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In Politics, one week can be a long time. The last couple of weeks in the Democratic Primary have dramatically changed the political landscape. Obama's "golden boy"image has suffered major setbacks and those asking for Hillary to quit now appear to have discovered a new "glow" surrounding her political persona.First there was that San Francisco speech in which Obama, with anthropological detachment, observed that he perfectly understood why people in mid-town America were "bitter" as their jobs "were being exported overseas" and as a consequence, were "clinging to their religion and their guns." This, together with other silly anecdotes during his campaign in Pennsylvania which purportedly showed a lack of connection with the common man (including his bad bowling scores, his discomfort in sitting around in a bar and sharing a beer with the locals, and his preference for arugula salad!), won him the label of elitist and out of touch with blue collar workers. These missteps were also well-exploited by Hillary Clinton, who in contrast with Obama, during the same campaigning route, portrayed herself as a "regular working gal", conquered the white blue-collar vote and did much better than expected in the wealthy Philadelphia suburbs. Thus, she won handily in Pennsylvania, and was able to extend the momentum gained in Ohio and Texas. Although it appears as a mathematical certainty that Obama will win the delegate count, she is still ahead in superdelegates, but, more importantly, Obama seems to be losing ground fast. If she wins Indiana and Obama gets North Carolina this coming Tuesday, the agony goes on.Bill Clinton is already talking about the popular vote (which Hillary is winning clearly if Florida votes count). That decision will most likely be made at the National Convention in August, if by then there is no declared winner.In the meantime, Obama has had to deal with the "Reverend problem", as Rev. Jeremiah Wright continued to damage his national image. When Barack denounced his anti-America sermons and declarations (the latest one being a claim that the US government had "invented the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color"), Wright replied that "he was a politician, and that is what politicians do," thus aiming at debunking the myth that Obama is a new type of leader, a Washington outsider. This led to Michelle Obama's appearances in CNN and NBC to try to damage control or, as she put it, to "define ourselves and not let other people define us." Her strong, intelligent and straightforward demeanor may have partially succeeded in restoring his image as a leader who is in it not for power but because he sincerely believes he can change the country; while she her certainty might have reassured followers, the Jeremiah Wright story will not go away so easily. How much this has hurt Obama's chances in the Primary still remains to be seen, but, more importantly, it may have inflicted a deadly wound to his national chances at the Presidency.Politics is a complex phenomenon and public opinion is fickle. Voters have little time to follow the vicissitudes of a campaign, to understand the nuances of ideas and policies, to make well-informed decisions on which candidate will better represent them. In fact, that is the main value of political parties: to help people make sense of politics. Their role is to offer clear and consistent policy positions so voters can make up their minds on which party better represents their values, needs and demands, to aggregate the vote and articulate voters interests. But they also must appeal to deeper feelings and emotions, and generate symbols of identification and allegiance, in order to mobilize people to participate.Several new phenomena are at play in this election and political strategists are bewildered by them. The first is the premise that we are beyond partisan politics and ideologies. This is Barack Obama's claim, that his style of "new politics" transcends ideological barriers and crosses over political parties. That there are no more "red states" and "blue states", just people with similar problems. That he can appeal to people everywhere and from all political convictions by focusing on their individual values, needs and demands. That the old divides, namely, Market versus State, Private versus Public, Rich versus Poor, White versus Black, don't apply anymore. He posits that those frameworks are the wrong questions to ask, he talks about the new politics of unity, and he reassures them that he will rule for all. And his historical example is Ronald Reagan, who won over to his side the "Reagan Democrats". Regardless of the fact that this is the wrong analogy (that could be the subject of a different article), the main problem is that perhaps at this point in time, post-ideological politics may not be good politics, and will not win the election. He concedes important ideological points that should instead be argued. This is what has given Hillary the momentum: she went back to basics, and is speaking to each group directly, stating her "bread and butter policies first" positions in clear, pragmatic terms. Her upbeat, clear-eyed mood is more appealing to many than his "egg-head", post-modern intellectual analysis. That is why he has the PhDs and she has the blue collar vote.The next problem that bemuses political thinkers is the fact that, at a time when Bush's approval ratings are the lowest in the history of Gallup (27% on job performance, 21% on the economy), John Mc Cain continues to run very close to his Democratic rivals (Obama leads him 46% to 43% and Clinton 45% to 44%). When voters are asked which party they would prefer to win the election, over 44 per cent say Democratic. Of Independents (one third of the electorate, which will have the decisive vote) two-to-one prefer Democrats. So why is John Mc Cain still doing so well? The answer can be found is his likability and his proven independence from the party in several instances during his Senate career. In an extremely skillful slalom motion, he has been able to first win back the conservative majority of the Republican party by supporting the troop surge in Iraq and gaining a bland Bush endorsement (no