a sociological theory of action and the latter from more systematic consideration of politics and the state. Third, the paper shows how the approach that has evolved at the MPIfG differs from mainstream economic sociology, from the so-called new institutional economics, and from behavioral economics. The paper concludes by enumerating four subject areas that are likely to be of particular importance for research at the MPIfG: (1) the nature of rational-economic action, (2) the constitution of markets, (3) the emergence and change of institutions, and (4) the relationship between capitalism and democracy.

For the first time, the hidden world of American communism can be examined with the help of documents from the recently opened archives of the former Soviet Union. By interweaving narrative and documents, the authors of this book present a convincing new picture of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), one of the most controversial organizations in American public life. Heated debates about whether the Communist Party harbored spies or engaged in espionage have surrounded the party from its inception. This authoritative book provides proof that the CPUSA was involved in various subversive activities. At the same time, it discloses fascinating details about the workings of the party and about the ordinary Americans and CPUSA leaders who participated in its clandestine activities.The documents presented range from letters by Americans wishing to do international covert work for the Soviet Union to top secret memos between the head of Soviet foreign intelligence, the Comintern, and the CPUSA. They confirm that--the Soviet Union heavily subsidized the CPUSA and that some prominent Americans laundered money for the Comintern;--the CPUSA maintained a covert espionage apparatus in the United States with direct ties to Soviet intelligence;--the testimony of former Communists concerning underground Communist activity in the United States can be substantiated;--American Communists working in government agencies stole documents and passed them to the CPUSA, which sent them on to Moscow;--the CPUSA played a role in atomic espionage;and much more.An engrossing narrative places the documents in their historical context and explains key figures, organizations, and events. Together the narrative and documents provide a revealing picture of American communism and convey the contradictory passions that drew so many Americans into the Communist movement and eventually tore that movement apart

This work investigates the permissibility and viability of property rights on the celestial bodies, particularly the extraterrestrial aspects of land and mineral resources ownership. In lay terms, it aims to find an answer to the question "Who owns the Moon?" The first chapter critically analyses and dismantles with legal arguments the issue of sale of extraterrestrial real estate, after having perused some of the trivial claims of celestial bodies ownership. The only consequence these claims have on the plane of space law is to highlight the need for a better regulation of extraterrestrial landed property rights. Next, the work addresses the apparent silence of the law in the field of extraterrestrial landed property, scrutinizing whether the factual situation on the extraterrestrial realms calls for legal regulations. The sources of law are examined in their dual dimension – that is, the facts that have caused and shaped the law of extraterrestrial real estate, and the norms which express this law. It is found that the norms and rules regarding property rights in the celestial realms are rather limited, failing to define basic concepts such as celestial body. The following chapter examines precisely this issue, pondering whether asteroids and comets are immovable land-like territorial extensions that cannot be legally appropriated, or floating movable goods, capable of being captured and reduced into private ownership. The employment of the spatialist and functionalist approaches, the use of the criterion of actual movability from orbit by human action, and original theories such as the analogy between the legal status of asteroids and icebergs, are considered, concluding that some extraterrestrial resources are not, legally speaking, celestial bodies. An examination follows of the relationship between appropriation under international law, and civil law appropriation, namely whether the non-appropriation principle in the

The African Development Report 2008 is the twentieth annual survey of economic and social progress in Africa. The Report provides comprehensive analysis of the state of the African economy, examining development policy issues affecting the economic prospects of the continent. - ;The publication of the African Development Report 2008/2009 comes at a time when some prolonged civil conflicts in Africa have ended while some countries continue to experience violent conflict or the threat of its occurrence. The termination of some of the long-drawn-out conflicts offers hopes for lasting peace and security in Africa, a sine qua non for the continent to develop. But it also raises a number of challenges to ensure a successful post-conflict transition. The countries. concerned are not in a position to undertake such efforts on their own. Thus, external support is vital to post-conflict recovery. On the other hand, the persistence of conflict in some other countries warrants a continued enquiry into the nature and causes of conflict in Africa and a search for. appropriate conflict-resolution strategies. Against this background, the Report investigates the nature, causes and consequences of conflict in Africa. It assesses conflict-resolution and peacebuilding strategies and then focuses on policies to aid the transition from conflict to peace and economic recovery. Finally, it highlights the African Development Bank's support to fragile states, which are mostly countries emerging from conflict. The Report identifies large knowledge gaps and a lack of consensus on the causes of conflict in Africa. It shows that the consequences of conflict often spread well beyond national borders, and that regional and international efforts are critical to conflict resolution. The Report emphasizes the need for strong national institutions to underpin the process of state

