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In the Main City of Gdańsk, a certificate of the city council's control over the legal guardians of children who lost one or both parents, are two books of minors from 1441-1460 and 1451-1460. The supervision of the registers of this type was exercised by the masons. These entries included entries regarding the property of minors entrusted by their guardians to the municipal council for safekeeping. These books also show the further fate of funds belonging to minors and financial operations carried out by their guardians (eg investments in the pension market). They are also an interesting source for research on Gdansk's financial policy in the times of political change, such as the Thirteen Years' War

China Business Laws and Regulations is designed for people who are doing business or interested to do business with or within China. We have carefully selected the latest and essential laws and regulations related to foreign entities doing business within China and with Chinese entities. It is also an indispensible reference for anyone study China and its legal systems. All the laws and regulations are in both English and Chinese languages. The Chinese versions of the laws and regulations are the original official documents and the English version of the laws and regulations are based on the official translations of the documents with careful reviews of experts. Table of Contents * Corporation and Investment Laws and Regulations * Contract Laws and Regulations * Import and Export Trade Laws and Regulations * Taxation Laws and Regulations for Companies and Individuals * Intellectual Property Laws and Regulations * Labor Laws and Regulations * Consumer Protection and Product Liability * Other Related Laws and Regulations

在过去十年间里,中国立法机关及政府机关已制定颁布了大量新的法律法规。这些法律从数量和质量上而言,和过去相比都有了很大飞跃,公司法和证券法领域尤为如此。 法律从业人员数量的增多满足了人们多元化的法律需求。财经媒体的迅速发展使得大众对商业和市场运行、以及相关法律法规产生了更加深刻的认识。 然而,这些方面的改善并不意味着中国上市公司小股东保护也得到了相应的加强。 ; 本文主要围绕以下三部分内容进行了探讨:1.中国现行法律下规制小股东保护的法律原则及规则;2.从政治环境的角度分析政治对部分规则形成的影响以及一些规则在实践中未能达到其立法旨意的原因;及3.小股东积极通过诉讼保护自身权利的现状及困境。作者评估了法律在小股东保护方面的实际效果,并分析中国的当代政治对法律达到其原本立法旨意的影响。虽然保护小股东及上市公司治理的法律框架已越来越全面,但实践中,小股东通过诉讼途径来有效实现自身权利却仍困境重重。本文认为,法院拒绝受理针对政治背景深厚的公司提起的诉讼、小股东面临的举证困难、法院收取的高额诉讼费用等因素都是小股东在实践中所要克服的障碍。 ; 本文认为,影响众多中国上市公司治理的最大问题以及小股东通过诉讼途径保护自身权益的最大障碍正是党国体制对经济活动的干预,尤其是对于部分上市公司和法律程序的干预。为论证该观点,文本首先分析了党国是如何参与并影响中国上市公司的治理。文章发现,党组织在那些由国家直接或间接控股的上市公司发挥了重要的决策及监督作用。此外,文章还分析了民营性质的上市公司是如何受到地方政府的干预。文章认为,针对上市公司的政治干预消弱了法律治理的作用,同时也损害了小股东的合法权益。为了实现对小股东的保护,法律不但要保护小股东不受私权的侵犯(比如私人或私人实体对小股东作出的欺诈或不当行为),更重要的是保护小股东权利不受到来自党国体制默许、支持、甚至实际参与的行为的侵犯。 ; In the past decade, China has experienced an exponential increase in the quantity and quality of new laws and regulations promulgated by the state and its agencies, especially in the area of company law and securities regulation. The legal profession grows and provides ever more diversified services to a public, whose awareness of business and market practices, as well as to some extent the legal rules and principles governing these, are being strengthened by the burgeoning financial media. Yet, these improvements do not necessarily translate into better protection for minority shareholders of Chinese listed companies. ; This thesis discusses the legal rules and principles governing minority shareholders' protection, the political realities that have shaped some of the rules and, as argued here, threaten to undermine some of the principles, and minority shareholders' activism to enforce their rights through litigation. The author has sought to test how law functions in the area of minority shareholder protection and how political practice affects the functioning of law in this area. While the legal framework for minority shareholders' protection and for the corporate governance of Chinese listed companies is becoming increasingly ...

Zhang, Jiayu. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-147). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.iiii ; Table of Contents --- p.viii ; List of Abbreviations --- p.ix ; List of Figures --- p.x ; List of Tables --- p.x ; Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 1 --- What happened to China´ةs SRB? --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 2 --- Women´ةs Human Rights as important Human Rights --- p.3 ; Chapter 1. 3 --- SRB and Women´ةs Rights --- p.6 ; Chapter 1. 4 --- Research Purpose and Methods --- p.7 ; Chapter 1. 5 --- Research Outline --- p.17 ; Chapter Chapter II. --- The Particular Features in China´ةs SRB --- p.20 ; Chapter 2. 1 --- The Regional Features in SRB --- p.20 ; Chapter 2. 2 --- The Ethnic Features in SRB --- p.23 ; Chapter 2. 3 --- The Features by Birth Order --- p.24 ; Chapter Chapter III. --- The Causes of Imbalanced SRB --- p.26 ; Chapter 3. 1 --- The Proximal Causes --- p.26 ; Chapter 3. 2 --- The Fundamental Cause --- p.31 ; What Encourage son preference in China? --- p.32 ; Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cultural and Historical Factors --- p.33 ; Chapter 3.2.2 --- Economic Factors --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.2.3 --- Law and policy as a Structural Factor --- p.40 ; Political Silence --- p.42 ; Economic Subordination --- p.43 ; Sexual Subordination --- p.48 ; Birth Control --- p.50 ; Chapter Chapter IV. --- The Consequences of Imbalanced SRB from a Human Rights Perspective --- p.58 ; Human Rights Violation against Women in the SRB Issues --- p.59 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Rights Violations Which Cause the Distorted SRB --- p.59 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Rights Violations for Which the Abnormal SRB is a Cause --- p.66 ; Chapter 4.2.1 --- Trafficking in Women --- p.70 ; Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sexual Crimes --- p.72 ; Chapter 4.2.3 --- Women´ةs Civil and Political Rights --- p.73 ; Chapter Chapter V. --- Women´ةs Human Rights Mechanism and Domestic Measures Adopted to Control Abnormal SRB --- p.76 ; Chapter 5.1 --- The International Human Rights Fundamental for ...