easy feat given his positions on immigration, campaign-finance reform and his criticism of the way the war in Iraq was executed, and then succeeded in moving away from Bush as fast as possible, visiting New Orleans and portraying himself as a caring protector of the poor.Although voters disagree with him on main issues, such as staying in Iraq for as long as it takes, they trust him, his sincerity, his patriotism and his values. His age does not appear to be a problem. But this dichotomy between lack of support for the party and favorable ratings for the candidate could be interpreted as another indication that parties are in demise. But the paradox here is that this decline in party allegiance is not for the post-modern reasons we have pointed out above (demise of ideologies of Left and Right, emergence of a range of post-material political issues such as the environment, consumer rights, and lifestyle choices). Instead, here we are confronted with an older type of politics, one that precededideologies, namely a more personalistic style of politics, based on primordial feelings about leaders who embody the Rousseauan will of the people. This is much more likely to be found in European "continental" and Latin American political cultures than in the Anglo-Saxon ones, where modern mass based representative parties were invented.If modern democracy in inconceivable without political parties, as Shattschneider and Schumpeter concluded, will charisma alone be enough to carry representative government forward? And, if the Primary goes his way, will the charisma of a Washington outsider and political dreamer trump the one of a down to earth Senator of Arizona? Will the issue of race play a role in the national election? Faced with the choice of a black candidate with admirable academic credentials but unproven political record running for the favorite party, and a white patriot representing a highly discredited party, who will Americans vote for? Political analysts and historians will have to wait at least until this November to sort all this out. Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

The personality from the perspective of Leadership. Regardless of the biological factor of the leader, leadership has consequences for the success of any group or organization as well as the well-being of a certain number of people, therefore, specialists have studied leaders from different approaches, there are mainly four theories that support the personality from the perspective of leadership. Considering personality as a set of traits and qualities that shape the way of being of one person and distinguish it from another. On the one hand, it has the oldest theory based on personality traits , where it is claimed that the leaders were born with qualities and innate characteristics, where the leader should have charisma by a "divine gift" , courage, attractive physical, fine words, rich, the most sociable, intelligent, tall, etc. However, today it is known that leaders are not born with the predisposition to be, since several traits are not innate but are acquired through learning. On the other hand, there is a theory based on behavioral styles developed in the 1950s, which refers to the leader being usually of three leadership styles: the Democrat whose main characteristic is to allow everyone to participate; the autocrat which is based on having control for decision-making , considering the little participation of the group members, which is undoubtedly impressive and finally the Laissez faire which grants complete freedom to its employees offering little support and guidance from him. Unlike the approach of the personality traits of a leader, this theory refers how does the leader at work, without a doubt the leader has to make it in order to get the goal; but the ideal would also be to worry about the welfare of the group. The other theory is based on a study by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, which they called "administrative Grid" this being a graphical representation of supervision. It is interpreted by interest in both production and people." It is classified in: country club administration, authoritative or task administration and administration halfway. The first emphasizes interest in employees, but little interest in production, so the second maintains great interest in production and efficiency, but little interest in employees and the latter represents an interest in both for production and for employees. Finally, we have the contingency theory, developed in the 90s and the situational theory established in the year 2000. Which state that personality traits are too simplistic and limited, since they ignore situational variables that cannot remain without importance. Fiedler says that effective groups depend on the correct fit between the leader's style with the followers and the extent to which the situation gives control and power to the leader. Given this, it can be noted that the characteristics of the followers must be taken into account by the leader before he chooses his suitable leadership style. Ideal leadership is best defined not in terms of the traits of his own personality, but in terms of his relationship with the group. ; La personalidad desde la perspectiva del Liderazgo. Independientemente del factor biológico del líder, el liderazgo tiene consecuencias para el éxito de cualquier grupo u organización así como el bienestar de un determinado número de personas, por consiguiente, especialistas han estudiado a los líderes desde diferentes enfoques, existen principalmente cuatro teorías que sustentan la personalidad desde la perspectiva del liderazgo. Considerando a la personalidad como un conjunto de rasgos y cualidades que configuran la manera de ser de una persona y la distinguen de otra. Por un lado, se tiene la teoría más antigua basada en los rasgos de la personalidad, donde esta aseguraba que los líderes nacían con cualidades o características innatas, donde el líder debería tener carisma por medio de un "don divino", valentía, atractivo físico, de finas palabras, rico, el más sociable, inteligente, alto, etc. Sin embargo, hoy en día se sabe que los líderes no nacen con la predisposición para serlo, puesto que varios rasgos