In the wake of high and rising oil prices since 2003, the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have seen dynamic economic development, enhancing their role in the global economy as investors and trade partners. Real GDP growth has been buoyant, with non-oil activity expanding faster than oil GDP. Macroeconomic developments have also been characterised by large fiscal and current account surpluses as a result of rising oil revenues, notwithstanding fiscal expansion and rapid import growth. The most significant macroeconomic challenge faced by GCC countries is rising inflation in an environment in which the contribution of monetary policy to containing inflationary pressure is constrained by the exchange rate regimes. The overall favourable macroeconomic backdrop of recent years has provided GCC countries with an opportunity to tackle long-standing structural challenges, such as the diversification of oil-centred economies and reform of the labour markets. In a global context, apart from developing into a pole of global economic growth, GCC countries - together with other oil-exporting countries - have become a major net supplier of capital in global markets, second only to East Asia. As a result, they have become part of the international policy debate on global imbalances. Furthermore, GCC countries are home to some of the world's largest sovereign wealth funds, which raises several financial stability issues. Their role as trade partners has also increased, with the European Union being the only major region in the world maintaining a significant surplus in bilateral trade with the GCC. GCC countries are also key players in global energy markets in terms of production, exports and the availability of spare capacity. Their role is likely to become even more pivotal in the future as they command vast oil and gas reserves and benefit from relatively low costs in exploiting oil reserves.

We don't think much about how food gets to our tables, or what had to happen to fill our supermarket's produce section with perfectly round red tomatoes and its meat counter with slabs of beautifully marbled steak. We don't realize that the meat in one fast-food hamburger may come from many different cattle raised in several different countries. In fact, most of us have a fairly abstract understanding of what happens on a farm. In this book the author gives us the specifics. He tells us, for example, that a third of the fruits and vegetables grown are discarded for purely aesthetic reasons; that the artificial fertilizers used to enrich our depleted soil contain poisonous heavy metals; that chickens who stand all day on wire in cages choose feed with pain-killing drugs over feed without them; and that the average American eats his or her body weight in food additives each year. He also asks us to think about the consequences of eating food so far removed from agriculture; why unhealthy food is cheap; why there is an International Federation of Competitive Eating; what we don't want to know about how animals raised for meat live, die, and are butchered; whether people are even designed to be carnivorous; and why there is hunger when food production has increased so dramatically. This book describes the production of all types of food in the United States and the environmental and health problems associated with each. After taking us on a tour of the American food system, not only the basic food groups but soil, grain farming, organic food, genetically modified food, food processing, and diet, the author reminds us that we are not powerless. Once we know the facts about food in America, we can change things by the choices we make as consumers, as voters, and as ethical human beings.

