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The most common role descriptions for professional policy analysts are as "problem solving" models. These models assume that most policy issues are essentially technical problems, solvable through professional expertise. An alternate advocacy analysis model is outlined which assumes that many policy problems are matters of competing self interest, & that analysts will often be sought to provide the strongest possible case for a client's preference. Other questions reviewed are the feasibility, credibility, training, & ethics needed for an advocacy analysis profession. Modified HA.

Business models are shaped by their design space or the environment they are designed to be implemented in. The rapidly changing economic, technological, political, regulatory and market external environment severely affects business logic. This is particularly true for social enterprises whose core mission is to transform their environments, and thus, their whole business logic revolves around the interchange between the enterprise and the environment. The context in which social business operates imposes different business design constraints while at the same time, open up new design opportunities. It is also affected to a great extent by the impact that successful enterprises generate; a continuous loop of interaction that needs to be managed through a dynamic capability in order to generate a lasting powerful impact. This conceptual research synthesizes and analyzes literature on social enterprise, social enterprise business models, business model innovation, business model design, and the open system view theory to propose a new business model design process for social enterprises that takes into account the critical role of environmental factors. This process would help the social enterprise develop a dynamic capability that ensures the alignment of its business model to its environmental context, thus, maximizing its probability of success.

A growing body of literature confirms the existence of different social models, identified according to different combinations of policies and institutions. Knogler and Lankes aim to contribute to this literature by exploring characteristics of social policies in the enlarged European Union. The analysis is based on a set of social policy indicators with a focus on labour markets. By means of Principal Component Analysis they identify four major dimensions of social models. The dimensions are used as a basis for clustering countries into social models, which significantly differ from the commonly proposed regional classification of social models prior to enlargement.

AbstractIn this article, the authors take a very conservative view of the contribution of animal models to an understanding of human development. We do not think that homologies can be readily documented with even our most closely related relatives' behavior and psychological functioning. The major contribution of animal models is their provision of food for thought (hypotheses, not facts) about human development and general principles of development, and we describe some of the more significant and interesting of these at length. We also briefly discuss the other applications of animal research toward understanding the development and evolution of behavior, more generally speaking.

PurposeThis paper aims to document the nature of social enterprise models in Australia, their evolution and institutional drivers.
Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on secondary analysis of source materials and the existing literature on social enterprise in Australia. Analysis was verified through consultation with key actors in the social enterprise ecosystem.
FindingsWith its historical roots in an enterprising non-profit sector and the presence of cooperative and mutual businesses, the practice of social enterprise in Australia is relatively mature. Yet, the language of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship remains marginal and contested. The nature of social enterprise activity in Australia reflects the role of an internally diverse civil society within an economically privileged society and in response to an increasingly residualised welfare state. Australia's geography and demography have also played determining roles in the function and presence of social enterprise, particularly in rural and remote communities.
Originality/valueThe paper contributes to comparative understandings of social enterprise and provides the first detailed account of social enterprise development in Australia.

The article is devoted to developing a change model for entrepreneurial roles that allows to create a conceptual design for the roles of an entrepreneur at different stages of business development. The article highlights four key stages in the business development life cycle. At each step, business focuses on a certain type of client and the value created for that client. The business focus requires an entrepreneur to concentrate on performance of a certain role. An analysis of the literature about role modelling is provided. The article considers entrepreneurs' roles at different stages of business development. There are several methodological approaches applied in the article. The systems approach and systems thinking allow to describe a business as a whole. Conceptual modelling allows to deal with complexity of a real business. Design approach allows to implement conceptual models in practice of the real business. The article proposes a change model for entrepreneurial roles and the related roles composition at the different stages of business development life cycle. This article uses the conceptual model as an analytical tool to develop a change model for entrepreneurial roles. The further development of the research relates to research of sub-roles composition for different entrepreneurial roles and abilities, necessary to perform the sub-roles efficiently.