no son innatos sino son adquiridos por medio del aprendizaje. Por otra parte se tiene la teoría basada en los estilos del comportamiento, desarrollada en los años cincuenta, esta hace referencia a que el líder suele ser de tres estilos de liderazgo: el demócrata cuya característica principal es la de permitir participación de todos; el autócrata el cual se basa en tener el control para la toma de decisiones, considerando la poco participación de los miembros del grupo, que sin lugar a duda es imponente y por último el Laissez faire el cual concede completa libertad a sus colaboradores ofreciendo escaso apoyo y orientación por parte de él. A diferencia del enfoque de los rasgos de la personalidad de un líder está teoría refiere a cómo actúa el líder en el trabajo, sin lugar a duda el líder tiene que lograr que se realice el trabajo para que se llegue a la meta; pero lo ideal sería también que se preocupe por el bienestar de su grupo. La otra teoría está basada en un estudio realizado por Robert Blake y Jane Mouton a la que llamaron "Rejilla administrativa" siendo esta una representación gráfica de la supervisión. Se interpreta por el interés tanto en la producción como por la gente". Se clasifica en: administración club campestre, administración autoritaria o por tarea y administración mitad del camino. La primera hace hincapié en el interés por los empleados, pero poco interés por la producción, así pues la segunda mantiene gran interés por la producción y la eficacia, pero poco interés por los empleados y la última representa un interés tanto por la producción como por los empleados. Por último, se tienen la teoría de contingencia, desarrollada en los años 90 y la teoría situacional establecida en el año 2000. Las cuales manifiestan que los rasgos de la personalidad son demasiados simplistas y limitadas, ya que estas ignoran variables situacionales que no pueden quedar sin importancia. Fiedler dice que los grupos eficaces dependen del ajuste correcto entre el estilo del líder con los seguidores y en la medida en que la situación le da control y poder al líder. Ante esto se puede señalar que las características de los seguidores deben ser tomadas en cuenta por el líder antes que este elija su estilo de liderazgo conveniente. El liderazgo ideal se define mejor no en términos de los rasgos de su propia personalidad, sino en términos de su relación con el grupo.

La personalidad humana ha sido definida desde diferentes perspectivas a través de una variedad de escalas de medida de rasgos de personalidad, las cuales exhiben una escasa relación entre el concepto y el rasgo en particular, además de variar en la interpretación de acuerdo a quien la aplique. Es por ello que se pretende plantear un modelo descriptivo desde la psicología de la personalidad. A partir de un modelo taxonómico referenciado a finales de los años 30 se denotaron ciertas variables establecidas dentro de diferentes categorías , tales como: el estado de ánimo; la forma de relacionarnos con el otro; el impacto que provocamos en los demás; el tipo de actividades en el que nos involucramos; entre otros. Lo anterior para definir el gran modelo de las cinco dimensiones de la personalidad humana (1,6). La psicología en la personalidad es una herramienta que permite entender las conexiones entre el individuo y el self con el mundo exterior. En psiquiatría ha permitido definir el concepto de humanidad y desde allí construir modelos de enfermedad mental (14). Es difícil encontrar estudios de cruce cultural sobre la personalidad, más bien son estudios realizados en poblaciones de cada país. Sin embargo, el asumir los procesos de personalidad como universales es su naturaleza social, por lo cual es difícil estandarizar su investigación (6). El presente reporte pretende describir ciertos rasgos de personalidad en Tintín, un personaje de ficción que emerge en un contexto social de importancia histórica. A través de este estudio de caso pretendemos mostrar los rasgos de personalidad en el personaje de Tintín que resultan de su contexto sociocultural, abriendo a una discusión entre la relación existente de la presencia de los rasgos de personalidad y el contexto social; así como relacionar la influencia de las interacciones sociales como base de la estructura de la personalidad. Exploramos la perspectiva del autor dentro de la era cultural en la que fue desarrollada la historieta. ; Personality has been defined by different perspectives with a variety of scales used to measure personality traits. Scales that exhibit poor concept-name relation to the traits and that varies according to each assessor´s scale interpretation. In order to demur this problem, a particular study integrates concepts through the introduction of a descriptive model from personality psychology. This taxonomy is referenced in late 30's until the reduction of several variables involved in different categories such as the internal state of people, the effects they have in others, the activities they engage in, etc. All this in order to determine the big five dimensions of human personality (1,6). Personality psychology has allowed to determine and help us understand the connection between the people, the self with the external world. In psychiatry it has helped to define what the human been is made of and from it to construct a model of human mental disorders (14). Normally there is no cross-cultural study in the publications, but more simply personality research conducted in different countries. What gives an assumption that personality processes are universal is its social nature. Hence, it would be daring to define a standardized research of human personality (6). The present paper pretends to describe some of Tintin's personality traits, which emerged during an important historical social context. Through this case study, the objective is to outline TinTin's personality traits developed in its particular sociocultural context opening a discussion about the relation between personality traits and the social context where they appear. At the same time to correlate the foundation of the personality's structure with the influence of social interactions. Finally exploring the author's perspective inside the cultural era in which Tintin was created.