A study of Internet blocking and filtering around the world: analyses by leading researchers and survey results that document filtering practices in dozens of countries.Many countries around the world block or filter Internet content, denying access to information that they deem too sensitive for ordinary citizens—most often about politics, but sometimes relating to sexuality, culture, or religion. Access Denied documents and analyzes Internet filtering practices in more than three dozen countries, offering the first rigorously conducted study of an accelerating trend. Internet filtering takes place in more than three dozen states worldwide, including many countries in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Related Internet content-control mechanisms are also in place in Canada, the United States and a cluster of countries in Europe. Drawing on a just-completed survey of global Internet filtering undertaken by the OpenNet Initiative (a collaboration of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto, the Oxford Internet Institute at Oxford University, and the University of Cambridge) and relying on work by regional experts and an extensive network of researchers, Access Denied examines the political, legal, social, and cultural contexts of Internet filtering in these states from a variety of perspectives. Chapters discuss the mechanisms and politics of Internet filtering, the strengths and limitations of the technology that powers it, the relevance of international law, ethical considerations for corporations that supply states with the tools for blocking and filtering, and the implications of Internet filtering for activist communities that increasingly rely on Internet technologies for communicating their missions. Reports on Internet content regulation in forty different countries follow, with each two-page country profile outlining the types of content blocked by category and documenting key findings.ContributorsRoss Anderson, Malcolm Birdling, Ronald Deibert, Robert Faris, Vesselina Haralampieva [as per Rob Faris], Steven Murdoch, Helmi Noman, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, Mary Rundle, Nart Villeneuve, Stephanie Wang, Jonathan Zittrain

Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007 is a thorough and accessible review of the most salient, the most controversial, and the most illuminating essays on security law in the previous calendar year. In this edition, Professor Amos Guiora presents the ten most vital and pertinent law review articles from 2007 written by both scholars who have already gained international prominence as experts in security law as well as emerging voices in the security-law debate. These articles deal with issues of terrorism, security law, and the preservation of civil liberties in the post-9/11 world. The chosen selections derive not just from the high quality and expertise of the articles' authors, but equally from the wide diversity of legal issues addressed by those authors. Guiora combines the expertise of scholars from such accredited institutions as Harvard, Stanford, the U.S Military Academy and the U.S. Department of Defense to provide a valuable resource for scholars and experts researching this important subject area. This annual review provides researchers with more than just an authoritative discussion on the most prominent security debates of the day; it also educates researchers on new issues that have received far too little attention in the press and in academia. These expert scholars and leaders tackle and give voice to these issues that range from cyberterror to detention of suspected terrorists to France's tightening of its civil liberties policy to new restrictions on religious philanthropy and beyond. Together, the vast knowledge and independent viewpoints represented by these ten authors make this volume, of what will be an annual review within the Terrorism, 2nd Series, a valuable resource for individuals new to the realm of security law and for advanced researchers with a sophisticated understanding of the field. Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007 serves as a one-stop guidebook on how both the U.S. and the world generally are currently waging the war on terror.

Foreword / Eric Acrofi, Maria Smit and Stig-Magnus Thorsén -- Introduction / Christine Lucia -- Iph'indela? Where is the way? Resurrecting an African Identity through popular music in the post-apartheid South Africa / Thembela Vokwana -- Singing the nation : negotiating South African identity through choral music / Nicol Claire Hammond -- Music in the Italian prisoner of war camps in South Africa during the second World War / Donato Somma -- Constructing the relevant listerner : power, knowledge and the construction of identity in the discourse of musical autonomy / Tobias Pontara -- The role of music in preserving the cultural identity of a migrant community : a case study of Duakor fisherman / Eric Akrofi ; Nicholas Kofie -- Encountering South African music from an Australian perspective : a kaleidoscopic voyage of discovery / Dawn Joseph -- Identity dynamics in popular and religious music : Mary Atieno and the International Fellowship Church Choir (IFC) / Jean Kidula -- Music and cultural identity among Kurdish musicians in Stockholm / Andreas Engström -- The colonial influence on music education in Ghana and South Africa -- Travesty of prophecy? Views of South African black choral composition / Christine Lucia -- The hymnic identities of the Afrikaner / Elsabé Kloppers -- Jazz in Drum, an ambiguous discourse: "Matshikeze" and the short stories in the 1950s / Leif Lorentzon -- Facilitating the formation of personal and professional identities of arts and culture educators / Maria Smit -- Tourism and cultural identity : conservation or commodification? / Minette Mans -- African music in global diasporic discourse : identity explorations of South African artist Johnny Mbizo Dyani / Patricia Achieng Opondo -- Reidentifying an auditory community : worship in an independent South African church / Christy M. Smith -- The musicians behind bars : can music help renew identities? / Zoliswa Twani -- Sweden in play with South Africa : personal musical experiences in postcolonial perspectives / Stig-Magnus Thorsén -- Storytelling as mediator between worlds / Sandie Malan -- Djembe, darbuka or drum set in music school -- cultural diversity in Scandinavian music education / Eva Fock -- Why localise a church's music? Musical change, meanings and cultural identities in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia / Jan Hellberg -- Intonjane music : a forum of identity formation for Xhosa women / Luvuyo Dontsa.

Totalitarian regimes and Cold War sport: steroid "Ubermenschen" and "ball-bearing females" / Rob Beamish and Ian Ritchie -- Verbal gymnastics: sports, bureacracy, and the Soviet Union's entrance into the Olympic Games, 1946-1952 / Jennifer Parks -- Cold War expatriot sport: symbolic resistance and international response in Hungarian water polo at the Melbourne Olympics, 1956 / Robert E. Rinehart -- Cold War football: British-European encounters in the 1940s and 1950s / Ronnie Kowalski and Dilwyn Porter -- "Oscillating antagonism": Soviet-British athletics relations, 1945-1950s / John Bale -- "If you want the girl next door ... ": Olympic sport and the popular press in early Cold War Britain / Stephen Wagg -- The "muscle gap": physical education and US fears of a depleted masculinity, 1954-1963 / Jeffrey Montez de Oca -- Good versus evil? Drugs, sport and the Cold War / Paul Dimeo -- The Cold War and the (re)articulation of Canadian national identity: the 1972 Canada-USSR summit series / Jay Scherer, Gregory H. Duquette and Daniel S. Mason -- "One day when the Yankees ... ": Cuban baseball, the United States and the Cold War / Milton H. Jamail -- Playing the race card": US foreign policy and the integration of sports / Damion Thomas -- "Miraculous" masculinity meets militarization: narrating the 1980 USSR-US men's Olympic ice hockey match and Cold War politics / Mary G. McDonald -- The Soviet Union and the Olympic Games of 1980 and 1984: explaining the boycotts to their own people / Evelyn Mertin -- "Sport and politics don't mix": China's relationship with the IOC during the Cold War / Susan Brownell -- Sport after the Cold War: implications for Russia and Eastern Europe / James Riordan -- Performing America's past: Cold War fantasies in a perpetual state of war / Michael Silk, Bryan Bracey and Mark Falcous -- Beyond the stadium and into the street: sport and anti-Americanism in South Korea / Eunha Koh, David L. Andrews and Ryan White

This paper provides a structured overview of different self-governance mechanisms for privacy and data protection in the corporate world, with a special focus on Internet privacy. It also looks at the role of the state, and how it has related to privacy self-governance over time. While early data protection started out as law-based regulation by nation-states, transnational self-governance mechanisms have become more important due to the rise of global telecommunications and the Internet. Reach, scope, precision and enforcement of these industry codes of conduct vary a lot. The more binding they are, the more limited is their reach, though they - like the state-based instruments for privacy protection - are becoming more harmonised and global in reach nowadays. These "social codes" of conduct are developed by the private sector with limited participation of official data protection commissioners, public interest groups, or international organisations. Software tools - "technical codes" - for online privacy protection can give back some control over their data to individual users and customers, but only have limited reach and applications. The privacy-enhancing design of network infrastructures and database architectures is still mainly developed autonomously by the computer and software industry. Here, we can recently find a stronger, but new role of the state. Instead of regulating data processors directly, governments and oversight agencies now focus more on the intermediaries - standards developers, large software companies, or industry associations. And instead of prescribing and penalising, they now rely more on incentive-structures like certifications or public funding for social and technical self-governance instruments of privacy protection. The use of technology as an instrument and object of regulation is thereby becoming more popular, but the success of this approach still depends on the social codes and the underlying norms which technology is supposed to embed.