En este Trabajo Fin de Máster nos planteamos como objetivo conocer la influencia del estrés del trabajo en el personal militar, y estudiar si existe relación entre la personalidad de los militares y las estrategias de afrontamiento que usan para hacer frente a las situaciones difíciles que un trabajo de estas características puede conllevar, con el fin de plantear medidas antes los posibles riesgos psicosociológicos que pueden producirse en su trabajo. Para redactar el presente trabajo hemos realizado un análisis documental, recolectando información de otras fuentes que posteriormente han sido analizadas e interpretadas, comprobado que toda la información era verídica y de fuentes fiables. Toda esta investigación nos lleva a que no hay una relación directa entre las estrategias de afrontamiento y la personalidad, pero sí entre el estrés y la estrategia usada. También hemos observado que los años de experiencia, el estar desplegado y el cargo están relacionados con el estrés.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013), alerta a los gobiernos a tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir accidentes de tránsito. Si no se intervienen, en el 2030 serán la quinta causa de muerte. Este estudio establece el perfil psicológico de conductores de vehículo infractores frecuentes de normas de tránsito, en una muestra de 295 adultos de ambos sexos. Utilizando el cuestionario factorial de personalidad 16PF-5 y una escala de creencias, conocimientos, y comportamientos sobre seguridad vial, se identificaron relaciones significativas entre conducta infractora y creencias, además de los factores de personalidad y variables específicas que predicen la propensión a las infracciones frecuentes de normas de tránsito. ; The World Health Organization (2013) has alerted governments to take urgent measures to prevent traffic accidents. If no intervention is made, they will be the fifth leading cause of death in 2030. This study established the psychological profile of frequent offenders of traffic rules in a sample of 295 drivers of both sexes. Using the 16PF-5 Personality Questionnaire and a scale of beliefs, knowledge, and road safety behaviors, significant relationships between offending behavior and beliefs were identified, in addition to the specific personality factors and variables that predict susceptibility to frequent violations of traffic rules.

The World Health Organization (2013) has alerted governments to take urgent measures to prevent traffic accidents. If no intervention is made, they will be the fifth leading cause of death in 2030. This study established the psychological profile of frequent offenders of traffic rules in a sample of 295 drivers of both sexes. Using the 16PF-5 Personality Questionnaire and a scale of beliefs, knowledge, and road safety behaviors, significant relationships between offending behavior and beliefs were identified, in addition to the specific personality factors and variables that predict susceptibility to frequent violations of traffic rules. ; La Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013), alerta a los gobiernos a tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir accidentes de tránsito. Si no se intervienen, en el 2030 serán la quinta causa de muerte. Este estudio establece el perfil psicológico de conductores de vehículo infractores frecuentes de normas de tránsito, en una muestra de 295 adultos de ambos sexos. Utilizando el cuestionario factorial de personalidad 16PF-5 y una escala de creencias, conocimientos, y comportamientos sobre seguridad vial, se identificaron relaciones significativas entre conducta infractora y creencias, además de los factores de personalidad y variables específicas que predicen la propensión a las infracciones frecuentes de normas de tránsito.

The juridical personality of commercial companies implies an important consideration for the faculties that it observes through the identification of: the form of acquisition, its attributes, the form in which it is lost, and the actions that can be developed to contemplate itself. Within the indicated attributes, it is inserted, with greater relevance, the one of the patrimony through which the own assets of the associates and those of the corporate entity are separated. Nor should we forget the additional attributes of legal personality developed by the doctrine, within which are the name, address, capacity, nationality and its state: current, in causal of dissolution and liquidated. In our legal system, and depending on the type of company that is intended to be constituted, legal personality is acquired in two ways, through the elaboration of the public deed (for companies regulated under Decree 410 of 1971), or by registration of the written or private document that gives life to the company (for the Sole-Share Company and the Simplified Shares Company). The juridical personality observes its birth from diverse theories, which roughly can be summarized in 1) the theory of the fiction, that welcomes our normativity in the light of the provision of article 633 of the Civil Code, and which gives form to a legal fiction established by the legislator 2) theory of reality, which consists in giving formal existence to a figure that exists in the society in a material way. It should also be noted that the Colombian Constitutional Court recognizes in multiple judgments the existence of legal personality, and the scope it offers within the mercantile development, that is how it authorizes its protection through guardianship. ; A personalidade jurídica das sociedades comerciais, envolve uma consideração importante para tais faculdades, como pode ser visto através da identificação de: o modo de compra, seus atributos, as formas em que pode ser perdida e as ações que podem ser desenvolvidas por contemplar o mesmo. Dentro do atributo indicado é inserido, com maior relevância, do patrimônio, que separa os ativos dos próprios sócios e aqueles da entidade corporativa. Eles não se devem esquecer também os atributos adicionais de personalidade jurídica, desenvolvido pela doutrina, dentro destes, está localizado o nome, domicílio, capacidade, nacionalidade e status: existentes, no nexo dissolução e liquidação. Na nossa ordem jurídica e dependendo do tipo de sociedade que tenta ser constituída, a personalidade é adquirida de duas maneiras, por meio da elaboração na devida forma de escritura pública (para as empresas reguladas no Decreto 410 de 1971), ou através do registro do documento escrito ou privado que dá vida para a sociedade (para a propriedade exclusiva e a sociedade por ações simplificadas). A personalidade jurídica observa seu nascimento de duas teorias diferentes, que mais ou menos, podem ser resumidas em: 1) a teoria da ficção, que abriga nossos regulamentos à luz do disposto no artigo 633 do Código Civil, e que não é senão que dão corpo a uma ficção jurídica estabelecida pelo legislador e também 2) a teoria da realidade que consiste em dar existência formal a uma figura que existe dentro da sociedade de forma material. Deve também se-indicar que o Tribunal Constitucional colombiano, reconheceu a existência da personalidade jurídica em várias decisões, e o alcance que oferece dentro o desenvolvimento comercial, autorizando sua proteção através de tutela. ; La personalidad jurídica de las sociedades mercantiles implica una importante consideración por las facultades que observa mediante la identificación de la forma de adquirirse, sus atributos, la forma en que se pierde y las actuaciones que puedan desarrollarse por contemplarse la misma. Dentro de los indicados atributos se inserta, con mayor relevancia, el del patrimonio, por medio del cual se separan los bienes propios de los asociados y los del ente societario. No deben olvidarse además los atributos adicionales de la personalidad jurídica desarrollados por la doctrina, dentro de los cuales se encuentra el nombre, el domicilio, la capacidad, la nacionalidad y su estado: vigente, en causal de disolución y liquidada. En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, si se tiene en cuenta el tipo de sociedad que pretenda constituirse, la personalidad jurídica se adquiere de dos formas, por la elaboración en debida forma de la escritura pública (para las sociedades regla mentadas dentro del decreto 410 de 1971) o mediante la inscripción del documento escrito o privado que da vida a la sociedad (para la Empresa Unipersonal y la Sociedad por Acciones Simplificada). La personalidad jurídica observa su nacimiento desde diversas teorías, las cuales, grosso modo, pueden resumirse en 1) la teoría de la ficción, que acoge nuestra normatividad a la luz de lo preceptuado en el artículo 633 del Código Civil, y la cual no es otra cosa que dar cuerpo a una ficción legal establecida por el legislador, y también por 2) la teoría de la realidad, la cual consiste en dar existencia formal a una figura que habita dentro de la sociedad de manera material. Debe además indicarse que la Corte Constitucional colombiana reconoce, en múltiples sentencias, la existencia de la personalidad jurídica y el alcance que esta ofrece dentro del desarrollo mercantil; es así como autoriza su protección vía tutela.

Since the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, its adversaries developeda large literary industry (articles, books and videos) with the aim ofattacking, assaulting and defaming it; among the accusations they made, wasthat in Cuba the cult of Fidel Castro's personality was promoted. The purposeof this article is to analyze if the cult of personality existed or exists in Cubansocialism. For that, it was resorted to some investigations made by journalists,historians and writers; also to the testimonies of different personalities,many of them foreign to politics and the Cuban Revolution, but who havebeen on the island, knowing it. The results of the article indicate that there isno evidence to sustain that Cuban socialism practiced or practices the cult ofpersonality; the government from the beginning not only did not allow it orpromote it, but it also prohibited it and fought against it. And that Fidel Castrohimself until the last days of his life, rejected that, even after his death,his name or his image was used for these purposes. ; Desde el triunfo de la Revolución Cubana en 1959, sus adversarios desarrollaronuna gran industria literaria (artículos, libros y vídeos) con el objetivode atacarla, agredirla y difamarla; entre las acusaciones que hicieron estabaque, en Cuba, se promovía el culto a la personalidad de Fidel Castro. El propósitode este artículo es analizar si existió o existe en el socialismo cubanoel culto a la personalidad. Para eso, se recurrió a algunas investigacionesrealizadas por periodistas, historiadores y escritores; también a los testimoniosde distintas personalidades, muchas de ellas ajenas a la política y a laRevolución Cubana, pero que han estado en la isla, conociéndola. Los resultadosdel artículo señalan que no existen evidencias o pruebas para sostenerque el socialismo cubano practicaba o practica el culto a la personalidad; elgobierno desde un inicio no sólo no lo permitía ni lo promovía, sino que loprohibía y lo combatía. Y que el mismo Fidel Castro, hasta los últimos díasde su vida, rechazó que, incluso después de su muerte, se usara su nombre osu imagen con esos fines.

En el contexto actual donde los gobiernos, las empresas y en general la sociedad están en búsqueda de poner fin a la pobreza, proteger el planeta y garantizar que las personas gocen de paz y prosperidad, las acciones de tipo social gestionadas por las organizaciones se han convertido en un elemento que puede influir en la percepción positiva que tienen los públicos de las mismas. Es por este motivo que diversos estudios (Becker-Olsen, Cudmore, y Hill, 2006; Du, Bhattacharya, y Sen, 2007; Hildebrand, Demotta, Sen, y Valenzuela, 2017; Hoeffler y Keller, 2002; Madden, Roth, y Dillon, 2012; Manzano, Simó, y Pérez, 2013; Rivera, Bigne, y Curras-Perez, 2016; Sen y Bhattacharya, 2001, entre otros) se han centrado en analizar los efectos de las acciones de responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC), llegando a concluir que pueden ser un factor que modifica positivamente las percepciones de los consumidores sobre una empresa en su conjunto y de su rol en la sociedad, logrando afectar significativamente la solidez y el valor de una marca. En esta línea, este trabajo analiza los atributos comunicacionales que son percibidos como rasgos determinantes de una personalidad de marca socialmente responsable. Dichos rasgos son valorados por 385 sujetos de diferentes nacionalidades con el objetivo de identificar las asociaciones y las agrupaciones de atributos que permiten la construcción de la personalidad de las marcas socialmente responsables. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la existencia de diversos factores que influyen en la valoración de los atributos estudiados y permiten concluir que existe una estructura relacional de atributos que pueden conformar una nueva dimensión de las marcas dotándolas de una personalidad socialmente responsable que complemente y engrandezca los propios valores de la organización en su conjunto ; In the current context where governments, companies and in general, the society are aiming to end poverty, protect the planet and guarantee that people live in peace and prosperity, the social actions undertaken by organisations have turned into an element that can influence the positive perception evoked in the public. Therefore, different studies (Becker-Olsen, Cudmore and Hill, 2006; Du, Bhattacharya and Sen, 2007; Hildebrand, Demotta, Sen and Valenzuela, 2017; Hoeffler and Keller, 2002; Madden, Roth and Dillon, 2012; Manzano, Simó and Pérez, 2013; Rivera, Bigne and Curras-Perez, 2016; Sen and Bhattacharya, 2001, among others) have focused on analysing the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), concluding that they might be a factor that positively modifies the perceptions of consumers about a company and its role in the society, significantly impacting the strength and value of a brand. In this line, this study analyses the communication attributes perceived as determinant traits of a socially responsible brand personality. These traits are assessed by 385 individuals from different nationalities in order to identify the associations and clusters of attributes that allow the construction of a socially responsible brand personality. The results obtained show the existence of different factors that influence the assessment of studied attributes and allow to conclude that there is a relational structure of attributes that can constitute a new dimension of brands, endowing them of a socially responsible personality that complements and enhances the values of the organisation altogether

Summary: The objectives of this work were: (1) establish the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, as well as unprotected sexual relations and repetition of courses in adolescents based on sex; (2) determine the dimensions of the intrusion (I), sensory search (BS), impulsivity (Im) and anxiety sensitivity (SA) according to sex; (3) relate possible personality profiles to such behaviour. The sample was composed of 1.324 adolescents (14-18 years old). Based on the assessed personality dimensions, 4 groups of adolescents were established. The group of adolescents with high scores in all personality dimensions has the highest rates of experimentation with consumption. In contrast, adolescents with low levels of I, BS and Im had the lowest rates. Preventive interventions should take into account the identified personality dimensions in order to be implemented more effectively. ; Resumen: Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) establecer la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol, de tabaco y de cannabis, así como de las relaciones sexuales sin protección y la repetición de curso en adolescentes en función del sexo; 2) determinar las dimensiones de personalidad introversión (I), búsqueda de sensaciones (BS), impulsividad (Im) y sensibilidad a la ansiedad (SA) en función del sexo; 3) relacionar posibles perfiles de personalidad con dichas conductas. La muestra se compuso de 1.324 adolescentes (14-18 años). A partir de las dimensiones de personalidad valoradas se establecieron 4 grupos de adolescentes. El grupo de adolescentes con puntuaciones altas en todas las dimensiones de personalidad es el que presentó mayores tasas de experimentación con el consumo. Por el contrario, el de los adolescentes con bajos niveles de I, BS e Im fue el que menores tasas presentó. Las intervenciones preventivas deberían tener en cuenta las dimensiones de personalidad señaladas para poder aplicarse con una mayor efectividad.

Through the documentary-based scientific method, the article is devoted to the study of the criminological features of the personality of a participant of a paramilitary or armed unit (ULPAU) not provided by law. In addition, the formation of his criminological portrait (criminal profile) on the basis of socio-psychological and legal classification features is discussed. The value of the determined parameters of the offender's characteristics for the formation of negative social and psychological attitudes has been analyzed and their impact on subsequent criminal activity was considered. A number of conclusions of theoretical and applied character have been formulated, among which the following characteristic features of the criminological portrait (criminal profile) of a participant of the ULPAU: man aged 25-35 years who has Ukrainian citizenship and is Ukrainian by nationality, urban resident, single, childless, has general secondary or vocational education, is unemployed, has not been previously convicted; being a member of the armed unit he guarded the checkpoints and the area of location of the units.

El autor de estas líneas y de otras tantas sobre arte y literatura, al que usualmente solo se identifica con el teatro, era también buen poeta, buen narrador y buen teórico de estética y política. Había nacido el 10 de febrero de 1898 en Augsburg, Baviera (Al.), en el seno de una familia catalogada como burguesa. Estudió en el liceo de su ciudad natal, donde a temprana edad empezó a escribir pomas de "refinada sencillez", según algunos críticos. Más adelante, se cuenta, interrumpió su carrera de Medicina para trabajar como enfermero en la I Guerra Mundial. En esos ajetreos escribió "La leyenda del soldado muerto", por la cual su nombre fue incluido en la lista negra creada por el fascismo. ; The author of these lines and of many others on art and literature, who is usually only identified with the theater, was also a good poet, a good storyteller, and a good theorist of aesthetics and politics. He was born on February 10, 1898 in Augsburg, Bavaria (Al.), Into a family classified as bourgeois. He studied at the high school in his hometown, where at an early age he began to write pomas of "refined simplicity", according to some critics. Later, it is said, he interrupted his medical career to work as a nurse in World War I. In those hustle and bustle he wrote "The Legend of the Dead Soldier", for which his name was included on the black list created by fascism.

The juridical personality of commercial companies implies an important consideration for the faculties that it observes through the identification of: the form of acquisition, its attributes, the form in which it is lost, and the actions that can be developed to contemplate itself. Within the indicated attributes, it is inserted, with greater relevance, the one of the patrimony through which the own assets of the associates and those of the corporate entity are separated. Nor should we forget the additional attributes of legal personality developed by the doctrine, within which are the name, address, capacity, nationality and its state: current, in causal of dissolution and liquidated. In our legal system, and depending on the type of company that is intended to be constituted, legal personality is acquired in two ways, through the elaboration of the public deed (for companies regulated under Decree 410 of 1971), or by registration of the written or private document that gives life to the company (for the Sole-Share Company and the Simplified Shares Company). The juridical personality observes its birth from diverse theories, which roughly can be summarized in 1) the theory of the fiction, that welcomes our normativity in the light of the provision of article 633 of the Civil Code, and which gives form to a legal fiction established by the legislator 2) theory of reality, which consists in giving formal existence to a figure that exists in the society in a material way. It should also be noted that the Colombian Constitutional Court recognizes in multiple judgments the existence of legal personality, and the scope it offers within the mercantile development, that is how it authorizes its protection through guardianship. ; A personalidade jurídica das sociedades comerciais, envolve uma consideração importante para tais faculdades, como pode ser visto através da identificação de: o modo de compra, seus atributos, as formas em que pode ser perdida e as ações que podem ser desenvolvidas por contemplar o mesmo. Dentro do atributo indicado é inserido, com maior relevância, do patrimônio, que separa os ativos dos próprios sócios e aqueles da entidade corporativa. Eles não se devem esquecer também os atributos adicionais de personalidade jurídica, desenvolvido pela doutrina, dentro destes, está localizado o nome, domicílio, capacidade, nacionalidade e status: existentes, no nexo dissolução e liquidação. Na nossa ordem jurídica e dependendo do tipo de sociedade que tenta ser constituída, a personalidade é adquirida de duas maneiras, por meio da elaboração na devida forma de escritura pública (para as empresas reguladas no Decreto 410 de 1971), ou através do registro do documento escrito ou privado que dá vida para a sociedade (para a propriedade exclusiva e a sociedade por ações simplificadas). A personalidade jurídica observa seu nascimento de duas teorias diferentes, que mais ou menos, podem ser resumidas em: 1) a teoria da ficção, que abriga nossos regulamentos à luz do disposto no artigo 633 do Código Civil, e que não é senão que dão corpo a uma ficção jurídica estabelecida pelo legislador e também 2) a teoria da realidade que consiste em dar existência formal a uma figura que existe dentro da sociedade de forma material. Deve também se-indicar que o Tribunal Constitucional colombiano, reconheceu a existência da personalidade jurídica em várias decisões, e o alcance que oferece dentro o desenvolvimento comercial, autorizando sua proteção através de tutela. ; La personalidad jurídica de las sociedades mercantiles implica una importante consideración por las facultades que observa mediante la identificación de la forma de adquirirse, sus atributos, la forma en que se pierde y las actuaciones que puedan desarrollarse por contemplarse la misma. Dentro de los indicados atributos se inserta, con mayor relevancia, el del patrimonio, por medio del cual se separan los bienes propios de los asociados y los del ente societario. No deben olvidarse además los atributos adicionales de la personalidad jurídica desarrollados por la doctrina, dentro de los cuales se encuentra el nombre, el domicilio, la capacidad, la nacionalidad y su estado: vigente, en causal de disolución y liquidada. En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, si se tiene en cuenta el tipo de sociedad que pretenda constituirse, la personalidad jurídica se adquiere de dos formas, por la elaboración en debida forma de la escritura pública (para las sociedades regla mentadas dentro del decreto 410 de 1971) o mediante la inscripción del documento escrito o privado que da vida a la sociedad (para la Empresa Unipersonal y la Sociedad por Acciones Simplificada). La personalidad jurídica observa su nacimiento desde diversas teorías, las cuales, grosso modo, pueden resumirse en 1) la teoría de la ficción, que acoge nuestra normatividad a la luz de lo preceptuado en el artículo 633 del Código Civil, y la cual no es otra cosa que dar cuerpo a una ficción legal establecida por el legislador, y también por 2) la teoría de la realidad, la cual consiste en dar existencia formal a una figura que habita dentro de la sociedad de manera material. Debe además indicarse que la Corte Constitucional colombiana reconoce, en múltiples sentencias, la existencia de la personalidad jurídica y el alcance que esta ofrece dentro del desarrollo mercantil; es así como autoriza su protección vía tutela.

The increased commission of sex crimes in Iran highlights the need for more efforts to design strategies towards prevention and reduction of such crimes. Accordingly, the present research aimed to identify the factors affecting the sexual victimization of children and adolescents as well as to identify the personality characteristics of sex delinquents in the criminal justice system of Iran. The research method is mixed design in terms of data nature (qualitative and quantitative) and practical in terms of purpose. The qualitative section has reviewed the previous literature and the quantitative section has benefited from the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This research has used the opinions of 13 experts in the field of crimes against children and adolescents, and 43 sex offenders. The research findings led to the identification of six factors (social, economic, psychological, legal, executive, media) that are effective on the prevention and postvention of sexually abused children and adolescents in Iran. The highest rank is related to the economic and social factors, and the lowest rank is related to the media factors. The results of this study showed that the identified parameters are approved by experts and have theoretical support that can be effective in reducing sexual delinquency.